LOAD TEST ON D.C.

SHUNT MOTOR
AIM
To draw the performance characteristics of the D.C. shunt motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Name of the apparatus Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Rheostat Tachometer

Range (0-5A) (0-2A) (0-300V) 200 , 2A (0-10000 rpm)

Type MC MC MC Analog

Quantity 1 1 1 1 1

PROCEDURE The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The motor is started using three point starter. The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted to bring the motor speed to the rated value. The no load current, voltage and shunt field current are noted. Load on the brake drum arrangement is increased in steps. At each step of loading all the meter readings are noted. The procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated load current of the motor.

PRECAUTION

The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position. There should be no load at the time of starting the experiment.

MODUL CALCULATION:Circumference of brake drum = 2 x x R R Radius of the brake drum

Torque, T = (S1 S2) x 9.81 x R Nm Input power, Pi = VL x IL Watts Output power, Pm = (2 x x N x T) / 60 Watts % Efficiency, = (Pm / Pi) x 100

TABULAR COLOUMN

Sl. No.

Voltage, VL (V)

Current IL (A)

Spring balance S1 Kg S2 Kg

Speed Rpm

Torque N-m

Input Pi Watts

Output Pm watts

Efficiency In %

RESULT Thus the performance characteristics of the DC shunt motor were drawn.

SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

AIM To draw the speed characteristics of DC shunt motor by (1) Armature control method (2) Field control method APPARATUS REQUIRED:Quantity Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Name of the Apparatus Ammeter Voltmeter Rheostat Tachometer Range (0 - 20 A) (0 - 300 V) 200, 2 A (0-10000 rpm) Type MC MC Analog 1 1 1 1

PROCEDURE (1) Armature control method:The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The field current is varied in steps by varying the field rheostat. In each step of field current the armature voltage is varied in steps by varying the armature rheostat. In each step of armature rheostat variation the meter readings (Voltmeter & Tachometer) are noted. (2) Field control method:The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The armature voltage is varied in steps by varying the armature rheostat. In each step of armature voltage the field current in steps by varying the field rheostat. In each step of field rheostat the meter readings (Ammeter & tachometer) are noted. PRECAUTION All the switches are kept open initially. The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position. The armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.

Armature control method Sl. No. Va volts If = N rpm Va volts If = N rpm Va volts If = N rpm

Field method:Sl. No. If volts Va = N rpm If volts Va = N rpm If volts Va = N rpm

RESULT Thus the speed characteristics of the DC shunt motor were drawn.

HOPKINSONS TEST
AIM To draw the efficiency characteristics of a DC machine as (i) (ii) DC motor DC generator

APPARATUS REQUIRED:Quantity Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name of the apparatus Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Rheostat Tachometer Range (0 - 2 A) (0 - 20 A) (0 - 300 V) 200 , 2A (0-10000 rpm) Type MC MC MC Analog 2 2 1 2 1

PROCEDURE The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The motor is started using 3 point starter. The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated speed of the generator by varying the field rheostat of the motor. The voltage generated by the generator is made equal to the supply voltage by varying the generator field rheostat (monitored by the voltmeter connected across the SPST switch). The SPST switch is closed. The machine is loaded by varying any one of the field rheostat & all the meter readings are noted. PRECAUTION All the switches are kept open initially.

The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position at the time of start and stop the experiment. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position at the time of start and stop the experiment.

VL Volts

IL Amperes(I2)

Generator Iag in A (I1) Ifg in A (I3)

Motor Iam in A (I1+I2) Ifm in A (I4)

MODEL CALCULTION:Input = VL x IL watts Motor armature copper loss = Iam 2 Ra Motor field copper loss = V Ifm watts Generator armature copper loss = Iag2 Ra watts Generator field copper loss = V Ifg watts watts

Constant loss, Wc = Input copper loss watts Constant loss, Wc = V I2 - (I1 + I3)2 Rag + (I1 + I2 I4)2 Ram + V I3 + V I4 Constant loss / machine = Wc / 2 % Efficiency = (output / input) x 100 Output from generator = V I1 Input to the motor = V (I1+I2) Watts Watts watts

Wg = (I1 + I3)2 Ra + V I3 +( WC / 2) Watts g = (V I1 / (V I1 + Wg)) Wm = (I1 + I2 I4)2 Ram + V I4 +( WC / 2) Watts m = (V (I1 + I2) - Wm ) / (V ( I1 + I2))

DC motor:Constant VL Volts IL Amperes Ia = IL IF Ia Ra

2

Total Input Output Efficiency watts in % loss in watts watts

Loss in watts

DC generator:Constant VL Volts IL Amperes Ia = IL + IF Ia Ra

2

Total Input Output watts Efficiency in % loss in watts watts

Loss in watts

RESULT Thus the efficiency characteristics of the DC machine have been drawn.

OPEN CIRCUIT & LOAD CHARACTERISTICS SEPERATELY EXCITED D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM To draw the open circuit characteristics of separately excited D.C. shunt generator. APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name of the apparatus Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Rheostat Rheostat Tachometer Range (0-5) A (0-2) A (0-300) C 200 , 2A 400 , 1A (0-10000)rpm Type MC MC MC Analog Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1

Open Circuit Characteristics:PROCEDURE The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The motor is started using three point starter. By varying the field rheostat of the motor, the speed of the motor, is adjusted to the rated speed of the generator. The potential divider of the generator is varied in steps. In each step the ammeter and voltmeter readings are noted. The procedure is repeated till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage.

PRECAUTION All the switches are kept open initially. The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position. The generator potential divider is kept at minimum potential position.

TABULAR COLOUMN

Field current, Sl. No. If Amperes

Generated EMF, Eg volts

Load test PROCEDURE The connections are given as per the circuit diagram. The DPST of the motor side is closed. The motor is started using the 3- point starter. By varying the field rheostat of the motor, the speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated speed of the generator. The potential divider at the generator side is varied till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage of the generator. The DPST switch of the generator side is closed. The load on the generator is applied in steps. At each step of loading all the meter readings are noted. The procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current of the generator.

PRECAUTION All the switches are kept open initially. The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position. The generator potential divider should be kept at minimum potential position. There should not be any load on the generator when start and stop the motor. TABULAR COLOUMN FOR LOAD TEST

Armature Sl. No. Voltage, V (Volts) Current, IL (Amperes) Current, Ia (Amperes) Field current, If (Amperes)

Generated EMF, Eg (Volts)

MODEL CALCULATION:-

Armature current, Ia = IL + If Generated EMF, Eg = (V + Ia Ra)

RESULT Thus the O.C.C. and load characteristics of separately excited D.C. shunt generator have been drawn.

SUMPNERS TEST
AIM
To predetermine the efficiency of given single phase transformers by conducting back to back test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Name of the apparatus Ammeter Ammeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Wattmeter Wattmeter

Range

Type

Quantity

PROCEDURE The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The auto transformer is gradually varied till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage. The A. C. supply in the secondary side is switched ON and the secondary auto transformer is increased till the secondary voltage is reached. Corresponding meter readings on both sides are noted.

PRECAUTION

The polarity of transformers should be the same. The auto transformer should be kept at minimum potential position.

MODEL CALCULATION:Copper loss per transformer = WSC / 2 Core loss per transformer = WOC / 2 Equivalent resistance, R02 = (WSC / 2) ISC2 Equivalent impedance, Z02 = VSC / ISC % Efficiency, = (output / input) x 100 Output power = x . kVA . power factor Copper loss = WSC . x2 Input power = output power + losses TABULAR COLOUMN VOC Volts IOC Amperes WOC Watts VSC Volts ISC Amperes WSC Watts

% of load X

Output power

Total loss

Input power

Efficiency

X . kVA . cos . 1000

WOC + (X2 . WSC)

Output + losses

(output/ input) . 100

RESULT Thus the efficiency of a given single phase transformer is predetermined by conducting back to back test.

SEPERATION OF LOSSES IN A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM
To separate the hysteresis and eddy current losses in a single phase transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Name of the Sl. No. apparatus 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Voltmeter Wattmeter Rheostat Rheostat Tachometer (0 300 V) 300 V, 5 A , UPF 200 , 2 A 400 ,1A MI 1 1 1 1 1 Range Type Quantity

(0 10000 rpm)

PROCEDURE The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The DPST switch is closed. The motor is started with the help of starter. The motor field rheostat is adjusted to run at predetermined speeds of 1500rpm, 1350rpm, 1200rpm, 1050rpm and 900rpm corresponding to alternator output frequencies of 50 Hz, 45 Hz, 40 Hz, 35 Hz and 30Hz. At each speed the voltage and frequency of alternator is kept constant. For each speed all the meter readings connected in the primary side of the transformer are noted. PRECAUTION The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position. The potential divider of the alternator should be kept at minimum potential position. The V / f ratio of the alternator should be maintained constant.

TABULAR COLOUMN W Sl. No. Watts Volts rpm V N

MODUL CALCULATION:Ph Pe Bn . f B2 . f 2 volts

Voltage in a transformer, V = 4.44 f N Since N is constant (N = Number of turns) V .f

Holding V / f constant and hence B = ( / A ) remains constant Therefore Ph Ph K1 . f f and and Pe Pe f2 K2 f 2

Pcore = Ph + Pe = K1 . f + K2 f 2 (Pcore / f) = K1 + K2 f By determining (Pcore / f) at two different frequencies, we can solve K1 & K2 and hence Ph and Pe can be found.

RESULT Thus the hysteresis loss and eddy current loss were determined.

LOAD TEST ON A THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM
To determine the efficiency and regulation of a given three phase transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Name of the Sl. No. apparatus 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Voltmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Wattmeter Wattmeter Range Type Quantity

PROCEDURE The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The TPST switch is closed. The auto transformer is adjusted to the rated primary voltage. The no load readings of all the meters are noted. The load on the secondary is increased in steps. At each step the meter readings are noted. The above procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current. PRECAUTION

All the switches should be kept open. The auto transformer should be kept at minimum potential position.

TABULAR COLOUMN V1 Sl. No. Volts Amperes Watts Volts Amperes Watts I1 W1 V2 I2 W2 Efficiency Regulation

MODEL CALCULATION:Input power = W1 + W2 Watts Output power = 3 V2 I2Watts % Efficiency = (output / Input) . 100 % Regulation = (VNL - VL) / VL

RESULT Thus the efficiency and regulation of a three phase transformer were calculated.