LINEAR MEASUREMENT

METROLOGY
METROLOGY is defined as a measurement of length and
angles and other such quantities which are expressed in linear
and angular measurement.
• ENGINEERING METROLOGY is the measurement of
dimensions: length, thickness, diameter, taper,
angle,flatness, profiles, and others.

• Traditionally: Post process inspection

• Current Trend: In-process, on-line, real-time inspection
• Inspection: Check dimensions of what have been produced or what
is being produced whether it conforms with the specified
dimensional accuracy.
• Dimensional Tolerances: Permissible variation in dimensions of a
part
• Instruments: tools for measurements
 IMPORTANTCE OF METROLOGY

• IMPORTANTCE OF METROLOGY
• To achieve quality control in production
• To achieve up to date production, knowledge of
The measurement require.
• To reduce rejection with the help of quality
control.
• To develop inspection procedure .
• To calibrate measuring instrument time to time
 TERMS USED IN METROLOGY

• SPECIFICATION:
Every product and part have some certain
characteristics .It gives certain thoughts of that
particular product. Its called specification. It gives easy
to understand production method.
STANDARD :
Standard is define as , it is a physical quantity
which is established by higher authority or organization
.This standard is reliable and acceptable to measure
physical quantity. Ex. METER
 LENGTH STANDARD

THERE ARE TWO STNDARD SYSTEM

TO MEASURE LENGTH
1.BRITISH SYSTEM: INCH,FOOT,YARD

2.METRIC SYSTEM: MM,CM,METER

 LESSION NO:2

UNIT OF LINEAR MEASUREMENT:

1.British system : mile
yard
foot (‘)
inch (“)
2.metric system: kilometer
meter
decimeter
centimeter
millimeter
3.S.I. System : meter
 CONVERSION

BRITISH SYSTEM: 12 inch=1 foot

36 inch=1 yard
3 foot=1 yard
1760 yard=1mile
METRIC SYSTEM:1000micron=1mm
10mm=1cm
10cm =1decimeter
10decm=1meter
1000meter=1kilometer
 S.I.SYSTEM

As per S.I.System fundamental unit of length is

METER
1.METER=1000MM
1CENTIMETER=10MM
1MILIMETER=1000MICRON
1MICRON=0.001MM
 Standards of Linear
Measurement
• According to the instrument design the
length can be measured by using following
standards
• Line Standard. E.g. Yard, Meter
• End Standard. E.g. Slip Gauges, End Bars
etc.
• Wavelength Standard E.g.Interferometers
 Line Standard
• Distance is measured between two lines
• A scale is quick and easy to employ
• Scale marking are not subject to wear. However
significant wear on leading edge leads to under
sizing
• A scale does not possess a built in datum
• Scales are subjected to parallax effect
• Not convenient for close tolerance measurement
• Less accurate compared to end standard.
 End Standard
• Distance is measured between two surfaces.
• Highly accurate and well suited for close
tolerance(0.005) measurement.
• Time consuming and prove one dimension
at a time
• Subjected to wear on their measuring faces
• Have built in datum.
• Free from parallax.
 Wavelength Standard
• Orange radiation of Kr86 in hot cathode discharge lamp
maintained at 68C. According this standard meter is defined as
1650763.73 wavelength.
• It is not a material standard and hence not influenced by the
effects of variation of environmental temperature, pressure,
humidity and ageing.
• It need not stored under security and thus there is no fear of its
being destroyed as in the case of meter and yard.
• There are problems of transferring this standard to other
standards as in the case of meter and yard.
• Easily available to all standardizing houses, laboratories and
industries.
• Easily reproducible and thus identical standard are available
with all.
• Can be used for comparative measurements of a much higher
accuracy.
ORDINARY MEASURING INSTRUMENT

THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF MEASURING

INSTRUMENT 1. DIRECT MEASURING
Steel rule
Ordinary depth gauge
Protector gauge
2. IN DIRECT MEASURING
Out side caliper
Inside caliper
STEEL RULE
Caliper
Caliper
Caliper
 SURFACE PLATE

• A surface plate is a solid, flat plate used as

the main horizontal reference plane for
precision inspection, marking out (layout),
and tooling setup. The surface plate is often
used as the baseline for all measurements to
the workpiece, therefore one primary
surface is finished extremely flat with
accuracy up to .00001"/.00025 mm for a
grade AA or AAA plate.
 surface plate
• Surface plates are a very common tool in
the manufacturing industry and are often
permanently attached to robotic type
inspection devices such as a coordinate-
measuring machine.
• Material Granite, CI, Glass
surface plate
ANGLE PLATE
An angle plate is a work holding device
used as a fixture in metalworking.
The angle plate is made from high quality
material (generally spheroidal cast iron)
that has been stabilized to prevent further
movement or distortion. Slotted holes or T
bolt slots are machined into the surfaces to
enable the secure attachment or clamping
of workpieces to the plate, and also of the
plate to the worktable.
Angle plates also may be used to hold the
workpiece square to the table during
marking out operations.
Adjustable angle plates are also available
for workpieces that need to be inclined,
usually towards a milling cutter.
Use of “V” blocks

Indicate along top

Use clamps to secure
surface while moving
rod to V-block along straight edge -
surface straightness

Align V-Block with Straight-edge on

Surface Plate
Indicate along side
surface while rotating
cylinder - circularity
BENCH CENTRES
 Straight Edges
• These are used for checking the straightness and flatness of
parts in conjunction with the surface plates and spirit level.
These may be made of steel or cast iron. Steel straight edges
are available up to 2 m length and widely used for testing
machine tool slide ways. They are heavily ribbed and bow
shaped to prevent distortion. These are provided with feet
for rest when they are idle to prevent distortion. Feets are
placed at points of minimum deflection.
• Types
• Tool Makers Straight edge
• Wide edge
• Angle
• box
Straight Edges
Spirit Level
Surface Gauge
Radius Gauges
Feeler Gauges
PRECISION MEASURING INSTRUMENT

TYPES OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT:

VERNIER CALIPER.
VERNIER DEPTHGAUGE
VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
MICRO METER OUTSIDE
MICRO METER INSIDE
MICRO METER DEPTH GAUGE
SLIP GAUGES
END BARS