Table 4.

ZOONOSIS OF WILDLIFE
INFECTI PRIMARY HOST(S) DISEASES IN DISEASES IN OUS ANIMALS PEOPLE AGENT Alphavir uses: Eastern Small birds, ducks, horses No apparent Encephalomyelitis encephali (mosquitoes) disease; tis encephalitis Western Birds, squirrels, snakes, horses No apparent Encephalomyelitis encephali (mosquitoes) disease; horses tis die Venezuel Rodents, horses (mosquitoes) No apparent Encephalitis an disease; horses encephali die tis Flaviviru ses: St. Louis Birds (mosquitoes) No apparent Encephalomyelitis encephali disease tis Japanese Birds, pigs, horses, cattle (mosquitoes)No apparent Encephalitis B disease; encephali domestic tis animals may die Murray Birds (mosquitoes) No apparent Encephalomyelitis Valley disease encephali tis Tick-born Rodents, birds, goats, cattle (ticks) No known Encephalitis encephali apparent tis disease Yellow Nonhuman primates (mosquitoes) No apparent Yellow fever fever disease; death virus Dengue Nonhuman primates (mosquitoes) No apparent Dengue fever viruses disease Bunyavir Rabbits, hares, squirrels, deer, horses, No apparent Encephalitis us: cows (mosquitoes) disease California encephali tis Arenavir Rodents, nonhuman primates No apparent No clinical disease; uses disease; death malaise, fever, shock, meningitis, encephalitis Rabies Weasel-skunk, civet-ferret, families No apparent Excitation, paralysis, virus with bats, foxes, skunks most disease; death death important; also dogs, cats, cattle with paralysis Colorado Squirrels, chipmunks, mice, No apparent Fever, malaise, tick porcupines (ticks) disease leukopenia, rash fever

virus Chlamyd Psittacine birds, pigeons, poultry ia psittaci Rickettsi Rats (fleas) a typhi Rickettsi Rabbits, squirrels, rats, mice, a groundhogs, dogs (ticks) rickettsii Rickettsi Mice (mites) a akari Coxiella Wild ungulates burnetii Brucella Wild ungulates, dogs spp

No apparent disease; death

Fever, cough, pneumonia Murine typhus Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsialpox Q fever Brucellosis Tularemia

No apparent disease No apparent disease; dogs may die No apparent disease No apparent disease No apparent disease; abortion Francise Rabbits, squirrels, rats, skunks, bears, No apparent lla muskrats, coyotes, cats, dogs, swine, disease; tularensi sheep, cattle (ticks, deerflies, lymphadenitis, s mosquitoes) septicemia Yersinia Rats, mice, prairie dogs, squirrels, No apparent pestis marmots, rabbits, gerbils, chipmunks disease; death (fleas) Yersinia Rodents, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cattle, No apparent enteroco horses disease litica Campylo Birds, cattle, sheep, pigs, goats No apparent bacter disease, death jejuni Pseudo Rats, mice, rabbits, ruminants, dogs, No apparent monas cats, nonhuman primates disease; death pseudo mallei Streptob Rats, squirrels, weasels, turkeys No apparent acillus disease monilifo rmis Listeria Wild mammals, birds No apparent monocyt disease; death ogenes Borrelia Deer, mice, raccoons (ticks) No known burgdorf apparent eri disease SpirillumRats, mice, cats No apparent minor disease Cryptos Rodents, snakes, birds No apparent poridium disease; spp enteritis, respiratory disease Blastocy Pigs, guinea pigs, fowl, nonhuman No apparent stis primates disease; hominis diarrhea

Bubonic, pneumonic, septicemic plague Enterocolitis, reactive polyarthritis Gastroenteritis Pulmonary abscesses, septicemia Fever, rash

Meningitis, abortion, septicemia Lyme disease Fever, rash Enteritis, dysentery

Diarrhea

Leishma Rodents, canines, rodents, other nia spp carnivores (sandflies)

No apparent disease; skin ulcers No known apparent disease; neurologic dysfunctions No apparent disease; death in coma

Trypano Armadillos, bats, rodents, opossums, soma nonhuman primates, dogs, cats cruzi (triatomes) Trypano Wild ungulates (tsetse flies) soma brucei var. gambien se and var. rhodesie nse Pneumo Rodents, foxes, nonhuman primates, cystis sheep, goats, dogs, cats carinii Diphyllo Fresh-water fish, bears, dogs, cats bothriu m latum Hymenol Mice, rats epis nana and diminuta Trichinel Wild carnivores, wild pigs la spiralis Fasciola Snails, fish, cattle, sheep, goats, hepatica camel, deer, rabbits Schistos Snails, rodents, baboons oma spp Dracunc Wild carnivores, nonhuman primates ulus (water fleas) medinen sis Brugia Nonhuman primates, wild carnivores, spp rodents (mosquitoes)

Chronic skin ulcerations, mucocutaneous lesions, kalaazar syndrome Skin rash, myocarditis, conjunctivitis, myositis (Chagas disease) Meningoencephalitis

No known apparent disease No known apparent disease Tapeworm infection

Pneumonitis Tapeworm infection, megaloblastic anemia Tapeworm infection

No known apparent disease No apparent disease; death No apparent disease; death No known apparent disease No known apparent disease

No apparent disease; muscle invasion death Acute hepatitis, cholecystitis, cirrhosis Colitis, hepatitis, cystitis Skin ulcers

Lymphadenopathy, lymphedema

ZOONOSES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

INFECTIOU PRIMARY HOST(S) S AGENT Prions Bovine spongiform encephalop Cattle athy DISEASES IN ANIMALS DISEASES IN PEOPLE

Fatal degeneration of CNS

Atypical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Vaccinia Papulovesiculopustular Papulovesiculopustular skin virus Cattle, horses lesions of skin of udder and lesions (cowpox) teats Newcastle Poultry Respiratory, GI, CNS Conjunctivitis disease Paravacci nia virus Vesicles, ulcers, and Papulovesiculogranulomato Cattle (milker's granulomas of udder us skin lesions modules) Bovine pustular stomatitis virus Pustular lesions of mouth, Papulovesiculogranulomato Sheep, goats (orf, vulva, eye us skin lesions contagiou s ecthyma) Vesicular Ulceration of oral mucosa, Fever, chills, headache, stomatitis Cattle, swine, horses feet, and teats myalgia virus Rabies Dogs, cats, cattle, horses,No apparent disease; Excitation, paralysis, death virus sheep death with paralysis Chlamydia No apparent disease; Pigeons, poultry Fever, cough, pneumonia psittaci death Coxiella Sheep, cattle, goats (? No disease; rickettsemia Q fever burnetii ticks) Ehrlichia Hemorrhagic disease, Dogs (ticks) Ehrlichiosis canis death Afipia felisCats, dogs No known disease Cat-scratch disease Rochalime Cat-scratch disease, a Cats, dogs No known disease peliosis hepatis, bacillary henselae angiomatosis Malignant pustule, Bacillus Cattle, horses, sheep, Sudden death, systemic gastroenteritis, anthracis goats, swine, dogs, cats disease, GI affliction pneumonitis Erysipelot Porcine erysipelas, hrix Swine, fowl, sheep, fish polyarthritis, septicemia, Erysipeloid rhusiopat endocarditis hiae Sheep, cattle, rabbits, Listeria Meningoencephalitis, Leptomeningitis, fetal goats, guinea pigs, monocyto abortion, myocarditis, listeriosis, septicemia, chickens, horses, genes septicemia, ophthalmitis oculoglandular infection rodents, birds Mycobact Pulmonary, lymph nodes, Primarily GI, lymph node, Cattle, horses, swine, erium udder, GI tuberculosis, bone, pulmonary cats, dogs bovis spondylitis tuberculosis Streptoba cillus Fowl No apparent disease Fever, rash monilifor mis Granulomatous to pustular Pseudomo Horses, mules, asses, Nodular pneumonia, farcy, lesions, skin and nas mallei cats, dogs, sheep, goats lymphadenopathy subcutaneous; septicemia

Pasteurell Fowl, cattle, sheep, a swine, goats, horses, multocida mice, rats, rabbits Cattle, goats, swine, Brucella sheep, horses, mules, spp dogs, cats, fowl, deer, buffalo, rabbits Capnocyto phagia Dogs canimorsu s Salmonell Fowl, swine, cattle, a spp sheep, horses, dogs, (nontypho cats, rodents, reptiles, idal) birds, cattle Yersinia enterocoli Dogs, cats tica Campylob acter Sheep, cattle fetus Sporothrix Horses, mules, dogs, schenckii cats, mice, rats

Hemorrhagic septicemia, pneumonia Abortion, lameness, mastitis, granulomas, abscesses No apparent disease No apparent disease; enteritis, septicemia, puerperal fever No known disease Metritis, infertility, placentitis, abortion

Skin ulcer, osteomyelitis, sinusitis, pleuritis, leptomeningitis Fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, bacteremia, splenomegaly, osteomyelitis Fever, gangrene, meningitis, septicemia Gastroenteritis, focal infection, septicemia Diarrhea, reactive arthritis

Placentitis with abortion, endocarditis, bacteremia, meningitis Ulcerative, lymph-vascular, Granulomas of extremities skin, subcutaneous lesions, pneumonia Alopecia, dermatitis

Microspor Dogs, cats, horses, cattle Alopecia, dermatitis um spp Trichophy ton spp No apparent disease; Cryptospo Farm animals, cats, dogs enteritis, respiratory ridium spp disease Trypanoso Dogs, cats (triatomes) ma cruzi Balantidiu Pigs, monkeys m coli No known apparent disease No apparent disease in swine; colitis in monkeys

Enteritis, dysentery Skin rash, myocarditis, conjunctivitis, myositis, neurologic dysfunctions (Chagas disease) Colitis Stillbirth, congenital defects, retinochoroiditis, encephalitis

Toxoplas Cats, dogs, sheep, cattle, Stillbirth, congenital ma gondii swine defects, CNS lesions Ancylosto ma canium Dogs, cats (Uncinaria stenoceph ala) Toxocara canis and Dogs, cats cati

Anemia, dysentery, hypoproteinemia, edema, Itching, erythema of skin, stunted growth, death of Loeffler syndrome pups Granulomas in liver, skeletal muscle, lungs, brain, and eye Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, anal pruritus Chemosis, conjunctivitis, myositis, skin rash

Diarrhea, granulomas in kidneys and other viscera, weight loss and stunted growth of young Dipylidium No apparent or known Dogs, cats caninum disease; chronic enteritis Trichinella Swine, cattle, horses, No apparent or known spiralis dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, disease

mice Taenia Cattle saginata Taenia Swine solium Diphyllobo thrium Dogs, cats latum Dirofilaria Dogs, raccoons, cats immitis, D (mosquitoes) tenuis Echinococ cus Dogs granulosu s Echinococ us multilocul Dogs, wild canines aris and vogeli

No apparent or known disease No apparent or known disease No apparent or known disease Cardiopulmonary granulomata, subcutaneous nodules No apparent or known disease

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, cysticercosis Tapeworm infection, megaloblastic anemia Pulmonary nodules, subcutaneous granulomata of face, trunk, or arms Space-occupying cysts in liver, lungs; anaphylaxis

No apparent disease

Noncapsulated, extensive cysts, of liver, lungs

Los Angeles County Department of Health Services - Public Health http://ladhs.org/cg/index.htmVeterinary Public Health
3834 S. Western Ave., Room 238 Los Angeles, CA 90062 Tel: (323) 730-3723 FAX: (323) 731-9208 vet@dhs.co.la.ca.us

ZOONOSIS OF WILDLIFE
INFECTI PRIMARY HOST(S) DISEASES IN OUS ANIMALS AGENT Alphavir uses: Eastern Small birds, ducks, horses No apparent encephali (mosquitoes) disease; tis encephalitis Western Birds, squirrels, snakes, horses No apparent encephali (mosquitoes) disease; horses tis die Venezuel Rodents, horses (mosquitoes) No apparent an disease; horses encephali die tis Flaviviru ses: St. Louis Birds (mosquitoes) No apparent encephali disease tis Japanese Birds, pigs, horses, cattle (mosquitoes)No apparent B disease; DISEASES IN PEOPLE

Encephalomyelitis Encephalomyelitis Encephalitis

Encephalomyelitis Encephalitis

encephali domestic tis animals may die Murray Birds (mosquitoes) No apparent Encephalomyelitis Valley disease encephali tis Tick-born Rodents, birds, goats, cattle (ticks) No known Encephalitis encephali apparent tis disease Yellow Nonhuman primates (mosquitoes) No apparent Yellow fever fever disease; death virus Dengue Nonhuman primates (mosquitoes) No apparent Dengue fever viruses disease Bunyavir Rabbits, hares, squirrels, deer, horses, No apparent Encephalitis us: cows (mosquitoes) disease California encephali tis Arenavir Rodents, nonhuman primates No apparent No clinical disease; uses disease; death malaise, fever, shock, meningitis, encephalitis Rabies Weasel-skunk, civet-ferret, families No apparent Excitation, paralysis, virus with bats, foxes, skunks most disease; death death important; also dogs, cats, cattle with paralysis Colorado Squirrels, chipmunks, mice, No apparent Fever, malaise, tick porcupines (ticks) disease leukopenia, rash fever virus Chlamyd Psittacine birds, pigeons, poultry No apparent Fever, cough, ia disease; death pneumonia psittaci Rickettsi Rats (fleas) No apparent Murine typhus a typhi disease Rickettsi Rabbits, squirrels, rats, mice, No apparent Rocky Mountain a groundhogs, dogs (ticks) disease; dogs spotted fever rickettsii may die Rickettsi Mice (mites) No apparent Rickettsialpox a akari disease Coxiella Wild ungulates No apparent Q fever burnetii disease Brucella Wild ungulates, dogs No apparent Brucellosis spp disease; abortion Francise Rabbits, squirrels, rats, skunks, bears, No apparent Tularemia lla muskrats, coyotes, cats, dogs, swine, disease; tularensi sheep, cattle (ticks, deerflies, lymphadenitis, s mosquitoes) septicemia Yersinia Rats, mice, prairie dogs, squirrels, No apparent Bubonic, pneumonic, pestis marmots, rabbits, gerbils, chipmunks disease; death septicemic plague (fleas) Yersinia Rodents, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cattle, No apparent Enterocolitis, reactive

enteroco horses litica Campylo Birds, cattle, sheep, pigs, goats bacter jejuni Pseudo Rats, mice, rabbits, ruminants, dogs, monas cats, nonhuman primates pseudo mallei Streptob Rats, squirrels, weasels, turkeys acillus monilifo rmis Listeria Wild mammals, birds monocyt ogenes Borrelia Deer, mice, raccoons (ticks) burgdorf eri SpirillumRats, mice, cats minor Cryptos Rodents, snakes, birds poridium spp Blastocy Pigs, guinea pigs, fowl, nonhuman stis primates hominis Leishma Rodents, canines, rodents, other nia spp carnivores (sandflies)

disease No apparent disease, death No apparent disease; death No apparent disease No apparent disease; death No known apparent disease No apparent disease No apparent disease; enteritis, respiratory disease No apparent disease; diarrhea No apparent disease; skin ulcers No known apparent disease; neurologic dysfunctions No apparent disease; death in coma

polyarthritis Gastroenteritis Pulmonary abscesses, septicemia Fever, rash

Meningitis, abortion, septicemia Lyme disease Fever, rash Enteritis, dysentery

Diarrhea Chronic skin ulcerations, mucocutaneous lesions, kalaazar syndrome Skin rash, myocarditis, conjunctivitis, myositis (Chagas disease) Meningoencephalitis

Trypano Armadillos, bats, rodents, opossums, soma nonhuman primates, dogs, cats cruzi (triatomes) Trypano Wild ungulates (tsetse flies) soma brucei var. gambien se and var. rhodesie nse Pneumo Rodents, foxes, nonhuman primates, cystis sheep, goats, dogs, cats carinii Diphyllo Fresh-water fish, bears, dogs, cats bothriu m latum

No known apparent disease No known apparent disease

Pneumonitis Tapeworm infection, megaloblastic anemia

Hymenol Mice, rats epis nana and diminuta Trichinel Wild carnivores, wild pigs la spiralis Fasciola Snails, fish, cattle, sheep, goats, hepatica camel, deer, rabbits Schistos Snails, rodents, baboons oma spp Dracunc Wild carnivores, nonhuman primates ulus (water fleas) medinen sis Brugia Nonhuman primates, wild carnivores, spp rodents (mosquitoes)

Tapeworm infection

Tapeworm infection

No known apparent disease No apparent disease; death No apparent disease; death No known apparent disease No known apparent disease

No apparent disease; muscle invasion death Acute hepatitis, cholecystitis, cirrhosis Colitis, hepatitis, cystitis Skin ulcers

Lymphadenopathy, lymphedema

Table 5. ZOONOSES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS INFECTIOU PRIMARY HOST(S) DISEASES IN ANIMALS DISEASES IN PEOPLE S AGENT Prions Bovine spongiform Atypical Creutzfeldt-Jakob encephalop Cattle Fatal degeneration of CNS disease athy Vaccinia Papulovesiculopustular Papulovesiculopustular skin virus Cattle, horses lesions of skin of udder and lesions (cowpox) teats Newcastle Poultry Respiratory, GI, CNS Conjunctivitis disease Paravacci nia virus Vesicles, ulcers, and Papulovesiculogranulomato Cattle (milker's granulomas of udder us skin lesions modules) Bovine pustular stomatitis virus Pustular lesions of mouth, Papulovesiculogranulomato Sheep, goats (orf, vulva, eye us skin lesions contagiou s ecthyma) Vesicular Ulceration of oral mucosa, Fever, chills, headache, stomatitis Cattle, swine, horses feet, and teats myalgia virus Rabies Dogs, cats, cattle, horses,No apparent disease; Excitation, paralysis, death virus sheep death with paralysis Chlamydia No apparent disease; Pigeons, poultry Fever, cough, pneumonia psittaci death Coxiella Sheep, cattle, goats (? No disease; rickettsemia Q fever burnetii ticks)

Ehrlichia Dogs (ticks) canis Afipia felisCats, dogs Rochalime a Cats, dogs henselae

Hemorrhagic disease, death No known disease No known disease

Ehrlichiosis Cat-scratch disease Cat-scratch disease, peliosis hepatis, bacillary angiomatosis Malignant pustule, gastroenteritis, pneumonitis Erysipeloid Leptomeningitis, fetal listeriosis, septicemia, oculoglandular infection Primarily GI, lymph node, bone, pulmonary tuberculosis Fever, rash

Bacillus Cattle, horses, sheep, Sudden death, systemic anthracis goats, swine, dogs, cats disease, GI affliction Erysipelot hrix Swine, fowl, sheep, fish rhusiopat hiae Sheep, cattle, rabbits, Listeria goats, guinea pigs, monocyto chickens, horses, genes rodents, birds Mycobact Cattle, horses, swine, erium cats, dogs bovis Streptoba cillus Fowl monilifor mis Porcine erysipelas, polyarthritis, septicemia, endocarditis Meningoencephalitis, abortion, myocarditis, septicemia, ophthalmitis Pulmonary, lymph nodes, udder, GI tuberculosis, spondylitis No apparent disease

Granulomatous to pustular Pseudomo Horses, mules, asses, Nodular pneumonia, farcy, lesions, skin and nas mallei cats, dogs, sheep, goats lymphadenopathy subcutaneous; septicemia Pasteurell Fowl, cattle, sheep, Skin ulcer, osteomyelitis, Hemorrhagic septicemia, a swine, goats, horses, sinusitis, pleuritis, pneumonia multocida mice, rats, rabbits leptomeningitis Cattle, goats, swine, Fever, malaise, Abortion, lameness, Brucella sheep, horses, mules, lymphadenopathy, mastitis, granulomas, spp dogs, cats, fowl, deer, bacteremia, splenomegaly, abscesses buffalo, rabbits osteomyelitis Capnocyto phagia Fever, gangrene, Dogs No apparent disease canimorsu meningitis, septicemia s Salmonell Fowl, swine, cattle, No apparent disease; a spp sheep, horses, dogs, Gastroenteritis, focal enteritis, septicemia, (nontypho cats, rodents, reptiles, infection, septicemia puerperal fever idal) birds, cattle Yersinia enterocoli Dogs, cats No known disease Diarrhea, reactive arthritis tica Campylob Placentitis with abortion, Metritis, infertility, acter Sheep, cattle endocarditis, bacteremia, placentitis, abortion fetus meningitis Ulcerative, lymph-vascular, Sporothrix Horses, mules, dogs, Granulomas of extremities skin, subcutaneous lesions, schenckii cats, mice, rats pneumonia Microspor Dogs, cats, horses, cattle Alopecia, dermatitis Alopecia, dermatitis um spp

Trichophy ton spp No apparent disease; Cryptospo Farm animals, cats, dogs enteritis, respiratory ridium spp disease Trypanoso Dogs, cats (triatomes) ma cruzi Balantidiu Pigs, monkeys m coli No known apparent disease No apparent disease in swine; colitis in monkeys Enteritis, dysentery Skin rash, myocarditis, conjunctivitis, myositis, neurologic dysfunctions (Chagas disease) Colitis Stillbirth, congenital defects, retinochoroiditis, encephalitis

Toxoplas Cats, dogs, sheep, cattle, Stillbirth, congenital ma gondii swine defects, CNS lesions Ancylosto ma canium Dogs, cats (Uncinaria stenoceph ala) Toxocara canis and Dogs, cats cati Dipylidium Dogs, cats caninum Swine, cattle, horses, Trichinella dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, spiralis mice Taenia Cattle saginata Taenia Swine solium Diphyllobo thrium Dogs, cats latum Dirofilaria Dogs, raccoons, cats immitis, D (mosquitoes) tenuis Echinococ cus Dogs granulosu s Echinococ us multilocul Dogs, wild canines aris and vogeli

Anemia, dysentery, hypoproteinemia, edema, Itching, erythema of skin, stunted growth, death of Loeffler syndrome pups Diarrhea, granulomas in kidneys and other viscera, weight loss and stunted growth of young No apparent or known disease; chronic enteritis No apparent or known disease No apparent or known disease No apparent or known disease No apparent or known disease Cardiopulmonary granulomata, subcutaneous nodules No apparent or known disease Granulomas in liver, skeletal muscle, lungs, brain, and eye Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, anal pruritus Chemosis, conjunctivitis, myositis, skin rash Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss Abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, cysticercosis Tapeworm infection, megaloblastic anemia Pulmonary nodules, subcutaneous granulomata of face, trunk, or arms Space-occupying cysts in liver, lungs; anaphylaxis

No apparent disease

Noncapsulated, extensive cysts, of liver, lungs

Los Angeles County Department of Health Services - Public Health http://ladhs.org/cg/index.htmVeterinary Public Health
3834 S. Western Ave., Room 238

Los Angeles, CA 90062 Tel: (323) 730-3723 FAX: (323) 731-9208 vet@dhs.co.la.ca.us Home | Programs | Hospitals | Clinics | Public Health

Daniel S. Shapiro, M.D.

Director, Clinical Microbiology Laboratories Boston Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts

Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Boston Medical Center 774 Albany Street Boston, MA 02118 e-mail: dshapiro@bu.edu
Diseases Acquired From Elephants 1. Lindeque PM, Turnbull PC. Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1994 Mar;61(1):71-83

Zoonoses, LifeSave Biological Research and Education Consortium Ut, USA, Int'l PO Box 304 Bountiful Ut 84011-0304 Ph 801-298-9095 Fax 801-294-2970 Email: Zoonoses@aol.com

2. Thoen CO, Richards WD, Jarnagin JL. Mycobacteria isolated from exotic animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977 May 1;170(9):987-90 3. Saunders G. Pulmonary mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a circus elephant. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983 Dec 1;183(11):1311-2 4. Mayer J. Vaccinia in humans caused by generalized infection of a circus elephant. Zentrabl. Bakteriol. 1973;224:448 5. Janssen DL, Karesh WB, Cosgrove GE, Oosterhuis JE. Salmonellosis in a herd of captive elephants. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984 Dec 1;185(11):1450-1 Reducing risks
Leptospirosis
Abattoir workers should be trained to recognise animal carcases infected with Leptospirosis. Any animal with white spots on the kidneys should be processed with great care. Safe work procedures to be considered include the following: Avoid contact with water that may be contaminated. Clean benches and floors with detergents or disinfectants. Eradicate rats and mice. Farm areas should have good drainage and effluent should be hygienically disposed of. Pigs and cattle should be raised separately where possible. Pigs are more likely to get the disease if they are kept in paddocks or on dirt floors. If possible, use mesh floors instead.

Q fever

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