Beam

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Third Edition
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
CHAPTER
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Deflection of Beams
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
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Beer Johnston DeWolf
9 - 2
Deflection of Beams
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
Equation of the Elastic Curve
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the Load Di...
Statically Indeterminate Beams
Sample Problem 9.1
Sample Problem 9.3
Method of Superposition
Sample Problem 9.7
Application of Superposition to Statically Indeterminate ...
Sample Problem 9.8
Moment-Area Theorems
Application to Cantilever Beams and Beams With Symmetric ...
Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts
Sample Problem 9.11
Application of Moment-Area Theorems to Beams With Unsymme...
Maximum Deflection
Use of Moment-Area Theorems With Statically Indeterminate...
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9 - 3
Relationship between bending moment and

curvature for pure bending remains valid for
general transverse loadings.
EI
x M ) ( 1
Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

load at the free end,
EI
Px

Curvature varies linearly with x
At the free end A,

A
A

, 0
1
At the support B,
PL
EI
B
B

, 0
1
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9 - 4
Overhanging beam
Reactions at A and C
Bending moment diagram
Curvature is zero at points where the bending

moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
EI
x M ) ( 1
Beam is concave upwards where the bending

moment is positive and concave downwards
where it is negative.
Maximum curvature occurs where the moment

magnitude is a maximum.
An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve

is required to determine maximum deflection
and slope.
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9 - 5
From elementary calculus, simplified for beam

parameters,
2
2
2 3
2
2
2
1
1
dx
y d
dx
dy
dx
y d
1
1
]
1
,
_
Substituting and integrating,

( )
( )
( )
2 1
0 0
1
0
2
2
1
C x C dx x M dx y EI
C dx x M
dx
dy
EI EI
x M
dx
y d
EI EI
x x
x
+ +
+


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9 - 6
( )
2 1
0 0
x x
+ +

Constants are determined from boundary

conditions
Three cases for statically determinant beams,
Simply supported beam

0 , 0
B A
y y
Overhanging beam
0 , 0
B A
y y
Cantilever beam
0 , 0
A A
y
More complicated loadings require multiple

integrals and application of requirement for
continuity of displacement and slope.
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9 - 7
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the
Load Distribution
For a beam subjected to a distributed load,

( ) ( ) x w
dx
dV
dx
M d
x V
dx
dM

2
2
Equation for beam displacement becomes

( ) x w
dx
y d
EI
dx
M d

4
4
2
2
( ) ( )
4 3
2
2
2
1
3
1
6
1
C x C x C x C
dx x w dx dx dx x y EI
+ + + +

Integrating four times yields
Constants are determined from boundary

conditions.
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9 - 8
Statically Indeterminate Beams
Consider beam with fixed support at A and roller

support at B.
From free-body diagram, note that there are four

unknown reaction components.
Conditions for static equilibrium yield

0 0 0
A y x
M F F
The beam is statically indeterminate.
( )
2 1
0 0
x x
+ +

Also have the beam deflection equation,

which introduces two unknowns but provides
three additional equations from the boundary
conditions:
0 , At 0 0 , 0 At y L x y x
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9 - 9
Sample Problem 9.1
ft 4 ft 15 kips 50
psi 10 29 in 723 68 14
6 4

a L P
E I W
For portion AB of the overhanging beam,
(a) derive the equation for the elastic
curve, (b) determine the maximum
deflection,
(c) evaluate y
max
.
SOLUTION:
Develop an expression for M(x)

and derive differential equation for
elastic curve.
Integrate differential equation twice

and apply boundary conditions to
obtain elastic curve.
Locate point of zero slope or point

of maximum deflection.
Evaluate corresponding maximum

deflection.
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9 - 10
Sample Problem 9.1
SOLUTION:
Develop an expression for M(x) and derive

differential equation for elastic curve.
-
Reactions:
,
_
+
L
a
P R
L
Pa
R
B A
1
-
From the free-body diagram for section AD,
( ) L x x
L
a
P M < < 0
x
L
a
P
dx
y d
EI
2
2
-
The differential equation for the elastic
curve,
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9 - 11
Sample Problem 9.1
PaL C L C L
L
a
P y L x
C y x
6
1
6
1
0 : 0 , at
0 : 0 , 0 at
1 1
3
2
+

Integrate differential equation twice and apply

boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
2 1
3
1
2
6
1
2
1
C x C x
L
a
P y EI
C x
L
a
P
dx
dy
EI
+ +
+
x
L
a
P
dx
y d
EI
2
2
1
1
]
1
,
_

3 2
6 L
x
L
x
EI
PaL
y
PaLx x
L
a
P y EI
L
x
EI
PaL
dx
dy
PaL x
L
a
P
dx
dy
EI
6
1
6
1
3 1
6 6
1
2
1
3
2
2
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
Substituting,
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9 - 12
Sample Problem 9.1
Locate point of zero slope or point

of maximum deflection.
1
1
]
1
,
_

3 2
6 L
x
L
x
EI
PaL
y
L
L
x
L
x
EI
PaL
dx
dy
m
m
577 . 0
3
3 1
6
0
2

1
1
]
1
,
_
Evaluate corresponding maximum

deflection.
( ) [ ]
3
2
max
577 . 0 577 . 0
6

EI
PaL
y
EI
PaL
y
6
0642 . 0
2
max

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
4 6
2
max
in 723 psi 10 29 6
in 180 in 48 kips 50
0642 . 0
y
in 238 . 0
max
y
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9 - 13
Sample Problem 9.3
For the uniform beam, determine the
reaction at A, derive the equation for
the elastic curve, and determine the
slope at A. (Note that the beam is
statically indeterminate to the first
degree)
SOLUTION:
Develop the differential equation for

the elastic curve (will be functionally
dependent on the reaction at A).
Integrate twice and apply boundary

conditions to solve for reaction at A
and to obtain the elastic curve.
Evaluate the slope at A.

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9 - 14
Sample Problem 9.3
Consider moment acting at section D,

L
x w
x R M
M
x
L
x w
x R
M
A
A
D
6
0
3 2
1
0
3
0
2
0

,
_
L
x w
x R M
dx
y d
EI
A
6
3
0
2
2

The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
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9 - 15
Sample Problem 9.3
L
x w
x R M
dx
y d
EI
A
6
3
0
2
2

Integrate twice
2 1
5
0
3
1
4
0
2
120 6
1
24 2
1
C x C
L
x w
x R y EI
C
L
x w
x R EI
dx
dy
EI
A
A
+ +
+
Apply boundary conditions:

0
120 6
1
: 0 , at
0
24 2
1
: 0 , at
0 : 0 , 0 at
2 1
4
0
3
1
3
0
2
2
+ +
+

C L C
L w
L R y L x
C
L w
L R L x
C y x
A
A
Solve for reaction at A

0
30
1
3
1
4
0
3
L w L R
A
L w R
A 0
10
1
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9 - 16
Sample Problem 9.3
x L w
L
x w
x L w y EI

,
_
,
_
3
0
5
0
3
0
120
1
120 10
1
6
1
( ) x L x L x
EIL
w
y
4 3 2 5
0
2
120
+
Substitute for C
1
, C
2
, and R
A
in the
elastic curve equation,
( )
4 2 2 4
0
6 5
120
L x L x
EIL
w
dx
dy
+
EI
L w
A
120
3
0

Differentiate once to find the slope,

at x = 0,
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9 - 17
Method of Superposition
Principle of Superposition:
Deformations of beams subjected to

combinations of loadings may be
obtained as the linear combination of
the deformations from the individual
loadings
Procedure is facilitated by tables of

solutions for common types of
loadings and supports.
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9 - 18
Sample Problem 9.7
For the beam and loading shown,
determine the slope and deflection at
point B.
SOLUTION:
Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown.
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9 - 19
Sample Problem 9.7
Loading I
( )
EI
wL
I
B
6
3
( )
EI
wL
y
I
B
8
4

Loading II
( )
EI
wL
II
C
48
3
( )
EI
wL
y
II
C
128
4
In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

zero and the elastic curve is a straight line.
( ) ( )
EI
wL
II
C
II
B
48
3

( )
EI
wL L
EI
wL
EI
wL
y
II
B
384
7
2 48 128
4 3 4
,
_
+
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9 - 20
Sample Problem 9.7
( ) ( )
EI
wL
EI
wL
II
B
I
B B
48 6
3 3
+ +
( ) ( )
EI
wL
EI
wL
y y y
II
B
I
B B
384
7
8
4 4
+ +
EI
wL
B
48
7
3

EI
wL
y
B
384
41
4
Combine the two solutions,

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9 - 21
Application of Superposition to Statically
Indeterminate Beams
Method of superposition may be

applied to determine the reactions at
the supports of statically indeterminate
beams.
Designate one of the reactions as

redundant and eliminate or modify
the support.
Determine the beam deformation

without the redundant support.
Treat the redundant reaction as an

unknown load which, together with
the other loads, must produce
deformations compatible with the
original supports.
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9 - 22
Sample Problem 9.8
For the uniform beam and loading shown,
determine the reaction at each support and
the slope at end A.
SOLUTION:
Release the redundant support at B, and find deformation.
Apply reaction at B as an unknown load to force zero displacement at B.

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9 - 23
Sample Problem 9.8
Distributed Loading:
( )
EI
wL
L L L L L
EI
w
y
w
B
4
3
3 4
01132 . 0
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
24

1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
Redundant Reaction Loading:

( )
EI
L R L
L
EIL
R
y
B B
R
B
3 2 2
01646 . 0
3 3
2
3

,
_
,
_
For compatibility with original supports, y

B
= 0
( ) ( )
EI
L R
EI
wL
y y
B
R
B
w
B
3 4
01646 . 0 01132 . 0 0 + +
wL R
B
688 . 0
From statics,
wL R wL R
C A
0413 . 0 271 . 0
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9 - 24
Sample Problem 9.8
( )
EI
wL
EI
wL
w
A
3 3
04167 . 0
24

( )
EI
wL L
L
L
EIL
wL
R
A
3
2
2
03398 . 0
3 3 6
0688 . 0
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

( ) ( )
EI
wL
EI
wL
R
A
w
A A
3 3
03398 . 0 04167 . 0 + +
EI
wL
A
3
00769 . 0
Slope at end A,
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9 - 25
Geometric properties of the elastic curve can

be used to determine deflection and slope.
Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,
First Moment-Area Theorem:

area under (M/EI) diagram between
C and D.
C D

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9 - 26
Second Moment-Area Theorem:

The tangential deviation of C with respect to D
is equal to the first moment with respect to a
vertical axis through C of the area under the
(M/EI) diagram between C and D.
Tangents to the elastic curve at P and P intercept

a segment of length dt on the vertical through C.
= tangential deviation of C
with respect to D
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Application to Cantilever Beams and Beams With
Symmetric Loadings
Cantilever beam - Select tangent at A as the

reference.
Simply supported, symmetrically loaded

beam - select tangent at C as the reference.
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Bending Moment Diagrams by Parts
Determination of the change of slope and the

tangential deviation is simplified if the effect of
each load is evaluated separately.
Construct a separate (M/EI) diagram for each

load.
- The change of slope,
D/C
, is obtained by
adding the areas under the diagrams.
- The tangential deviation, t
D/C
is obtained by
adding the first moments of the areas with
respect to a vertical axis through D.
Bending moment diagram constructed from

individual loads is said to be drawn by parts.
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9 - 29
Sample Problem 9.11
For the prismatic beam shown, determine
the slope and deflection at E.
SOLUTION:
Determine the reactions at supports.
Construct shear, bending moment and

(M/EI) diagrams.
Taking the tangent at C as the

reference, evaluate the slope and
tangential deviations at E.
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9 - 30
Sample Problem 9.11
SOLUTION:
Determine the reactions at supports.

wa R R
D B

Construct shear, bending moment and

(M/EI) diagrams.
( )
EI
wa
a
EI
wa
A
EI
L wa L
EI
wa
A
6 2 3
1
4 2 2
3 2
2
2 2
1

,
_
,
_

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9 - 31
Sample Problem 9.11
Slope at E:
EI
wa
EI
L wa
A A
C E C E C E
6 4
3 2
2 1
+
+
( ) a L
EI
wa
E
2 3
12
2
+
1
1
]
1

1
1
]
1

1
]
1
,
_
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+

EI
L wa
EI
wa
EI
L wa
EI
L wa
L
A
a
A
L
a A
t t y
C D C E E
16 8 16 4
4 4
3
4
2 2 4 2 2 3
1 2 1
( ) a L
EI
wa
y
E
+ 2
8
3
Deflection at E:
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9 - 32
Application of Moment-Area Theorems to Beams
With Unsymmetric Loadings
Define reference tangent at support A. Evaluate
A

by determining the tangential deviation at B with
respect to A.
The slope at other points is found with respect to

reference tangent.
A D A D
+
The deflection at D is found from the tangential

deviation at D.
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9 - 33
Maximum Deflection
Maximum deflection occurs at point K

where the tangent is horizontal.
Point K may be determined by measuring

an area under the (M/EI) diagram equal
to -
A
.
Obtain y
max
by computing the first
moment with respect to the vertical axis
through A of the area between A and K.
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Use of Moment-Area Theorems With Statically
Indeterminate Beams
Reactions at supports of statically indeterminate

beams are found by designating a redundant
constraint and treating it as an unknown load which
satisfies a displacement compatibility requirement.
The (M/EI) diagram is drawn by parts. The

resulting tangential deviations are superposed and
related by the compatibility requirement.
With reactions determined, the slope and deflection

are found from the moment-area method.

Beam

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MECHANICS OF

Relationship between bending moment and

Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

Curvature varies linearly with x

At the free end A,

Bending moment diagram

Curvature is zero at points where the bending

Beam is concave upwards where the bending

Maximum curvature occurs where the moment

An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve

From elementary calculus, simplified for beam

Substituting and integrating,

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Constants are determined from boundary

Three cases for statically determinant beams,

Simply supported beam

More complicated loadings require multiple

For a beam subjected to a distributed load,

Equation for beam displacement becomes

Integrating four times yields

Constants are determined from boundary

Consider beam with fixed support at A and roller

From free-body diagram, note that there are four

Conditions for static equilibrium yield

Also have the beam deflection equation,

Develop an expression for M(x)

Integrate differential equation twice

Locate point of zero slope or point

Evaluate corresponding maximum

Develop an expression for M(x) and derive

Integrate differential equation twice and apply

Locate point of zero slope or point

Evaluate corresponding maximum

Develop the differential equation for

Integrate twice and apply boundary

Evaluate the slope at A.

Consider moment acting at section D,

The differential equation for the elastic

Apply boundary conditions:

Solve for reaction at A

Differentiate once to find the slope,

Deformations of beams subjected to

Procedure is facilitated by tables of

In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

Combine the two solutions,

Method of superposition may be

Designate one of the reactions as

Determine the beam deformation

Treat the redundant reaction as an

Release the redundant support at B, and find deformation.

Apply reaction at B as an unknown load to force zero displacement at B.

Redundant Reaction Loading:

For compatibility with original supports, y

Geometric properties of the elastic curve can

Consider a beam subjected to arbitrary loading,

First Moment-Area Theorem:

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Second Moment-Area Theorem:

Tangents to the elastic curve at P and P intercept

Cantilever beam - Select tangent at A as the

Simply supported, symmetrically loaded

Determination of the change of slope and the

Construct a separate (M/EI) diagram for each