LUBRICATION AND ROTOR DYNAMICS (ME 60072)

INTRODUCTION: Study of Lubrication and rotary machinery

Rotor Bearing System

Lubrication

Mihir Sarangi Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

January, 2011

Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Introduction to Lubrication and Rotor Dynamics

Disc Wa Wr Bearing

Shaft Support

Rolling Element Bearings Many machine elements that are fluid film-lubricated have surfaces that do not conform to each other well. The full burden of the load must then be carried by the small lubricant area. Some example of nonconformal surfaces are mating gear teeth, cams and followers, and rolling-element bearings. Hydrodynamic Bearings (Journal Bearings)

Conformal surfaces fit snugly into each other with a high degree of geometrical conformity, so that the load is carried over a relatively large area. Fluid film journal bearings and slider bearings have conformal surfaces.
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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Bearings

Rolling Element Bearings

Journal bearing

Magnetic bearing Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Thrust pad bearing

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Selection of Bearings

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Fluid Film Bearings

Types of Fluid film bearings: Hydrodynamic bearings

Full (3600) journal bearings are widely used bearings in industrial machinery. These bearings can take up rotating radial load. As high speed is essential to generate fluid film self-action, hydrodynamic bearings have found applications mostly in high speed machinery such as turbines, turbogenerators, turbopumps etc. Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Types of Fluid film bearings: Hydrostatic bearings

Hydrostatic bearing is used to provide full film lubrication when the speed of the mating surfaces is not large enough to create hydrodynamic lubrication. The load supporting film is maintained by an external source. Hence these bearings are also called externally pressurized bearings, can meet some extreme requirements, such as very low frictional characteristics # heavy loads at low speeds # high positional accuracy. But the major disadvantages associated with # auxiliary equipment (pump, filter, oil supply line etc.) are required, hence more complicated, expensive and liable to failure, and # overall power loss (pumping and fiction) is not necessarily low.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Types of Fluid film bearings: Squeeze film bearings

The squeeze-film technology is mainly seen in the following machine components: The time of approach of faces of disc clutch under lubricated conditions. The mechanism of walking with rubber soles on wet or icy pavements. The absorption of vibrations in jet engines using annular squeeze films between the engine bearings and their support, and The rolling characteristics of an automobile tire on a wet road.

(A) Parallel surface bearing Step bearing (A)

(B) A sphere near a plane

(C)

A sphere in a spherical seat A rectangular plate on a plane surface A journal bearing

A circular cylinder near a plane (B) A parallel circular plate (C) Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Types of Fluid film bearings: Hybrid fluid film bearings

Hydrodynamic thrust and journal bearing

Externally pressurized multi-recess journal bearings system

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Types of Fluid film bearings: Special purpose fluid film bearings

Pivoted tilting pads Tilting pad journal bearing

Cooling coils

Pivoted tilting thrust pads

Oil container Tilting pad thrust bearing

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Types of Fluid film bearings: Special purpose fluid film bearings

Herringbone grooved journal bearing (hard disk drive)

Textured thrust pad bearing (for low leakage and reverse pumping)

Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Fluid film bearings

Types of Fluid film lubrication: Oil lubrication Gas / Air lubrication For gas / air lubrication: The surfaces should be finished with high accuracy The alignment between the journal and bearing must be very good The dimensions and clearances must be accurate The speed must be high

The load should be relatively low

Self instability in journal bearings: half whirl instability
90 120 0.8 MW=11 0.6 30 0.4 0.2 180 0

90
1 60

1 60 0.8 0.6 30 0.4 0.2 150 120

90

1 60 0.8 0.6 30 0.4 0.2

120

150

150

MW=12 Wr=0.36

MW=13

180 4

180

210

330

210

330

210

330

240 270

300

240 270

300

240 270

300

Stable

Marginally Stable

Unstable

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Instability in fluid film journal bearings

300 MW steam turbine generator

4 5 Pressurized fluid bearings

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Rolling Element Bearings

The potential of true rolling motion for low-friction supports was fully recognized by Leonardo da Vinci, for he wrote in the Codex Madrid I:

I affirm, that if a weight of a flat surface moves on a similar plane their movement will be facilitated by interposing between them balls or rollers; and I do not see any difference between balls and rollers save the fact that balls have universal motion while rollers can move in one direction alone. But if balls or rollers touch each other in their motion, they will make the movement more difficult than if there were no contact between them, because their touching is by contrary motions and this friction cause contrariwise movements. But if the balls or rollers are kept at a distance from each other, they will touch at one point only between the load and its resistance and consequently it will be easy to generate this movement.

Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Rolling Element Bearings

Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Rolling Element Bearings

Classification of rolling element bearings :
Based on geometry (type of rolling element):

Ball bearing Based on loading:

Roller bearing

Needle bearing

Radial

Thrust

Combined radial and thrust

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

General Classification of rolling element bearings :

Rolling Element Bearing Manufacturers

Check their websites for more information !!!

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Ball Bearings
Deep groove Ball Bearing Angular contact Ball Bearing

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Roller Bearings
Cylindrical Roller Bearing Tapered Roller Bearing Spherical Roller Bearing

Large capacity Long endurance for heavy loads Long-life requirements Long endurance for shock forces Unless rollers are contoured, they can support load in only one direction (radial or thrust) Most roller bearings support, both radial and thrust loads If contact angle is less than 450, bearing has larger radial load capacity
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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Thrust Bearings
Thrust ball bearing Thrust Roller bearing

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Rolling Element Bearings

Compensate for certain degree of misalignment Very limited axial load capacity, only radial load

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Special application Bearings

Linear motion bearings Miniature bearings

Precise linear motion Used as liner actuators / sensors Very low friction compared to conventional screw arrangements Both radial and axial load capacity

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Today's Rolling Element Bearings

Radial Deep Groove Ball Bearing

Angular Contact Ball Bearing

Thrust Ball Bearing

Radial Deep Groove Ball Bearing Filling Slot

Angular Contact Ball Bearing Filling Slot

Cylindrical Roller Bearing

Needle Roller Bearing with Hardened Raceways

Self Aligning Ball Bearing

Tapered Roller Bearing

Needle Roller Bearing Drawn Cup

Thrust Needle Roller Bearing

Self Aligning Roller Bearing

Thrust Roller Bearing

Thrust Tapered Roller Bearing

Radial Deep Groove Thrust Spherical Ball Bearing Roller Bearing External Alignment

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Rolling Element Bearings

single-row deep groove ball bearing, light weight, with bore diameter 17mm, double shielded, Bearing Nomenclature: Part number Type Code

6203ZZ
Series Bore Suffix

1 - Self-aligning ball bearing 2 - Wide self-aligning ball bearing 22 - Self-aligning roller bearing 23 - Wide self-aligning roller bearing 3 - Double-row angular contact ball bearing 4 - Double-row ball bearing 5 - Thrust ball bearing 6 - Single-row deep groove ball bearing 16 - Thin section single-row deep groove ball bearing 7 - Single-row angular contact bearing
R - Inch (non-metric) bearing

7 - Not sure 8 - Extra thin section 9 - Very thin section 0 - Extra light 1 - Extra light thrust 2 - Light 3 - Medium 4 - Heavy

** x 5 = bore diameter
09 - 45mm 11 - 55mm

except
00 - 10mm 01 - 12mm 02 - 15mm 03 - 17mm

Z - Single shielded ZZ - Double shielded RS - Single sealed 2RS - Double sealed V - Single non-contact seal VV - Double non-contact seal DDU - Double contact seals NR - Snap ring and groove M - Brass cage

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Ball Bearings
NTN Bearing Corporation

More than 125 Rolling Element Bearings are manufactured per second Worldwide

Yesterday

Today

Tomorrow

Rolling Element Bearings

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Rolling Element Bearings

Roller Bearings Ball Bearings

ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION (EHL)

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is form of hydrodynamic lubrication, where the elastic deformation of the lubricated surfaces becomes significant. The features important is a hydrodynamically lubricated slider bearing converging film thickness, sliding motion, and a viscous fluid between the surfaces are also important here. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is normally associated with nonconformal surfaces.
EHL Pressure development
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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Lubricant properties
Types of lubricant:
(i) Mineral oils , (ii) Greases , (iii) Synthetic oils , (iv) Solid lubricants

Mineral oil or liquid petrolatum is a by-product in the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline. It is a chemically inert, transparent, colorless oil. Types: (a) Paraffins , (b) Napthenes , (c) Aromatics (Unsaturated) Greases are oils that are thickened with solids to form semi-fluid products. Solid lubricants are used for high temperature and/or low pressure, normal lubricants are unstable. Should have (a) thermal stability, (b) low shear strength , (c) surface protection , (d) good bonding properties Like graphite and molybdenum disulphide

Synthetic oil is oil consisting of chemical compounds which were not originally present in crude oil (petroleum) but were artificially made (synthesized) from other compounds. Synthetic oil could be made to be a substitute for petroleum or specially made to be a substitute for a lubricant oil such as conventional (or mineral) motor oil refined from petroleum. When a synthetic oil is made as a substitute for petroleum, it is generally produced because of a shortage of petroleum or because petroleum is too expensive.

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Introduction to Lubrication & Rotor Dynamics

Lubricant properties
Electro-, Magneto- and/or Electro-Magneto-Rheological fluids.

Side-view photographs showing the chain formation of ER fluid under an electric field for corn starch mixed with Si oil at 0.5 Wt% under E= 900 V mm1, respectively.

Electro-rheological (ER) and/or Electo-magneto-rheplogical (EMR) fluids are vital in the development of miniature bearings for space application and also for medical systems.

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