Theories of Vision: a swift overview

Most slides from Steve Palmer

16-721: Advanced Machine Perception A. Efros, CMU, Spring 2006

Figure and ground Figure and ground

Organizational Behavior

Gestalt Approach Figure Ground

Organizational Behavior

Organizational Behavior

Word Color Test In this test DO NOT READ the words, say aloud the COLOR of each word.

YELLOW BLUE ORANGE BLACK RED GREEN PURPLE YELLOW RED ORANGE GREEN BLACK BLUE RED PURPLE GREEN BLUE ORANGE
Organizational Behavior 5

Perception

Perception US people and India

Definition- A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment

What is Perception?
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important.
What is perceived is totally different from reality People behave based on their perception, not reality

Organizational Behavior

When you change the way you look at things, the things you look at change.

Organizational Behavior

Perception
What is Perception?
How we view and interpret the events and situations in the world about us.

Why is it Important?
Because peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

Organizational Behavior

Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. McShane It entails deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information, and to interpret within the framework of our existing knowledge Greek philosopher Plato we see reality only as shadows reflected on the rough wall of a cave

Reality is filtered through an imperfect perceptual process

Factors That Influence Perception

E X H I B I T 6-1

6-11

Factors influence

Reside in the perceiver, in the object or target, context

Perceiver

Attitudes negative, positive Experience Americans.. Expectation

Men are better managers Women are better teachers!

Our five sense organs are bombarded with stimuli Some things are noticed, most are screened out Rest are organized & interpreted Process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information is called selective attention Ex: nurse Selective attention is influenced by two factors:

Characteristics of person or object being perceived

Brightness, intensity, flashing, novelty..

Characteristics of perceiving person Then things are organized and interpreted

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
Input
Organisation Selection Interpretation Outputs

Organizational Behavior

15

Attribution theory- judging others

People are living things, have motives, beliefs, attitudes, intentions ..so behave in several ways We attempt to make assumptions on their behavior Our judgment will be based on those assumptions Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior This is the issue of people perception Attribution theory suggests that, when we observe an individuals behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused

Internally under personal control Externally situation /context That Determination is based on three factors:
Distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency 1)Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual behaves differently in different situations

Employee coming late, usual internal attribution Unusual (can be due to any external factor) external attribution

2)Consensus-everyone faces the similar situation and responding similar way Behavior of tardy employee all are late due to same reason high consensus external attribute If all took same route and only this employee late- internal 3)Consistency looks for consistency in persons behavior Coming late every day? internal Unusual external The more consistent internal

When we make judgments, we underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors Fundamental attribution error Individuals or organizations blame for failure , take credit for success self serving bias