5- الميزانية الهندسية

E Learning courses
Engineering Leveling
. /
-
:
:
: ) (
:
:
:

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

)
( .

) (Mean Sea Level MSL .

.

)( .

:
-
- ) (

:
-
-
-
-

leveling methods
:
- :Direct leveling
Spirit or Differential leveling
.
- :Indirect leveling

- Trigonometric leveling
- Barometric leveling
- Hydrostatic leveling
- GPS
.

Direct leveling method

Spirit / Differential / Ordinary / Engineers leveling
.
:
-I )( :
.
-II
.
-III
.
-I
Kinds of Levels
:
Dumpy Level -
Tilting Level -
Precise or Geodetic level -
Automatic or Self-leveling Level -
Laser Level -
( )-
Electronic Digital (Bar-code) Level
. -

:
- :Precise Level
)
(.
- : Medium Accurate level
)
(.
- : Low accuracy Level
)
(.
-
Dumpy Level
Builder's
or Engineer's Level
. .
Sokkia, Japan
Baker, London, England

-
Tilting Level
. - .
.Cooke, England
)Wild (Switzerland
-
Precise or Geodetic level

Micrometer with parallel plate
) (
Precise Level
)(Carl Zeiss

Precise Level
Rods
-
Automatic or Self - leveling Level

.
Topcon, Japan
- Laser Level

- One man leveling
- )(
Electronic Digital (Bar-code) Level
) (PCMCIA / -
-
-
Theodolite and Total Station

Tripod - II
:
-
III Staff
: .
: .
: ) (
) (.
: .
:
.
:
.

)(
)(

)
(

Level components
Focus Knob
Gun
Sight
Objective
Eyepiece
Bubble
Slow
Motion
Foot screw
Trivet
Line of
sight
Internal
vertical line

- :Gun sight
.
- :Telescope

.
- :Eyepiece
.
- :Object lens .
- ) ( :Object focus screw

.
- :Horizontal tangent screw

.
- :Linear (tube) or circular level

.
- :Horizontal circle
.
- :leveling head

- :Tribrach
.
- :leveling or Foot screw
)
(.
- ) :Base (Trivet
.

:Line of sight
.
:Line of collimation
.
: .
:
* :
.
* :

) (.
:
:
compensator

:Datum

). (Mean Sea Level MSL
)( :Local Datum
)(
+ + .
: Vertical line ) (
:
) ( .
:Elevation
.

) :(Bench Mark BM
.
) :(level difference .
):(Back Sight BS
.
) :(Foresight FS .
):(Intermediate sight IS
.
) :(Change Point CP
.

FS
0.80
BS
3.42
BM A
)(+10.00
= A, B BS A FS B
= =
=B ) A + (BM A, B
= = +
:
leveling operation
BM
E
D

A
B


( )
Field work
: -

. .
. - .

. - .

Reading the Rod
Focusing the staff

1
1.133
1.130
1.120
1.110
1.100
= ) = * (

-
-
:
-
-
- :

=
** :

Reduced Level method -
E
F

A
B
BM
E
F
G
E
F
G
E
F
G
E
F
G
E
F
G
E
F
G
E
F
G
E
F
G
E
F
G
O.K
BM
O.K.
Rise and Fall method -
E
F

A
B
BM
-
a
E
F
G
)(+
)(-
-
a
E
F
G
)(+
)(-
-
a
)(+
)(-
E
F
G
-
a
)(+
)(-
E
F
G
-
a
)(+
)(-
E
F
G
-
a
)(+
)(-
E
F
G
-
a
)(+
)(-
E
F
G
-
a
)(+
)(-
E
F
G
-
a
)(+
)(-
-
a
)(+
)(-
O.K
) (+ ) (-
BM
O.K
- ) (
a
E
F
) (+
)(-
- ) (
a
E
F
) (+
)(-
- ) (
a
) (+
)(-
E
F
- ) (
a
) (+
)(-
E
F
- ) (
a
) (+
)(-
E
F
- ) (
a
) (+
)(-
E
F
- ) (
a
) (+
)(-
E
F
- ) (
a
) (+
)(-
E
F
- ) (
a
) (+
)(-
- ) (
a
) (+
)(-
- ) (
a
) (+
)(-
- ) (
a
) (+
)(-
O.K

Sources and kinds of errors in leveling
- :
-
-
- :
-
-
-
-
- :

Natural Errors -
- Personal Errors

- Instrumental Errors

.
:
-
:

:

- ) (
) ( :
x
Axis of
Rotation
x
Vertical (Plumb Line)
as found by out of adjustment,
but levelled Spirit Bubble
vertical
y
Rotate by 180 degree
(a)
(b)
d
x
(c)
2d
d = adjustment error
-

) ( collimation line
.

)
(
Collimation error
- .
The two-peg-test
:

= a , b
- a b
H
b
b
b
: a

= a , b - a C
b

Ha
b
b
:
a = + a , b b -
C
S2
S1
A
L/2
L/2
L
S4
S3
A
Collimation error,
e = (S1 - S2) - (S3 - S4) mm / Lm
B
L / 10
AUTOCOLLIMATION
EYEPIECE
Carl Zeiss (Oberkochen)
-
-
.
- .
- .
- .
- )
(.
- .
-
:
-
) (.
- :
-
.
-
.
- .
.
C = 4 mm K
C = 8 mm K
C = 12 mm K
C = 25 mm K
K

Indirect leveling
- Trigonometric leveling

Theodolite Total station
)(.
.

) - -
.
.

Trigonometric leveling instruments
Theodolite
Total station
Theodolite measures
vertical Angle
C
r
S
hi
H
A
ZCD = V = S Sin = S Cos z
= H Cot z
ZAB = hi + V - r OR ZB = ZA + hi + S Sin - r
= ZA + hi + H Cot z - r
-
Barometric leveling
) (.

.

Mercurial barometers
Aneroid barometer
Digital barometer
Altimeter .
mercurial barometer
Aneroid barometer
Digital barometer
-
Hydrostatic leveling
. . .
- .
-
GPS

Handy held receiver

)(Dynamic GPS
Static GPS receiver
Total station equipped

With Static GPS receiver
) (
Spirit or Tube Level
. . : .

Spirit level (Engineers)

2 axis bubble spirit level
3 axis bubble spirit level
)(
Carpenters Level
. Tube Level . . . . .
- .
) (
Circular or Bubble Level
. ) ( : . .
Bubble level

Post Level

.

.

Line Level

.

Plumb level
.
. .

Hand level

Laser line level
.

.

.
Handy laser level
Thanks
fo r
your
attention
I am glad to receive your additional comments at:
E-mail: saidmaghraby@yahoo.com

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E Learning courses

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Baker, London, England

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

- :Linear (tube) or circular level

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying