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TaguchiDesignTutorial
Introduction
Taguchisorthogonalarraysprovideanalternativetostandardfactorialdesigns. Factorsandinteractionsareassignedtothearraycolumnsvialineargraphs.For example,lookatthefirstof18lineargraphsfortheTaguchiL16(16runtwolevel factorial).
1 A

3 2 13

14 15 11 B N

P L

6 5 10 4 12 8

F E K D M H

FirstlineargraphforL16array Thefigureatupperleftdisplays15columnnumbersavailableforeffectestimation. Totherightyouseethecorrespondingfactorletters.Startingatthetopandgoing counterclockwise,youcanseethatfactorCisconnectedtoAB,implying confoundingoffactorCwiththeABinteraction.FactorFisconnectedtoBD,andso forth.Theserelationshipsdescribealiasingforahandfulofthepossible relationships.ThecompletealiasstructurefortheL16,generatedby DesignExpertsoftware,isshownbelow.

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] = A - BC - DE - FG - HJ -KL - MN - OP = B - AC - DF - EG - HK -JL - MO - NP = C - AB - DG - EF - HL - JK - MP - NO = D - AE - BF - CG - HM - JN - KO - LP = E - AD - BG - CF - HN - JM - KP - LO = F - AG - BD - CE - HO - JP - KM - LN = G - AF - BE - CD - HP - JO - KN - LM = H - AJ - BK - CL - DM - EN - FO - GP = J - AH - BL - CK - DN - EM - FP - GO = K - AL - BH - CJ - DO - EP - FM - GN = L - AK - BJ - CH - DP - EO - FN - GM = M - AN - BO - CP - DH - EJ - FK - GL = N - AM -BP - CO - DJ - EH - FL - GK = O - AP - BM - CN - DK - EL - FH - GJ = P - AO - BN - CM - DL -EK - FJ - GH

AliasingofmaineffectswithtwofactorinteractionsforL16(firstlineargraph) TheunderlinedeffectsarethealiasesrevealedbyTaguchisfirstlineargraph. ThesecondofTaguchis18lineargraphsisgivenbelow.

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3 10 13

14 7 11 K N

G L

6 5 2 12 4 8

15

F E B M D H

SecondlineargraphforL16 Thissecondlineargraphrevealstheunderlined,italicizedeffectsshownbelow.
[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] = A - BC - DE - FG - HJ - KL - MN - OP = B - AC - DF - EG - HK - JL - MO - NP = C - AB - DG - EF - HL - JK - MP - NO = D - AE - BF - CG - HM - JN - KO - LP = E - AD - BG - CF - HN - JM - KP - LO = F - AG - BD - CE - HO - JP - KM - LN = G - AF - BE - CD - HP - JO - KN - LM = H - AJ - BK - CL - DM - EN - FO - GP = J - AH - BL - CK - DN - EM - FP - GO = K - AL - BH - CJ - DO - EP - FM - GN = L - AK - BJ - CH - DP - EO - FN - GM = M - AN - BO - CP - DH -EJ - FK - GL = N - AM - BP - CO - DJ - EH - FL - GK = O - AP - BM - CN - DK - EL - FH - GJ = P - AO - BN - CM - DL - EK - FJ - GH

AliasingofmaineffectswithtwofactorinteractionsforL16(secondlineargraph) Intheory,youcouldbuildtheentirealiasstructurebygoingthroughall18linear graphs.Butwhybother?ThecompletealiasstructureisgivenbyDesignExpert softwareviaitsDesignEvaluationtool.

CaseStudy
ToseehowDesignExpertsoftwarehandlesTaguchiarrays,letslookatawelding exampleoutofSystemofExperimentDesign,Volume1,page189(Quality Resources,1991).Theexperimentersidentifiedninefactors(seetablebelow).

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Factor Brand Current Method Drying Thickness Angle Standoff Preheat Material

Units amps mm degrees mm

Level 1 J100 150 weaving none 8 70 1.5 none SS41

Level 2 B17 130 single 1day 12 60 3.0 150degC SB35

Factorsforweldingexperiment Theexperimenterswantedestimatesofseveralinteractions:AB,AD,andBD. LookingatthefirstL16lineargraph(reproducedinpartbelow),weseethat columnCcanbeusedtoestimatetheABinteraction,columnEtoestimateAD, columnFtoestimateBD,andcolumnOtoestimateAP.TaguchiusedcolumnsM andNtoestimateerror.

1 A

3 2 5 6

14 15 B

P E F

SubsetoffirstlineargraphforL16onwelding Thefactorassignmentsaresummarizedbelow. Column A B C D E F G H Factor Brand Current AB Method AD BD Drying Thickness Column J K L M N O P Factor Angle Standoff Preheat AP Material

FactorassignmentsforL16onwelding ColumnsMandN(blank)willbeusedtoestimateerror.(Note:thereisnocolumn labeledIinthisorotherdesignsbecausethisisreservedfortheinterceptofthe predictivemodel.)

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DesigntheExperiment
Letsbuildthisdesign.ChooseFile,New Design offthemenubar.(Theblank sheeticon ontheleftofthetoolbarisaquickerroutetothisscreen.Ifyoudlike tocheckthisout,pressCanceltoreactivatethetoolbar.Butthefastestway,new toDX8,istoclickNewDesignonthesoftwaresopeningpage.)Thenfromthe defaultFactorialtabclickTaguchi OA(orthogonalarray)andchooseL16(2^15) fromthepulldownmenu.

SelectingtheTaguchiorthogonalarray(OA) ClicktheContinuebutton.Thesoftwarethenpresentsthealiasstructureforthe chosendesign.NoticethatCisaliasedwithAB,EisaliasedwithAD,Fisaliased withBD,andOisaliasedwithAP.Also,DesignExpertreservestheletterIforthe interceptinpredictivemodels,soitskipsfromfactorHtoJ.

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[A] = A - BC - DE - FG - HJ - KL - MN - OP [B] = B - AC - DF - EG - HK - JL - MO - NP [C] = C - AB - DG - EF - HL - JK - MP - NO [D] = D - AE - BF - CG - HM - JN - KO - LP [E] = E - AD - BG - CF - HN - JM - KP - LO [F] = F - AG - BD - CE - HO - JP - KM - LN [G] = G - AF - BE - CD - HP - JO - KN - LM [H] = H - AJ - BK - CL - DM - EN - FO - GP [J] = J - AH - BL - CK - DN - EM - FP - GO [K] = K - AL - BH - CJ - DO - EP - FM - GN [L] = L - AK - BJ - CH - DP - EO - FN - GM [M] = M - AN - BO - CP - DH - EJ - FK - GL [N] = N - AM - BP - CO - DJ - EH - FL - GK [O] = O - AP - BM - CN - DK - EL - FH - GJ [P] = P - AO - BN - CM - DL - EK - FJ - GH

AliasstructureforL16twoleveldesign(215) ClicktheContinuebutton.Onallotherdesignsyouwouldnowbepromptedto enterfactornames.However,forTaguchidesignsthiswillbedonelaterafteryou generatetherunslayout.DesignExpertnowshowstheresponsescreen.Enterthe 1responsenameasTensileandtheunitsaskg/mm^2.

Responseentry Atthispointyoucanskiptheremainderofthefieldsusedforcalculatingthe powerofyourdesignandcontinueon.However,itsbesttogainanassessment ofthepowerofthisTaguchidesign.Assumethatitisbeneficialtoincreaseweld tensilestrengthbyatleast1unitonaverage,andthatqualitycontroldata generatesastandarddeviationof0.5.Enterthesevaluesasshownbelowso DesignExpertcancomputethesignaltonoiseratioforthisdesign:2.

Optionalpowerwizardnecessaryinputsentered

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PressContinuetoseethecalculatedpower,whichinthiscasefarexceedsthe recommendedlevelof80percenttheprobabilityofseeingthedesireddifference inonemaineffect(anassumptionmadebyDesignExpertforresolutionIIIdesigns likethis).

Resultsofpowercalculation ClickContinuetoaccepttheseinputsandgeneratethedesignlayoutwindow. DesignExpertnowdisplaystheexperimentalrunsinrandomorder.Rightclickthe StdcolumnandchooseSort by Standard OrdertoseeTaguchisdesignorder.

Sortingdesignbystandardorder Next,rightclickthefactorAheadingandchooseEdit Info:EnterBrandasthe nameandJ100andB17aslevel1andlevel2.Thesearenominal(named) contrasts,soleavethatoptionasthedefault.ClickOK.

Usingeditfactorinfoscreen

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Theremainingfactorscanbeenteredinthesameway,buttosavetime,readinthe responsedataviaFile, Open Design fromthemainmenu.Selectthefilenamed Taguchi-L16.dxp.(IfyoureaskedtosaveMyDesign.dez,clickNo.) Recallthatseveralofthecolumns(C,E,F,andO)arebeingusedtoestimateinter actions.Twoothers(MandN)arebeingusedtoestimateerror.Wecandeleteall thesecolumnsandfittheinteractionsdirectly.Thisgreatlysimplifiestheanalysis. Todothis,rightclicktheheaderforcolumnO(Factor14)tobringupthemenu shownbelow.ChooseDelete FactorandconfirmwithaYes.

Rightclickmenuforfactorcolumnindesignlayout Whendeletingfactors,thelettersassociatedwiththeremainingfactorschange,so toavoidconfusion,alwaysstartattherightandworkleft.Allthisworkwill eventuallypayoffbyputtingyouinpositiontotakeadvantageofDesignExperts powerfulanalyticalcapabilities. RepeattheDelete FactoroperationonthecolumnsforfactorsN,M,F,EandC. Whenyoufinishdeletingcolumns,onlynineexperimentalfactorsshouldremain. RightclicktheStdcolumnandSort by Standard Order.Yourdesignshouldnow looklikethatpicturedbelow.

TaguchiL16afterdeletingcolumnssoonly9factorsremain Itishelpfultomakeatableforcrossreferencingtheoriginalassignmentoffactor letterswiththenew(condensed)list.

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Original (9) A:Brand B:Current C:AB D:Method E:AD F:BD G:Drying H:Thickness J:Angle

New (9) A:Brand B:Current C:Method D:Drying E:Thickness F:Angle G:Standoff H:Preheat J:Material

Discarded (6) K:Standoff L:Preheat M:error N:error O:AP P:Material

Crossreferencetableforfactorletterassignments Notethatsomeinteractionsalsogetrelabeledasshowninthetablebelow:AB staysAB,butADbecomesAC;BDbecomesBCandAPbecomesAJ. Toreviewaliasstructure,clickthedesignEvaluationnode.ForOrderselect2FI (twofactorinteraction)andclickResults.Intherelatedtablebelow,weignored interactionsofthreeormorefactorsandunderlinedtwofactorinteractionsof interest.

FactorialEffectsAliases [Est.Terms]AliasedTerms [Intercept]=Intercept [A]=AEFGH [B]=BEGFH [C]=CHJ [D]=DEJ [E]=EAFBGDJ [F]=FAEBH [G]=GAHBE [H]=HAGBFCJ [J]=JCHDE [AB]=AB+CD+EH+FG [AC]=AC+BD+GJ [AD]=AD+BC+FJ [AJ]=AJ+CG+DF [BJ]=BJ+CF+DG [CE]=CE+DH

AliasstructureafterdeletingcolumnsfromL16 Noticethatallthemaineffects,plusthefourinteractionsofinterest,arealiased withoneormoretwofactorinteractions.TheeffectsnowlabeledBJandCEare thetwocolumnsusedtoestimateerror,buttheytooarealiasedwithtwofactor interactions.Allofthesealiasedinteractionsmustbenegligibleforanaccurate analysis.

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AnalyzetheResults
Toanalyzetheresults,followtheusualprocedurefortwolevelfactorialsas demonstratedearlierintheFactorialDesignTutorials.(Ifyouhaventalreadydone so,gobackandcompletethistutorial.) ClicktheanalysisnodelabeledTensile,whichisfoundinthetreestructurealong theleftofthemainwindow.Then,clicktheEffectsbuttondisplayedinthetoolbar atthetopofthemainwindow.Clickthetwolargesteffects(JandD)onthehalf normalplotofeffects,orropethemoffasshownbelow.

Halfnormalplotofeffects OnthefloatingEffects ToolpressPareto Chartforanotherviewontherelative magnitudeofeffects.ItsveryclearnowthatfactorsJandDstandout.

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 Paretochartofeffects ClicktheANOVAbutton.DesignExpertnowwarnsyouaboutaliasingandoffersa listforyoutoview.

Warningthatdesigncontainsaliasedterms ClickYestoseethealiasesagainthistimewithmodeledtermsidentifiedbyM andtheotherslabeledeforerror.

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Viewofaliaslist AgainclickANOVA.YoushouldnowseeanannotatedANOVAreportbydefault.If not,selectView,AnnotatedANOVA.TheANOVAconfirmsthattheeffectsofDandJ arestatisticallysignificant.

ANOVAreport Scrolldown,orusethehandybookmarks,formorestatistics.Thenclickaheadto theDiagnostics.Thediagnosticresultsdontlookgreatforexample,thenormal

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plotofresidualslooksabitoffkilterbuttheyreacceptable.ClicktheModel Graphsbuttonand,ifnotalreadypickedbydefault,selectfactorDastheTermon thefloatingfactorstool.Thefollowinggraphshouldnowappear.

OnefactorplotofthemaineffectoffactorD(drying) Youmaybewonderingaboutthecircularredsymbol.Asindicatedbythelegendto theleftofthescreeninred,thisisanactualdesignpoint.Duetothefractional natureofTaguchidesigns,youwontseetoomanypointsontheplotsofpredicted effects.Clickanypoint(s)thatdoappeartoseereadoutsoftheiractualresponse value. OnthefloatingFactors Tool,clicktheTermdownarrownowandselectJ(or rightclickontheJbartomakeittheX1axis).NoticethatDesignExpertdefaultsto thelowerlevelofthecategoricalfactors.

Plottingthesecondsignificantmaineffect(J) Onthefactorstool,clicktheupperlevel(farrightpoint)ofD:Drying,whichwe nowknowisbestfortensilestrength.Thisshiftstheredlinetothefarright,as shownbelow.

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PlotofmaineffectJ(material)withfactorDsetathighlevel Thesquaresymbolsateitherendofthelinesshowthepredictedoutcomes.The verticalIbeamshapedbarsappearingthroughthesepointsrepresenttheleast significantdifference(LSD)ata95%confidencelevel(thedefault).Clickthe squaresymbol(predictedvalue)attheupperlefttogetareadoutontheLSD(it appearstotheleftofthegraph).NotethatthisLSDdoesnotoverlapthroughan imaginaryhorizontallinewiththeLSDatthelowerright.Thisprovidesvisual verificationthattheeffectshownontheplotisstatisticallysignificant.

MaximalpointclickedwithpredictedresponsenotedandLSDreported ThisconcludesourtutorialonTaguchiorthogonalarrays.Usethesedesignswith caution!TakeadvantageofDesignExpertsdesignevaluationfeaturefor examiningaliases.Makesurethatlikelyinteractionsarenotconfoundedwithmain effects.Forexample,inthiscase,onlytwomaineffects(DandJ)appeartobe significant,butasshowninthealiastable,perhapsDisreallyEJ,andJcouldbeCH and/orDE.Therefore,itwouldbeagoodideatodoafollowupexperimentto confirmtheeffectsofDandJ.

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