Apocryphal Gospel and Apocalypse of Peter

GOSPEL ACCORDING
*EVE.
?W
Ex LlBRIS
Rev. William Barnett Cooper, M.A., D.D.
General Secretary to the
CANADIAN BIBLE SOCIETY.

Representative
in
Canada
for the
BRITISH & FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY
19071927.
THE LIBRARY
of
VICTORIA UNIVERSITY
Toronto
THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER

AND
THE REVELATION OF PETER.
C. J. CLAY AND SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, AYE MARIA LANE.
Cambrttige:
ILetpjig:
DEIGHTON, BELL AND F. A. BROCKHAUS.
CO.
$Efo !orfc:
MACMILLAN AND
CO.
THE GOSPEL
ACCORDING TO PETER, AND THE REVELATION OF PETER
TWO LECTURES
ON THE NEWLY RECOVERED FRAGMENTS TOGETHER WITH THE GREEK TEXTS
BY
B.D. FELLOW AND ASSISTANT TUTOR OF CHRIST S COLLEGE
J.
ARMITAGE ROBINSON
AND
MONTAGUE RHODES JAMES

FELLOW AND DEAN OF KING
S
M.A.
COLLEGE
LONDON: C. J. CLAY AND SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE,

AYE MARIA LANE.
1892
[36
G?G7
Cambridge:
PRINTED BY
C.
J.
CLAY, M.A.
AND
SONS,
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
475/3
TO
FENTON JOHN ANTHONY HORT

THE LADY MARGARET S READER
IN DIVINITY
D.D.
PREFACE.
given 2Oth of November, three days after the text was first seen in Cambridge, in response to a general desire
for information as to the
THE was
Lecture on the
in the
Gospel according to Peter Hall of Christ s College on the
new
discovery.
It
has since
been
corrected
and
enlarged
by the addition of
notes, which are placed at the foot of the page, with a view to guiding students to various sources of information which may yet throw further
light
some
upon the interpretation of the fragment.

the
The Lecture on
Revelation of Peter
was
given before the Divinity Faculty shortly afterwards, and was at the time already in the press.
Our
in
These editions must be regarded as tentative. object has been to place the texts without delay
the hands of other students.
We
hope that here
after they
may
be expanded
in
the series of Texts
and
Studies.
We
have to express our best thanks
to
M.
Bouriant, not only for the scholarly way in which he has published the transcription of the MS., but
also for the generosity with
which he has placed the

:
documents
at the disposal of scholars
see
p.
147 of
3
vol. ix. fasc.
I.
PREFACE.
of the
Memoirs of the French Archaeo
at Cairo. logical Mission
For the rapidity with which this book has been would fain believe) any con published, without (we of accuracy in the printing, our thanks loss
sequent
Press.
are due to the officers and
workmen
of the University
POSTSCRIPT.
This
little
book was
finally corrected
for the press when we heard that he, whose latest message to us was permission to dedicate it to him,
had gone to
his rest.
It
was not without expressions
of misgiving that we had asked to prefix to this hur ried work a name which must always be connected with the minutest accuracy and the most cautious
utterances.
his
It is
quite
memory.
But we
feel
unworthy to be dedicated to that we cannot draw back

so there, his gentle spirit will To his voice we had looked
tell us,
or alter now.
As here, make allowance for us.
forward as the one voice which should

other could, where
as
no
must learn
it
right or wrong. in a harder school. But it will
we were
Now we
remain
a sacred duty to carry out these investigations with the patience and deliberateness which his example
enjoins and his removal has
made more than

J.
ever
necessary.
A. R.
J.
M. R.
CAMBRIDGE,
Dec.
i,
1892.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
LECTURE ON THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER

LECTURE ON THE REVELATION OF PETER
n
37 83
GREEK TEXT OF THE GOSPEL GREEK TEXT OF THE REVELATION
89
THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER

A LECTURE
ON THE NEWLY RECOVERED FRAGMENT
BY
J.
ARMITAGE ROBINSON
B.D.
ErepON eyArreAiON, d OYK ecriN AAAo.
THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER,

WE live in an age of surprises of surprising recoveries, no less than of surprising inventions. Not to go further back than the last ten years, our knowledge of the early literature of Christianity has been enriched beyond all
In 1883 the Greek Bishop Bryennius gave expectation. and in 1891 Mr Rendel us the Teaching of the Apostles knew the Harris gave us the Apology of Aristides.
;
We
fame of both of them with our ears, and when at last we saw them we found that all the time they had both been
lurking
among
us in disguise.
During the past
week fragments of
:
three early
docu
ments have come

Peter.
S.
fragments of the Book of Enoch, of the Gospel of Peter and of the Apocalypse of
to the light
1
The Book of Enoch is prae-Christian; it is quoted by Jude we knew it in an Ethiopic Version but we doubted whether we could trust the Version now we have The Apocalypse the first 30 chapters in the Greek itself.
:
of Peter
may go back
:
almost
to
the
end of the
first
century of our era Mr M. R. James, of King s, had told some of us what it would contain, if it were ever found
:
There
is
also
and a
critical edition
an Old-Sclavonic Version of the Book of Enoch based on the Versions is now in preparation at
Oxford.
THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

a large fragment of
it,
now we have
was
right.
and we know
that
he
But perhaps the most startling of our recoveries

1
is
that
What Gospel according to Peter who of Church History, the Father this? Eusebius, well to have divined what would be of interest seems so time to readers who lived fifteen centuries later than his
of the
.
was known of
mentioned
its
use in
name, and gave us too a letter of Serapion on It runs as This letter we must read. church.
its
follows (Eus.
H. E.
vi.
12):
We,
brethren, receive
Peter and the other Apostles
even as Christ; but the writings that go falsely by their names we in our experience reject, knowing that such When I was with you as these we never received.
things
I
supposed you
all
to be attached to the right faith
and
so without going through the Gospel put forward under If this is all that makes your petty Peter s name I said
:
why then let it be read. But now that I have quarrel learned from information given me that their mind was a point of lurking in some hole of heresy, I will make
2
,
coming
Marcion
I
to
you again
then,
so,
Knowing
read
brethren,
of
brethren, expect me speedily. what kind of heresy was

is
,
then follows a sentence where the text
faulty
Marcion
with
the
Armenian Version 3
against
1 I take the title from Origen, Comm. in Matth. x. 17, As to the brethren of Jesus, some say on the authority of the Gospel according to Peter (as it is entitled) or of the Book of James, that they were sons of Joseph by a former wife. Cf. Eus. H. E. iii. 3, 2 and 25, 6.
2
Trap^x""
fJ-LKpo\j/vxia.v,
perhaps
causes you ill-feeling.
The Armenian
this point is
that (or, that

(or
Syriac Version no longer extant, runs literally as follows, Now, for ) ye see and understand of what heresy was for ) he contradicted himself and that which he
Version,
made from a
which
at
brethren,
Marcion, spake he

*
15
text
Marcianus,
an
unknown
person, of
the
Greek
From others, he goes on, who used this very Gospel, I mean from the successors of those who started it, whom we call Docetae ; for most of its ideas are of their school
from them,
it
I say, I
borrowed
it
it
and was able
to
go through
and
to find that
most of
belonged to the right teaching

things were additions.
of the
Saviour,
but
some
Thus
much, says Eusebius, for Serapion. Serapion was Bishop of Antioch 190 203, and his letter was addressed to the Church of Rhossos, on the coast Now if our Gospel be the one referred just below Antioch.
and we shall see that it bears out his it back at once to the 2nd description century; and we must allow some years at least for it to gain autho
to
by Serapion
we
take
rity,
so that
it
should be read in church at Rhossos.
Hippolytus,
who wrote
beam
a Refutation of All Heresies,

1
had a
named, because they of timber, in their eye more charitable philology derives their name from 8o/cetv, to seem. They held that the sufferings of Christ were but
SOKOS,
suggested that the Docetae were well

or
seeming
sufferings.
As our Gospel fragment contains
just
the Passion and Resurrection of the Lord,
we
shall
have
ample opportunity of seeing whether it harmonizes with what we can learn of these early Docetae. It is now time to come to the document itself. It was dug up six years ago in an ancient cemetery at Akhmim
(Panopolis) in Upper Egypt, and it now rests, I believe, in the Gizeh Museum at Cairo. The French Archaeological Mission at Cairo have the honour of its discovery, of its
identification,
and of
its
somewhat tardy publication.
are written to you,

1
did not comprehend, this same thing ye learn from those things which &c.
Hipp. Ref.
viii.
ad
init.
16

The
first
little parchment book, which page of the with the portions of the contains our Gospel together and the Book of Enoch, contains no writing. Apocalypse but a fragment to copy It seems that the scribe had nothing at once, we cannot say how Thus we are taken back from. the scribe himself, who is judged to have lived
far,
beyond
not earlier than the eighth century.

begins of the Jews none washed his hands, neither Herod nor any one of His judges. And when they wished And then Herod the king wash them Pilate rose
:
The second page

1.
"But
to
up.
saying to them, commandeth that the Lord be taken to do unto Him, What things soever I commanded you
,
do."
We begin then after the incident of Pilate washing his in S. Matthew s Gospel. hands, an incident found only Pilate is exone Notice the use to which our writer puts it. the Jews must bear the blame ; they cannot wash rated
:
Herod s share in the Trial is mentioned only Here the responsibility is shifted from Pilate s by Our writer hates the Jews: his whole shoulders on to his. account is a commentary on the brief sentence of Aristides
their hands.
S.
Luke.
Apology,
2.
He
was pierced by the Jews.

there was
;
"And
come
and,
there Joseph, the friend of
knowing that they were about 2 to crucify Him, he came to Pilate and asked the body of And Pilate sent to Herod and asked the Lord for burial. His body. And Herod said, Brother Pilate, even if no one had asked Him, we should have buried Him ; since indeed 3 for it is written in the law, that the sabbath draweth on
Pilate
and of the Lord
1
irap[a\r)[JL]<j)9ijvai
is
2
perhaps supported by TrapaXajSovres,
Matt.
other instance of crravplcrKeiv. 3 Cf. Jn. xix. 31, where Syr. Pesch. reads : They say, These bodies shall not remain on the cross, because the sabbath dawneth.
xxiv. 27.
I
know no

the sun go not down on him that day before the unleavened bread."
is
I/
put to death, on the

is
Here
is
a strange perversion in the narrative.
Joseph
made
this
to
plained
come to Pilate before the Crucifixion. This is ex when we observe the anxiety displayed throughout
lest
document
the sun should set before the burial took
place.
According to our writer Herod has assumed re sponsibility, and so the body must be asked from him. This would mean further delay, if the request be put off till
the hour of the Death.
We
have here incidentally two

:
Joseph is his friend do nothing without Herod s leave. "The sabbath draweth on": an exliterally dawneth pression in S. Luke xxiii. 54, where the commentators ex
;
details helping to exculpate Pilate
Pilate can
plain that the Jewish sabbath
was
is
setting.
Let not the sun go
dawned when Friday s sun down upon your wrath

illustrate
S.
Paul
the form of the

xxi.
command in Eph. iv. 26. This may command the substance of it is

:
in Deut.
23
3.
(cf.
"
Josh.
x.
27),
but
it
there applies to
1
all
days alike.
they took the Lord and pushed Him as they Let us drag away the Son of God, having obtained power over Him. And they clothed Him with
ran,
And
and
said,
on the seat of judgement, saying, And one of them Judge righteously, king of Israel. brought a crown of thorns and put it on the head of the Lord. And others stood and spat in His eyes, and others smote His cheeks others pricked Him with a reed and some scourged Him, saying, With this honour let us honour the Son of God."
purple,
set
and
Him
Mr
i35>
AP-
Rendel Harris suggests

Staatpovres.
cypWMeN
for
eypWMeN, from
Justin
Cf. too the cry in Acts of Philip (Tisch. p. 143), Zvpare TOI)J fmyovs TOIJTOVS (just before the cod. has evpovres for a-tfpojres).
"Apw/xei/
would have the support of

it
Isa.
iii.
10,
"Kpupev
rbv
SLKOLLOV,
as Justin read
(Tryph. 137).
2
R-
J-

For the
illustration of this
i.
passage
as
we
Pr
Martyr (Apol.
35)
set
For
>
the
P het
turn to Justin the ^ said

seat,
2,
dragged
Him and
us
1 .
Judge
for
on the judgement This depends on Isa. Iviii.
Him
and
said,
quoted by
before: Justin just to draw nigh to God.
and dare They ask of me judgement, The Septuagint Version (and indeed
the
me just judgement, But whence came to our author the conception that the Lord was Justin or to but from the Gospel set upon the judgement seat ? Whence, When Pilate therefore heard There we read of S. John? the judge these words, he brought Jesus out, and sat upon 2 But Archbishop Whately used to translate ment seat
Hebrew
is
text) has,
They ask
of
which
still
closer to our Gospel.
the words,
and
set
fectly legitimate
a per on the judgement seat So it seems of the Greek. rendering

:
Him
Justin
Martyr read them

"
and so too the writer of our
from which he borrowed. Gospel, or the source And they brought two malefactors, and they cruci 4. But He held His peace, as fied the Lord between them.
had raised the cross they having no pain. And when they And having set wrote upon it, This is the king of Israel.
and
His garments before Him they parted them among them, 3 And one of those malefactors cast a lot for them.
reproached them, saying,
We
have suffered thus

this
for
the
evils that
man, having become the Saviour of men, what wrong hath He done to you? And
we have done, but
they, being angered at him,
commanded
that his legs should
not be broken, that he might die in

1
torment."
Aiaffvpovres avrbv
tKa.di.ffav eirl
iirl
TOV jS^/xaros
Cf.
/cat etirov
TZpcvov
rjfjuv.
Jn. xix. 13
/cat e/cdtficrej
/Scares.
Salmon, Introd.
a rare
to
N.
T.
ed. 4. p. 74 n.
The AaxMd" tpaXov. authority seems to be Justin,
word
Xa%^t6s
is
one: the earliest
who
uses
it
in this connection,
Tryph. 97.

He
19
held His peace, as having no pain is our first sign that this is the Gospel of the Docetae. Observe that, to
make room for this, the words Father, forgive them for Our writer they know not what they do must be omitted.
;
is
no
friend of the
for their forgiveness.
Jews he would willingly omit a prayer But it is worthy of notice that the
:
words
in question,
which are found only
in S.
Luke
1 ,
xxiii.
by some very important MSS. and not have been present in our author s copy of S. Luke. may Note here, too, one of the many strange perversions in this Gospel in S. Luke one malefactor chides the other
34, are omitted there
: :
here the reproach is addressed to the Jews. Again, but breaking of the legs is strangely perverted
:
the
it
is
another echo of
S.
John.
"And it was noon, and darkness covered all 5. Judaea: and they were troubled and distressed, lest the sun had gone down, since He yet lived [for] it was written for them, that the sun go not down on him that is put to death.
:
And one of them said, Give Him And they mixed and gave Him
things,
to drink gall with vinegar.

to drink,
and
fulfilled all
and accomplished
their sins against their

S.
own
head."
Fulfilled all things
takes us again to
John
(xix. 28):
Jesus, knowing that all things were already finished, that the Scripture might be accomplished (a respectable number of MSS., headed by Codex Sinaiticus, reads fulfilled ),
said, I thirst... they set on hyssop a sponge full of vinegar (again a respectable group of MSS. adds with gall ). This last addition is clearly based on Ps. Ixix. 21, They gave
me
gall
for
my meat; and
S.
in
my
thirst
they gave
me
vinegar to drink.
Matthew
also mentions
wine mingled
1 E.g. the Vatican MS., the Codex Bezae at early corrector of the Sinaitic Codex.
Cambridge, and an
20
with gall

(xxvii. 34)
;
but that
is
before crucifixion, and

S.
is
his version,
based upon the Psalm, of words which
Mark
as myrrhed wine, offered to preserves to us more precisely It seems as though lull the pain and refused by the Lord.
the draught here given was intended to hasten death. If there is one word in the Canonical narratives of the
Passion which
is
calculated to set our
minds
at rest
on the
thirst. During would seem that a great spiritual struggle was taking place, and this is marked by the quota tion of the first verse of the twenty-second Psalm. At its
question whether our Blessed Lord truly Crucifixion, it is the word from the Cross, I
the hours of darkness
it
felt
the pain of
close the tortured
attention
lips
body for a moment claims and receives and the cry of thirst is heard from the parched of the Sufferer. The value of this word to us receives
;
fresh illustration
from the fact that it can find no place in a Docetic Gospel, although the writer uses words which come
it
before and after

"And
in S.
John
1
.
narrative.
many went about with lamps, supposing that it was night, and fell down And the Lord cried out, saying, My power, My power, thou hast forsaken Me. And when He had said it He was taken up. And in that hour the
vail of the
2 temple of Jerusalem was rent in twain
."
In a document purporting to be an account of the Crucifixion Pilate to the Emperor Tiberius, Pilate is made to say that not even the Emperor could be ignorant that in all the world they lighted lamps from the sixth hour until evening Anaphora Pilati, B. c. 7 (Tisch. Ew. Apocr. ed. 2 p. 446 f.). For irfoarro, at the end of the sentence, I have written re: cf. Isa. lix. 10 /cat ireffovvrai ev
sent
by
tireadi>
HCffwpptq, w$ ev fj-evovvKTlu.
It also
seems an echo of Jn.
xviii.
3,
tpXerai fifra
2
(f>a.vuv
/cat
Aa/x7ra5wi/.../cal tireaav
xa/W.
For
cfyas: ai)r^ is the
modern
we must read atfr^s uipaj, or perhaps avrijs rfc equivalent in later Greek literature of hclvy (as in the tongue); cf. Lc. x. 7, at, and xii. 12 (|| e/cetVr; Mt. Me.).
atfros
upas

This
is
21
The view that underlies down upon the Human

.of
the most startling passage in the document. it is that the Divine Christ came
Christ at the Baptism in the form
a Dove, and departed from the Human Christ upon the Cross. Irenaeus, a contemporary of Serapion, denounces
that
the doctrine
one Christ suffered and rose again, and

1
another flew up and remained free from suffering
The power
Gospel
in
then, so often
emphasised
in
S.
,
Luke s
connection with the person of our Lord 8 is here, a strange perversion of our Lord s quotation from Ps. by xxii. i, described as forsaking Him the Divine Christ is
:
taken up,
Eli, Eli
is
the
Human
Christ remains
upon the Cross.

3
.
rendered as
My
power,
My
thus confirmed
in the belief that this
We are power was the Gospel, as
Serapion
1
tells us,
of the Docetae^.
Iren. ill.
cf.
12. 2,
where he seems
to
have Cerinthus specially in
mind,
2
ill.
I.
n.
7. 2.
i.
Compare too
his description of the Valentinian
doctrine in
especially Lc. i. 35 the power of the Most High shall overshadow thee, iv. 14 in the power of the Spirit, v. 17 the power of the Lord was present that He should heal, vi. 19 power came forth from Him and healed them all also viii. 46 (||Mc. v. 30) and note besides Lc. xxiv. 49; Acts i. 8, viii. 10. 3 Eusebius, in an interesting note upon the Psalm (Dem. Ev. x. 8,
Compare
p. 494), tells us that
tion than the
one
text
(iff-xypt
Aquila, who strove to give a more literal transla rendered the words My strong one, My strong MOU, l^xvpe /xou), but that the exact meaning was My
LXX,
strength,
My
strength
(urx^s f*ov,
list
crx^s
fJ-ov).
The rendering
Israel
in
our
must be added to the
of authorities that support the form Eli,
as against Eloi, in the New Testament. (Tryph. 125) says: rb 8t rfK Svva/jus.
-*
In interpreting
Justin
For the use of the text in question among the Valentinians, cf. I. 8. 2. We must distinguish these early Docetae from the later heretics, who denied the reality of Christ s body: see Dr Salmon s articles Docetae and Docetism in Diet. Christ. Biogr.
Iren.
22
6. "And then they drew out the nails from the hands of the Lord, and laid Him upon the earth, and the earth all
Then the sun shone, and it quaked, and great fear arose. was found the ninth hour and the Jews rejoiced, and gave His body to Joseph that he might bury it, since he had seen what good things He had done. And he took the
:
Lord, and washed Him, and rolled Him in a linen cloth, and brought Him into his own tomb, which was called the Garden of Joseph."
Here again we have echoes of

mentions the Nails
1 :
S. John. He alone he alone mentions the Garden.
The Jews rejoiced, when the sun shone out again, be cause they found that it was only the ninth hour, and not sunset so that the law with. might still be
:
complied
and the priests, seeing what evil they had done to themselves, began to
7.
"Then
the Jews and the elders
lament and to say, Woe for our sins and the end of Jerusalem hath drawn
for the
judgement
I
nigh.
And
with
was grieved and being wounded in mind we hid ourselves for we were being sought for by them as malefactors, and as wishing to set fire to the
;
:
my companions
And upon
The
Gospel
temple.
all
these things
we
fasted
and
sat
weeping night and day

cry of
mourning and
Diatessaron, a
until the
is
sabbath."
Woe
found in Tatian
Harmony made about the middle of the second century and chiefly known to us through an Armenian version of S. Ephrem s Syriac Commentary upon it. Thus
It is curious that neither here nor in Jn. xx. 25, 2 ; is there any reference to Nails In the Anaphora Pilati B through the Feet.
1
US .reads: And there began to be earthquakes in the hour in which the na, k were fixed in the hands and feet of Jesus, until the WeVer the earth uake is 1 P^ced later than in S ITS, ^ S. Matthew, who alone mentions it.

we read
l
:
23
Woe
was
it,
Woe
was
it
unto us
this
was the
Son of God:
xxiii.
...the
salem have come.

48,
judgements of the desolation of Jeru The Old Syriac Version adds to Lc.
Woe
sins.
to us:
what hath befallen us?

Latin
Woe
to us
g,)
from our
has
:
And one
:
Codex
(S.
Germanensis,
this
Woe
"
sins? for
8.
day for our 2 the desolation of Jerusalem hath drawn nigh But the scribes and Pharisees and elders being
.
to us
what hath happened
all
gathered together one with another, when they heard that the people murmured and beat their breasts saying, If
by His death these most mighty signs have come to pass, see how just He is, the elders were afraid and came to
beseeching him and saying, Give us soldiers, that they watch His sepulchre for three days, lest His disciples may come and steal Him away, and~The people suppose that He
Pilate,
risen from the dead and do us evil. And Pilate gave them Petronius the centurion with soldiers to watch the tomb. And the elders and scribes came with them to the 3 sepulchre, and having rolled a great stone together with the centurion and the soldiers they all together who were
is
there set
it
at
upon
it
seven
seals,
the door of the sepulchre ; and they put and they pitched a tent there and kept
watch."
Longinus
the
identify
is
the
name
It
of the centurion at the Cross in

is
necessary to see presently that the words attributed in our Gospels to the centurion
the two centurions
:
Acts of Pilate.
of course
not
but we shall
Eph. Diat.
desolation
p.
is
224 (Moesinger pp. 245
f., cf.
p. 248).
The word
:
for
2
that used for epij^wuts in the
Armenian Gospels.
Vae nobis, quae facta sunt hodie propter peccata nostra appropinquauit enim desolatio Hierusalem. 3 The text is here corrupt for it says that they rolled the stone I have ventured to sub upon the centurion (KCITCI roO KfVTvplwvos).
:
stitute /nera,
together with:
cf.
Mt. xxvii. 66.
24
at

the Cross are here assigned to the centurion at
1 .
the
Sepulchre
9.
"And
2
early
in
the morning as the sabbath was
drawing on there came a multitude from Jerusalem and the region round about, that they might see the sepulchre
that
was sealed.
And
in the night in
which the Lord
day
was drawing on, as the soldiers kept watch two by two on guard, there was a great voice in the heaven and they saw the heavens opened, and two men descending thence with
;
and approaching the tomb. And that stone which was put at the door rolled away of itself and de parted to one side; and the tomb was opened and both
great light
the young
10.
men
entered
in.
it, they awakened the centurion and the elders, for they too were hard by keeping watch ; and, as they declared what things they had
"When
therefore the soldiers saw
again they see coming forth from the tomb three men, and the two supporting the one, and a cross following them. And of the two the head reached unto the heaven, but the head of Him that was led by them overpassed the heavens. And they heard a voice from the heavens, saying, 3 Hast thou preached to them that ? And an answer
seen,
sleep
was heard from the

1
cross,
Yea."
Petronius
is
a disciple of S.
as
in
Peter in the Acts of S.
Hermione
and
(Sept. 4 ).
The same phrase
2;
T?
eTrt^wcr/covroj
rov ffappdrov,
immediately afterwards lirtywrKcv Mt. xxviii. i.

3
Kvpmicf)
but here apparently from
document of this kind, where the text is frequently corrupt, first comes to light, it is difficult to assign to individuals the true share of credit for emendations that sometimes arise in common but I must mention that I owe to Mr F. C. Burkitt the
that the Voice from
When
suggestion
and
to other friends I
am
heaven should be taken as a question.

very deeply indebted.
To him

No subject had a greater fascination for Christian mind than the Descent of Christ into
ence to
the
25
early
Hades and
the Harrowing of Hell. The only unmistakeable refer is in S. Peter s First it in the New Testament
iii.
Epistle (i Pet.
spirits in
19, iv. 6),
He
went and preached to the

to
prison,
it is
and
The gospel was preached

it
the
dead.
But
S.
also possible that the ancient
hymn, from
saith,
which
Paul quotes in Eph. v. 14, Wherefore Awake, thou that sleepest,
And And
was intended
arise
from the dead,
Christ shall shine
upon
thee,
triumph-song with which the Lord entered the Under-world.

to represent the
In seeking the source of the actual words of the Voice
from heaven, we
may
s
note that
S.
Matthew says
that at the
moment
had
of Christ
Death,
many
bodies of the saints that
But we must also com fallen asleep arose (xxvii. 52). pare a passage which Justin Martyr says the Jews cut out from the prophecy of Jeremiah in their copies of the LXX.
*
of Israel, remembered His dead that had fallen asleep aforetime in the earth of burial, and descended to them to proclaim to them the good news
the
The Lord God,
Holy One
of His salvation
times
:
1
.
but we have no reason
Irenaeus also quotes this passage several to believe that it ever
formed part of the Old Testament Scriptures. But yet it is important, if only to shew how much these thoughts were in
a fact to which further witness is the air in early times 2 borne by the Gospel of Nicodemus an apocryphal work
: ,
TrpoKeKOifj.-rjfj.^wi
See Bp. Lightfoot This

.
note on Ign.
is
Magn.
ix.
read with Irenaeus
supported also by Hermas,

5)
who
rots
says
of
the
Apostles (Sim.
OIS.
2
ix.
16,
Koi^BevTes...(.KT]pvâ.v
/ecu
irpoKe-
KOL/J.TJ/J.^J
In the Gospel of Nicodemus
II.
10 (Tisch. p. 430), the Cross
is
26
containing a full description of the Descent into Hell, and by the Anaphora of Pilate, to which reference has been
A few sentences of this last book are worth already made. quoting here, as their thoughts are closely akin to those of our document. And on the first day of the week, about
the third hour of the night, the sun was seen as never it had shone before, and all the heaven was brightened. And
even as lightnings come in a storm, so certain men of lofty stature, in adornment of apparel and of glory indescribable,
appeared in the
air,
and
saying, Glory in the highest to
and a multitude of angels crying aloud God, and upon earth

will
:
peace,
among men good

been enslaved
heretical
come up
the
out of Hades, ye
1
.
that have
in the
under-world of Hades
book called 2 Apostles, which Dr Zahn says

In
a
left in
Wanderings of the must have been written
the Under-world:
of Hell (in medio inferni), there even for evermore.

1
and the Lord placed His Cross in the midst which is the sign of victory and shall remain
Anaph. PH., B. 8 (Tisch. p. 447). This book has clearly some close connection with our document. Beside the striking resemblances
already cited,
we may
responsible for the
note that Pilate makes Herod and the Jews Death of Christ and, whereas here the disciples were
;
supposed to wish to set fire to the Temple, there all the Synagogues in Jerusalem save one are swallowed up in the earthquake. A small
coincidence of language
cf.
is
found in A. 10 (Tisch. 441)
r\v
dea<rd/j.ei>os,
even wonder whether the earlier part of the Anaphora does not preserve details from the still missing part of our Gospel: e.g. there is the same use of S. John, and the same
supra
6.
We may
the account of Lazarus, who is said to have an advanced state of corruption, and yet to have come forth from the tomb like a bridegroom from his chamber.
strange perversion, in
been
2
in
Johannis p. cxliv. On p. 216 he on these Leucian Acts, which I Hermas Sim. ix. 6, i introduces the Lord as and in S. stature, so as to overtop the tower
of Photius, Cod. 114,
:
Zahn
Ada
gives the passage
have cited here.

a
Man
of lofty
(Passio
x.)
He
is
represented as
Man
Perpetua s Vision of marvellous greatness, so
2/
before 160, and of which fragments are preserved to us, we are told that Christ appeared in various forms to His dis ciples, sometimes as a young man, then as an old man,
then again as a boy
and sometimes small, and sometimes
very large, so that at times His head reached even unto heaven. Further coincidences tend to shew that this book
too stands in
ii.
some near
relation to our Gospel.
"They
therefore
considered
one
with
another
whether to go away and shew these things to Pilate. And while they yet thought thereon the heavens again appear
man descending and entering into the sepulchre. When the centurion and they that were with him saw these things, they hastened by night to Pilate, leaving the
opened, and a certain
tomb which they were watching, and declared
all
things
which they had seen, being distressed and saying. Truly He was the Son of God. Pilate answered and said, I am pure
from the blood of the Son of God: but ye determined this. Then they all drew near and besought him and entreated
him
to command the centurion and the soldiers to say nothing of the things which they had seen: For it is better, say they, for us to owe the greatest debt of sin before God,
to fall into the
and not
and the
hand of the people of the Jews and
to be stoned.
Pilate therefore
nothing."
commanded
;
the
centurion
soldiers to say
hatred of the writer to the Jews, which stands in striking contrast to the just and measured terms of our Evangelists, is nowhere more marked than in the keen satire
as to overpass the top of the amphitheatre.
The
With
reference to the
two
men who
early art,
cross,
support the Lord it is interesting to note a representation in in which our Lord in glory stands by and supports a large
Diet. having the angels Michael and Gabriel on either hand. i. Michael and Gabriel come for the soul p. 497. of B.V. Mary in Transitus Mariae B. 8 (Tisch. p. 130).
Christ. Antiqq. vol.
28

Pilate
of this passage.
once more
the
is
freed as far as possible
from blame 1
12.
"And
at
dawn upon
Lord
day Mary Magdalen,
a disciple of the Lord, [who] fearing because of the Jews, since they were burning with wrath, had not done at the
Lord
sepulchre the things which the
for those that die
friends
women are wont to do and that are beloved by them, took her with her and came to the sepulchre where He was
laid. And they feared lest the Jews should see them, and they said, Even if on that day on which He was crucified we could not weep and lament, yet now let us do these
But who shall roll away for us the things at His sepulchre. stone that is laid at the door of the sepulchre, that we may
enter in and
sit by Him and do the things that are due? For the stone was great, and we fear lest some one see us.
yet let us set at the door the things memorial of Him; let us weep and lament, until we come unto our home. "And 13. they went away and found the tomb opened, and coming near they looked in there and they see there a
if
And
even
we cannot,
for a
which we bring
midst of the tomb, beautiful and clothed in a very bright robe ; who said to them, Why are ye come? whom seek ye? Is it that crucified One?
sitting in the
certain
young man
He is risen and gone away. and see the place where He

The white-washing
times carried
in
But
if
lay, that
ye believe not, look in He is not [here] 2 for

;
of the
unhappy Roman governor was some
further
still.
answer
to
Pilate s
In the Paradosis Pilati (Tisch. p. 455) prayer for forgiveness before his execution by
Tiberius a voice comes from heaven All generations shall saying, call thee blessed. ..for under thee all these and things were fulfilled an angel of the Lord receives his head.
:
In Lc. xxiv. 6
we have
to
non
est, surrexit
in
Cod. Sangerm. (g2 ):
and perhaps we ought not
add here
in this place.

He
is
29
1 .
and gone away thither, whence He was sent Then the women feared and This passage, which opens with clear traces of S. John, (compare especially xix. 40, as the custom of the Jews is to
risen
fled."
bury
),
is
also full of the peculiar phrases of S.
Mark.
The
correspondence ends too with the abrupt conclusion of S. Mark s Gospel, as we now have it: and there is no trace
of the twelve disputed verses N^. "Now it was the last day of the unleavened bread, and many went forth returning to their homes, as the
.
was ended. But we, the twelve 3 disciples of the Lord, mourned and were grieved and each one grieving for that which was come to pass departed to his home. But I
feast
:
Simon Peter
went away
Alphaeus,
1
arid
Andrew my brother took our

"
to the sea;
nets and and there was with us Levi the son of
whom
this
the Lord
With
Wright,
p. 385),
we must compare the And the angel said
2oth
to
Homily of Aphrahat
(ed.
Mary,
He
is
risen
and gone
:
away to Him that sent Him (cf. Jn. xvi. 5). There is reason to believe that Aphrahat, a Syrian writer, used Tatian s Harmony and thus we seem to have a second link between our Gospel and that
important work. Whatever be the origin of the addition, it is in direct contrast to In our Book I am not yet ascended to the father. Jn. xx. 17,
however the Ascension of both Christs has taken place already. 2 Cf. in Me. xvi. 3 ff. rtj cnro/cuX/cm T)/JUV .yv yap fj.eyas...veaviaKov
. .
Ka0rj/j.evoi
. .
...Trpi(3el3\ri/uiti>ov
ffro\i]v
and_ compare the last words Z(pvyov

of the
.tyofiovvTO
yap with
this
document ô^QeiffaL tyvyov.
Mark there is no record of an appearance women. 3 The twelve disciples is perhaps a mere
S.
Here as in Lord to the
slip
of the author or
of a
conceivable that Judas too as well as Pilate underwent a cleansing process, if indeed he was ever mentioned, in The reading twelve is confirmed by the our writer s narrative.
copyist
:
but
it
is
Apocalypse
2)
which has the same phrase,
we
the twelve disciples.
3O

This broken sentence must remain unfinished, till some discovery tells us what we long to know whether in
new
this
we may be
is
Gospel the Disciples ever see the Lord. Meanwhile grateful that it adds a final proof of what indeed
enough already to a reader of the original Greek, our writer s use of the Fourth Gospel. It is probable namely enough that if we knew what followed we should find that
clear
which he has given to it with the honour already with the same impartiality as to the other three Perversion is a form of the honour of misrepresentation. witness to the thing perverted.
he had honoured
it
Now
think of
that
it ?
we have read our new Gospel, what
are
we
to
The document will doubtless be subjected to the most searching criticism both in England and elsewhere, and it would be presumptuous to pretend to give the final verdict.
But a few general remarks close of this Lecture.
may
not be out of place at the
And, first, I would call attention to the fact that all our most recent recoveries are not entire surprises. Nothing wholly new and unheard of turns up as we explore neglected
libraries or dig in disused cemeteries.
The range
of Chris
tian literature in the second century

to
was limited.
Eusebius,
whose researches we owe a debt of gratitude which can

it
never be too generously acknowledged, covered

cally all
practi
by
his
It is true that,
own reading or by the reports of others. now that we have entered upon a new field
of exploration in the tombs of Egypt, there is nothing that we need despair of finding be it the Expositions of Papias, or the Memoirs of Hegesippus, or the Chronicle of Julius
Africanus.
But again and again our new friend has proved

to
31
be an old one,
whom we knew
at least
by name.
And
The
he has
fitted in at
once into the old surroundings.

;
but the books second century was a book-making age were very often not original. As Spurgeon used to say of
many modern
literary
of remembrance.
They stir up our pure minds by way Books were made out of books. The imagination played around the old facts or the old
books,
records.
The Teaching
of the Apostles used an earlier,

:
the Apology of Aristides was perhaps a Jewish, manual indebted to a book still unrecovered, the Preaching of Each of these in turn was embodied in later works Peter.
:
the Teaching was used and used up, as we are told, in the Shepherd of Hermas, besides the more obvious places
where we trace doubt as to

of
*
it
the Apology of Aristides

Similarly, there can be
lies
embedded
in a religious novel.
its
facts
no manner of whence our new Gospel derived the main bulk and of its language. But as it was a true
the
secret
Apocryphon,
book of a
sect
its
and not the

circulation
it
common
property of the Catholic Church,
was
but limited and

in the later
it is
we cannot expect to find writings which have come down

it
largely used
to us.
Indeed
surprising that
should have so
many
points of contact
as
we have already noted with the surrounding literature. The second point to which I would call attention is
very different one. the Books of the

that
is
We
New
are sometimes told that certain of
Testament are Tendenz-schriften
to say, they are composed with the aim of setting forth at any cost the peculiar view of some special school
of Christian thought. Well, here we have a good example of a Tendency- Writing. It is worth careful study from
this
wilfully perverted
Old statements are suppressed, or and displaced new statements are intro duced which bear their condemnation on their faces. Nopoint
of view.
:
32
thing

is left
as
it
was before.
out
Here
is
History as
it
should
be
Lines
left
of the old familiar records.
And no
one who
tence,
*
will take the pains to
compare sentence by sen

left
word by word, the new

fail
Lines
out
with the old
Line upon Line, will with a sense of relief at
to return to the
Four Gospels
prison of
his
escape from a
stifling
prejudice into the transparent
and the bracing atmosphere
of pure simplicity and undesigning candour. Thirdly, I must try to say a word about the date of our
The points in which our writer seems to coin cide with Tatian, together with the use of the Four Gospels side by side, suggesting that the work is based upon a
new Book.
previous Harmony, might make us hesitate to place it But on the other hand its seeming earlier than c. 170. coincidence with the Leucian Acts, which deserves a full
For the investigation, tends to push it back before 160. whole style of the narrative is much less complex, and
at once a very early date. In all the instances of similarity with other books we cannot prove as yet that our author has borrowed, save from the Four
indeed suggests
In every other case he may have used some Gospels. source used also by the other writers and now entirely lost
:
nay, in
self.
some
The
S.
the original authority him main views here expounded may be traced back
cases he
may be
even to Cerinthus the opponent of

that
Ignatius strenuously
and we know S. John combated Docetic teachers.

:
So that we need not be surprised
if
further evidence shall
tend to place this Gospel nearer to the beginning than to the middle of the second century.
Lastly, the unmistakeable acquaintance of the author with our Four Evangelists deserves a special comment He
1
.
In the margin of the Greek text I have placed references only to those lines in which some statement or phrase occurs which is peculiar

uses
33
and misuses each
in turn.
To him
they
all
stand on an
which has been made to place a gulf of separation between the Fourth Gospel and the rest, as regards the period or area of their
equal footing.
to the attempt
He lends
no support
Nor again does he countenance acceptance as Canonical. the theory of the continued circulation in the second cen tury of an Urevangelium, or such a prae-canonical Gospel as
we
is
Gospels
behind our Synoptists. He uses our Greek no proof (though the possibility of course always open) that he knew of any Gospel record other
feel
must
;
lie
there
is
than these.
what they should be, if to the supreme and unique position of the Four Canonical Gospels is still to be sustained by historical criticism. The words of Irenaeus (in. n. 7), as the second century was drawing to a close,
facts are just
And
so the
s
new
the
Church
universal tradition
as
are as true as ever to-day, and they have received a

:
new
and notable confirmation by our latest recovery So strong is the position of our Gospels, that the heretics themselves bear witness to them, and each must start from
these to prove his own doctrine. ...Since therefore those who contradict us lend us their testimony and use our Gospels, the claim which we have made on their behalf is thereby
confirmed and
to
verified.
one of our Four Gospels. Thus the use parts of each Gospel may be seen at a glance.
made
of the distinctive
R.
J.
ADDITIONAL NOTES.
1.
ON
AND CODEX
BOBBIENSIS.
It
seems as though
we had
at last
a parallel to the extraordinary interpolation at Me. xvi. 4 in cod. Bobbiensis (k), an Old Latin MS., which Who reads, after
shall roll
away
for us the stone
from the door, as follows instead of
our verse 4: But suddenly, at the third hour of the day, darkness came over the whole world, and angels descended from heaven, and rising in the glory of the living God ascended with Him; and im
mediately
it
became
:
light.
This passage clearly cannot belong to
its
present context but it closely corresponds with the Ascension of the Divine Christ from the Cross even to the mention of the reappearance
;
of the sun.
inconsistent
The when
hour
the
may have been changed, so as passage had got into its new context.
OF THIS GOSPEL.
/cuas
to
be
less
2.
ON THE CHRONOLOGY
:
The
notes of time
are as follows
i.
ffdfifiaTov
TTL(f)uffKei....Trpb
r<2v
dtyfAWv.
The Body must
not remain unburied after sunset on this day. i. The darkness covers Judaea. TJV 8e /j.eaTj/j.(3pia.
3.
eup^dr}
upa emrTj.
KO.I
The
ews
light returns.
4.
VVKTOS
tyuepas
rov (rafipdrov.
to
The
Disciples fast and
mourn.
5.
eirl
rpets r//iepa?.
The Jews propose
watch the Tomb.
6.
Trponas Se CTTLÛO-KOVTOS rov ffapftdrov.
The multitude come

the Vision.
to
see the
7.
Tomb.
rrj
VVKTI y
ewtyuaKev
77
KvpiaK-f).
The Voice and
8.
9.
VVKTOS.
They hasten
women.
TcXevraia
to tell Pilate.
ftpdpov Se rrjs
KvpiaKTJs.
Mary Magdalen comes

rwv
dv(j.wv...Tijs
to the
Tomb
/
with the other

10.
r\v
r)fj.epa
eoprrjs
7rai;<7a
u6 7?s.
Many
return to their homes.
The
Disciples go to the sea.
32
36
ADDITIONAL NOTES.
We may perhaps
Abib
14.
arrange them in order thus

. . . .
Preparation At even Passover killed.
i, 2, 3,
Period of unleavened
15.
1
Sabbath.
First
bread begins. Sheaf waved

.
[4],
. . .
6 9
6.
17.
1
8.
day of the week. Second ,, ,, Third

Fourth
Fifth
,,
5, 7, 8,
19.
,,
20.
21.
Preparation
.10
[4]
At even Period of unleavened bread

22.
ends.
Sabbath
13 the Disciples are
still
In
weeping and mourning
so that
we
explain 4 perhaps as meaning all the days until the second sabbath. In fact a w-shaped j3 may have fallen out after rou: so that we might
may
possibly restore rov
(3
aapfiarov.
But
this is
not necessary, as the
first
sabbath had begun at the time referred to. It is remarkable then that the Disciples remain a week in hiding at Jerusalem, and then leave it for Galilee without having seen the Lord at all. The first of these
statements
may be
suggested by Jn. xx. 26
but the second, while

S.
it
might be suggested by the silence of S. Matthew and direct contrast with Lc. xxiv. 34, 36 and Jn. xx. 19, 26.
Mark,
is
in
3. ON THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THIS GOSPEL. I have already suggested (pp. 20, 22, 26) that the Anaphora Pilati has used this Gospel and this view is confirmed by some Coptic fragments (Revillout, 1876),
:
as yet untranslated, my In these the same stress
knowledge of which is gained from Mr James. is laid on the corruption of the body of Lazarus
and Philip appears together with Herod as plotting against the Lord, as in Anaph. Pil. Moreover these fragments seem to be connected in method with others which correspond to the Historia Josephi, in which we find the one statement which Origen preserves to us from this Gospel
(see
above p. 14
n.) set forth in full.
THE REVELATION OF PETER

A LECTURE
ON THE NEWLY RECOVERED FRAGMENT
BY
MONTAGUE RHODES JAMES
M.A.
ET APPAREBIT LACVS TORMENT! ET CONTRA

ILLVM ERIT LOCVS REQVIETIONIS
:
ET CLIBANVS
GEHENNAS OSTENDETVR ET CONTRA EVM IOCVNDITATIS PARADISVS

OF
the two fragments of early Christian literature which
have just been called out of Egypt, the extract from the Gospel of Peter is no doubt the more immediately interest
ing and, in the excitement caused by that, the Apocalyptic fragment, which follows it in the Gizeh MS., runs some And yet, had this latter chance of being overlooked.
:
stood
by
itself,
its
considerable
stir
in
discovery would have caused a very No one in the theological world.
terested in the history of the Canon of the New Testament could have failed to be excited when nearly half of the text
of the Revelation of Peter was laid before him.
book was one of which we heard much and It always seemed strange that we were constantly encountering its name in early documents, and about its character and yet, when we came to inquire
For
this
saw very
little.
contents, there were exactly six passages which gave us any idea on the subject, while the total amount of the text
which they preserved may have been eight lines. Curiously had hardly enough, moreover, modern writers on the subject ventured more than the most general conjectures on these
in drawing from them fragments, and had not succeeded means all the information which, scanty as they by any
were, they could be
made
to afford.
40
For myself, they had always possessed a curious interest, as being the remains of a book once highly prized in several
important Christian communities, and, more than
being the
relics
that, as
of the earliest Christian Apocalypse, save one, that was ever written: and, in the year 1886, I had
taken some pains in collecting and commenting on these poor relics, and, in particular, in attempting to reconstruct
by
their
estimate
its
aid the probable contents of the book, and to influence on later works of the same class.
that
In the course of these investigations it became clear the book must have contained at least two ele
ments, one a prophetical or predictive section, relating to the end of the world, the other, a narrative of visions; and more particularly, a vision of the torments of the
wicked, in which various classes of sinners were represented
as
in
punished
clear,
manner
suitable
to their offences.
It
became
in
moreover, that certain books showed more

:
or less clear traces of obligation to this old Apocalypse particular, this was true of the second book of the
Sibylline oracles,
the Apocalypse of Paul, and the later
Apocalypse of Esdras.
the literary point of view, the Apocalypse of Paul
visions, even in
And,
what was interesting from

trace the influence of
we could
upon almost all the mediaeval the Divina Commedia of Dante. So that
through the medium of the Pauline vision, the Apocalypse of Peter had had a share in moulding the greatest poem
of the middle ages. In my recent edition of the Testament of Abraham I took occasion to set forth the main lines of
1
view but it was not possible there (nor will it be, I fear, on the present occasion) to set forth, with all the necessary detail, the steps which led me to the conclusions which I have just stated. But perhaps I have said enough to
this
:
Texts
and Studies,
ii.
2,
pp. 23, 24.

show
41
that the Apocalypse of Peter had for some time occupied no small share of my attention and I hope this will justify the precipitation with which I have ventured to
;
attack the newly-discovered fragment. It is time, however, to leave generalities and to approach I propose to divide this paper into three heads details.
a practice for which I fancy there are precedents. the first I shall arrange my account of what was
about the book previous to this late discovery. second I shall give a translation of the new fragment, with a few notes. Under the third I shall try to state what
Under known Under the
new
light this discovery
It is
perhaps simplest to
throws upon the book as a whole. tell the story of our book in
the words of the writers
who speak
mention
of
it,
order of date.
The
first
(real or
arranging them in apparent) of an
Apocalypse of Peter is found in the Muratorian Fragment, 200 A.D. The writer has mentioned the dated circ. 170
Wisdom
of Solomon: he goes on to say:

:
"The
Apocalypses
of John and Peter only do we receive which (in the singular) some of our number will not have read in the churches."
Most
critics
have understood
this
sentence to
mean
that the
only Apocalypses (and the number of Apocalypses was large) which the Roman Church received were those of John and
Peter;
and
that the latter
Christians.
But
nuity by Dr the Petrine Apocalypse was
was repudiated by some Roman has been lately urged with great inge Zahn, that there is no reason to believe that
it
known
at all at
Rome; and
that
we
ought to
suppose that a line has here
dropped out of
"(There is)
our undoubtedly corrupt fragment, and to read:
the Apocalypse of John and of Peter one epistle, which alone we receive there is also a second (epistle\ which some
:
of our
number
will
]
not have read in church

T.
1
."
Zahn, N.
Kanon,
ii.
105 sqq.
42
I

do not
it
feel
ticularly as
convinced that Dr Zahn is right, more par seems that we have some reason to believe that
of Alexandria, at the beginning of the third
1
Hippolytus used our book.
Of Clement
century, Eusebius tells us that in his great lost work, the Hypotyposes or Outlines, he commented on all the Canonical
Scripture,
mean
not even omitting the disputed scriptures, I the Epistle of Jude and the rest of the Catholic Epistles, and that of Barnabas, and the so-called Apocalypse
of Peter.
When we
turn to Clement
works, in the collection of
extracts (either from a lost book of his Miscellanies, or from the Outlines] which are called Eclogae ex Scripturis Propheticis,
we find three separate quotations (and a fourth 2 passage repeating one of the three) from this Apocalypse
one of which
it is
in
the Scripture. I shall reserve for the present the translation of these
called
fragments.
S. Methodius of Olympus in Lycia, living at the end of the third century, has a fairly long passage identical in part with one of the Clementine quotations; and the material
of this passage
3
is
taken, he says, from
divinely -inspired
writings
So far, then, Lycia, Alexandria, and probably Rome, are witnesses to the early popularity of the Apocalypse. In the fourth century we have a critical estimate of the
book,
where we naturally expect to find it, in the Eccle Eusebius of Caesarea. Twice over he the use or gives us his view of the book, based largely on non-use of it by earlier Church writers: and it is by no
siastical History of
means a favourable
1
view.
2
H.E.
vi.
14,
i.
See Fragments
5
l>.
36.
See Fragment

writings, genuine
43
In the former of the two passages he enumerates the and spurious, which were current under
the
name
of
S.
Peter; of the spurious writings he says:
"the
book, so entitled, of his Acts, and the so-called Gospel according to him, and what is known as his Preaching, and
what
is called his Apocalypse these we know not at all as having been handed down among catholic scriptures; for no ancient Church writer, nor contemporary of our own, has
made
of
use of testimonies taken from them 1
fact,
we know
that
As a matter Clement of Alexandria used both

."
Preaching and Apocalypse ment is no doubt correct.
still,
in
its
broad
lines,
the state
The second
found
in his
2
.
of Eusebius
estimates of this book
is
to be
famous
classification of the
New
Testament
writings
The place assigned to it is below the limbo of disputed books, but in the uppermost circle of the abode of spurious ones, among those which, though certainly spurious,
or outside the pale, were not of distinctly heretical tendencies. Among spurious books let there be classed: the writing of
the Acts of Paul, and the book called the Shepherd, and the Apocalypse of Peter, and, besides these, the Epistle of Bar
and
nabas, and what are called the Teachings of the Apostles : besides, if you take that view, as I said above, the
"^m^.
Apocalypse of John...
to
some include
Hebrews.
All
in
this
class
the
of
the
Gospel according number of disputed books.
the
these
will
be
So that Eusebius himself
but
applies to this class both the terms spurious and disputed: I think the former more truly represents his own opinion,
it is
and the softening down of

of
a concession to the opinions
of his contemporaries. Macarius Magnes, a writer of the beginning of the fifth of our book. century, furnishes us with two more fragments
many
H.E.
iii.
3, 2.
H. R.
Hi.
25, 4
44

nature of his evidence requires a word of explanation.
The
His book, called Apocritica, gives a series of objections brought by a heathen against Christianity, and the answers
by Macarius. Now the objections are evidently and seem to be taken out of a written work. And genuine, it is thought very likely that the author of them may be Porphyry. In that case, the quotations must be set down as
to these
a testimony to the currency of our book in the third century. The heathen objector adduces the book by way of super fluity, apparently not attaching much importance to it.
Macarius, when he comes to explain the matter, takes no Even if we pains to defend the source of the quotation the Apocalypse of Peter, we are forced by the repudiate
:
utterances of prophecy and of the Gospel, to agree with the Apocalypse of Peter.
More Sozomen
given us by For instance, he says, the so-called Apocalypse of Peter, which was stamped as entirely spurious by the ancients, we have dis covered to be read in certain churches of Palestine up to the present day, once a year, on the Friday during which
light
is
on the reception of the book
in the first half of the fifth century.
the people most religiously fast in
commemoration of the
:
Lord
passion
This exhausts the

that Rufinus
list
of notices of the book
it is
true
in his version of
Eusebius retains the
Apo
calypse of Peter (in H. E. vi. 14) and omits the Catholic Epistles: but this is because Eusebius calls the latter dis
puted in that place.
when he enumerates
Jerome, again, merely translates Eusebius (H. E. in. 3) the works attributed to Peter: Ni-
cephorus, too, copies Eusebius and Sozomen.

1
Hist. Eccl.
vii. 19.

But a certain amount
three
lists
45
:
of evidence remains
we have
calypse.
The
of apocryphal books which mention our Apo list which goes by the name of Nicephorus,
is
and may be placed about SSOA.D.,

taining the duction of
interesting as con
name
is
\ve are in
search
of,
and
1
.
as being a pro
some one
set
writing at Jerusalem
One
division
of this
list
Testament.
apart for These are

:
disputed books of the
New
lines.
The Apocalypse of John The Apocalypse of Peter The Epistle of Barnabas The Gospel according to
This
list
containing 1400
300
..
the
Hebrews
..
1360 2200
..
information as to the gives us really valuable will put next to it a statement book. length of the The Codex of similar character from a different source.
We
Claromontanus D.2 of St Paul

,
Epistles, of the sixth century,
has a catalogue in Latin of
all
the Scriptures, remarkable
for many reasons, which Dr Zahn takes to be of Alexan drian origin (it is undoubtedly rendered from a Greek
original)
and of the
third or fourth century in date.

this are
:
The
concluding items in
Epistle of Barnabas Revelation of John
850 verses 200
(i.e.
lines).
Acts of the Apostles 2600
The Shepherd
Acts of Paul
Revelation of Peter
3560 270
A.D.
third
list,
which may be of
600, and
is
is
very
commonly
teresting.
called the List of the Sixty Books,

It gives us,
1
less in
:
among New Testament Apocrypha

ii.
Zahn, N. T. Kanon,
290 sqq.
46

The The The The The The
History of James
Travels,
(i.e.
the
Protevangelium
).
Apocalypse of Peter.
and Teachings, of the Apostles.
Epistle of Barnabas. Acts of Paul.
Apocalypse of Paul.
&c.
&c.
all
Let us summarise the information we have gained from these passages. The Apocalypse of Peter was a Greek
book containing 270 or 300 lines of the average length of a line of Homer (36 to 38 letters) and about a quarter as long as the Revelation of S. John ; or, in other words,
about the length of the Didache as we have
or the Epistle to the Galatians (311 lines). It probably found a partial reception at
it
(316 lines)
in the
Rome
second century
in Palestine
it
did in Egypt, and in Lycia ; survived and was still read in church on
certainly
it
Good
It
Friday in the fifth century.
continued to be copied
(for
:
down
to the ninth century
in
Jerusalem
the
practical purposes)
is
of Nicephorus was made for and as we are told that the Gizeh MS.
list
of a date between the eighth and twelfth centuries, may say the same of Egypt.
we
But
all
this while the popularity
and reception of the

:
If the Muratorian Fragment book were not universal. does mention it, it is with a caution if Methodius quotes
it,
he does so without naming
his source
while Eusebius
and Sozomen are unqualified in their repudiation of it as a genuine work of the Apostle, and tell us that the use made of it by the great writers who had preceded them
was
practically
nil.
:
Macarius would not

lists
throwing it over another places it
one of our
among
at all object to a disputed book, Apocrypha, and the third, whose

calls
it
47
author probably might have accepted it, gives it a place among writings which form a sort of appendix to the un doubted portion of the New Testament Canon.
though no doubt it was a popular book, its seems to have been almost confined to the less popularity educated class of Christians. Clement is no doubt an ex
So
that,
but few writers are less dis ception to this statement criminating than he, though there are few who are better
:
informed; while,
willing to lay
if
much
stress
read Methodius rightly, he is un on the source which he uses, and
uses sparingly.
I cannot attempt to give anything like a full account of what modern writers have written about this Apocalypse, albeit the bulk of matter is not very large. J. E. Grabe
first
bricius
Facollected the fragments in his Spidlegium, i. 74. added some notes in Cod. Apocr. N. T., i. 940.
in
Liicke,
his
Introduction to the Revelation of S. John,
Lipsius, Diet. Chr. Biogr., art. Nov. Test, extra Can. rec., iv.
Apocalypses,
Hilgenfeld,
74 (1866 and 1883), Dr Salmon in a lecture on Uncanonical Books, now embodied

in
his
Introduction
n.
to
the
New
Testament, Zahn,
N.
T.
820, Robinson, Passion of S. Perpetua, ^j, should be consulted: they contain practically pp. 37 all that has as yet been said about the Apocalypse of
Kanon,
810
Peter.
It is
necessary before
we
pass to the second section of

:
paper to call special attention to two hypotheses one, put forward by Bunsen in his Analecta Ante-Nicaena, is a suggestion that one source which was used by Hippolytus in his fragment Concerning the Universe was the Apoca
my
lypse of Peter
the other, which
we may
find traces of this
of S. Perpetua, and in
is Mr Robinson s, is that same Apocalypse in the Passion Barlaam and Josaphat. I think the
48

discovery goes some way towards confirming both con
new
jectures.
We will now read the new fragment, which I have divided into twenty short sections and short notes will be My rendering given on such points as suggest themselves.
;
will
be
1.
literal
"
and
bald.
of them will be false prophets, and will and they teach ways and various doctrines of perdition And then will God come unto will be sons of perdition.
Many
my
life
;
faithful
ones that are hungering and thirsting
and
suffering oppression,
and proving
their
own
souls in this
and
He
will
2.
And
the Lord said furthermore
judge the sons of lawlessness. Let us go unto the
mountain and pray/
And
as
we
Him, we besought Him
that
He
twelve disciples went with would shew us one of our
that righteous brethren that had departed from the world, we might see of what form they were and so take courage
and encourage them also that should hear us. And as we were praying, there suddenly appeared 3. two men standing before the Lord towards the east, whom we could not look upon for there came from their counte
1
:
nance a ray as of the sun and all their raiment was light, such as never eye of man beheld, nor mouth can describe, nor heart conceive the glory wherewith they were clad, and
the beauty of their countenance.
And when we saw them we
were amazed
for
their
bodies were whiter than any snow, and redder than any rose, and the red thereof was mingled with the white, and,
in a word, I cannot describe the beauty of
them
for their
hair
was thick and curling and bright, and beautiful upon their face and their shoulders like a wreath woven of spike1
Italics indicate
words supplied where a gap occurs
in the MS.

nard and bright flowers, or was their beauty.
like a
49
rainbow in the sky, such
4. When, therefore, we saw their beauty, we were all amazement at them, for they had appeared suddenly and I came near to the Lord and said Who are these? He saith to me These are your brethren the righteous, whose
:
forms ye wished to behold. And I said to where are all the righteous, or of what sort
wherein they are and possess
5.
Him
is
And
the world
this glory ?
And
the Lord shewed
me
this
world shining excessively with
a very great space outside light, and the air that
was there illuminated with the rays of the sun, and the earth itself blooming with unfading flowers, and full of spices and fair-flowering plants, incorruptible and bearing
a blessed fruit
:
and so strong was the perfume
that
it
was
borne even to us from thence.
And
the dwellers in that
place were clad in the raiment of angels of light, and their raiment was like their land and angels ran about (or And the glory of the dwellers there encircled) them there.
:
was equal, and with one voice they praised the Lord God, The Lord saith unto us This is rejoicing in that place.
:
the place of your predecessors (perh. brethren) the righteous
men.
6.
And
other, very squalid,
saw also another place over against that and it was a place of chastisement and
;
those that were being chastised, and the angels that were chastising, had their raiment dark, according to the atmo
sphere of the place. And there were some there hanging by their tongues 7. and these were they that blaspheme the way of righteous
ness
:
and there was beneath them
fire
flaming and tor

of flaming
menting them.
8.
And
there was a certain great lake
full
R. J.
5<D

men
set
mire, wherein were certain
that pervert righteousness
upon them. And there were also others, women, hung by their 9. and these were they hair over that mire that bubbled up and the men that had adorned themselves for adultery that had been joined with them in the defilement of adultery were hanging by their feet, and had their heads We believed not that in the mire: and all were saying
: :
and tormenting angels were
we should come
10.
into this place.
And
saw the murderers and them
that
had con
them cast into a certain narrow place full of evil reptiles and being smitten by those beasts and wallow ing there thus in that torment and there were set upon them worms as it were clouds of darkness. And the souls of them that had been murdered were standing and looking upon the punishment of those murderers, and saying O
spired with
:
God, righteous
11.
And
is thy judgment. hard by that place
saw another narrow
place wherein the gore and the filth of them that were tormented ran down, and became as it were a lake there.
there sat women having the gore up to their throats, and over against them a multitude of children which were born out of due time sat crying and there proceeded from them flames (or sparks) of fire, and smote the women upon
And
the eyes
12.
1
.
And
these were they that destroyed their children
and caused
abortion.
there were other
And
to their middle
evil
spirits
and
cast into a dark place
that rested not
and having their and these were they that persecuted the and delivered them up. righteous And hard by them again were women and men 13.
:
men and women on fire up and scourged by entrails devoured by worms
See Fragment
4.

their lips,
51
and being tormented, and receiving redgnawing hot iron upon their eyes and these were they that had blasphemed and spoken evil of the way of righteousness.
:
And over against these were again 14. women gnawing their tongues and having
their
other
men and
fire
flaming
in
mouths
and these were the
false witnesses.
15.
And
in a certain other place

spit,
than swords or than any
red-hot,
were pebbles sharper and women and

:
clad in filthy rags were rolling upon them in torment and these were the wealthy that had trusted in their wealth and had not had pity upon orphans and widows, but had
men
neglected the
1 6.
commandment
in
of God.
another great lake full of pitch and blood and boiling mire stood men and women, up to their knees and these were they that lent money and demanded interest
:
And
on
interest.
were other men and women being hurled a great cliff, and they reached the bottom and again were driven by those that were set upon them to climb up upon the cliff, and thence they were hurled down
17.
And there
down from
again,
and they had no
rest
from
this
torment.
[These were guilty of lewdness.] 1 8. And beside that cliff was a place full of much fire, and there stood men who had made for themselves images
instead of
19.
God with their own hands. And beside them were other men and women who
other,
had rods, smiting each manner of torment.
and never resting from
this
And others again near them, women and men were 20. burning, and turning themselves and being roasted: and these were they that had forsaken the way of God."
Here we have a fragment of
a
fair
sufficient length to give us As idea of the contents of the whole Apocalypse.
42
52
a fact,
it

lines of
300
does contain something like 140 out of the original which the book consisted.
three parts: the first is the eschatological 2 the second, the vision of Paradise, 6
:
It falls into
discourse,
the third, the Inferno,
20.
The first gives the con take them separately. cluding lines of a speech of our Lord concerning the end of the world.
will
We
The opening
Matt. xxiv. 24;
clause recalls, and
is
doubtless indebted to,

shall arise false
Mark
xiii.
22,
For there
this
Christs and false prophets? which follow contain the
But both
first
and the words
of a remarkable series of
resemblances to the Second Epistle of Peter, which I pro pose to collect in a note, in order that we may be the better
able to realise
1
them
1
.
Apoc.
Pet.
ii.
I.
I
Tro\\ol...crovTa.i
i/
eu5o7r/3o0r?rai.
eyevovro
5e
KCU
\j/ev8oirpo(j)TJTa.i
iii.
ev
ry Xay, wj
/ecu
ev
vfjuv Zffovrai,
i/
euSoStSoWaXot, and
3.
1 Pet.
ii.
OLTives
TC\S
7ra/)ei<raoi>(rij>
cupeVeis CiTrcoXeias.
2
eavruv
i^xaj.
Pet.
ii.
^vxty
8i.Ka.Lav...
6ebs...Kpu>el
rovs
vtoi)s TTJS avo/j.ias.
1 Pet.
2.
ii.
3 ois TO
Kpifj-a ^/CTraXcu
OVK apyei.
TO 8pOS. 2 Pet. i. 1 8 ffvv avrf oVres ev
T$ ayiy
8pei.
TUV ie\06vTuv
1 Pet.
i.
OTTO TOU Kbcrôv.
15
flffl
fJ-era rj}v efj.r]v
TTOTdTTOl
TT]V
fJ.Op(p-r]V.
2 Pet.
7.
iii.
1 1
7TOTa7roi)j Set
TOTTOv...avxfJ- r]p6v.
i.
i Pet.
19 ev ai/XMPV TOTT^.
13).
o(
f3\acr<j>
7 (and
t)fj.ovvTes
rty 686v
j3\a.<T<t>T)[ji.
1 Pet.
ibid.
ii.
2 Si
ofis
i]
686j TTJS aXydeias

rrjv
r]6ri<TeTaL
2i eTreyvuKevai
odbv
TT^S

What
53
the bearing of these resemblances may be upon the vexed question of the authenticity of 2 Peter, I will not take it upon myself to determine only, it must be re
:
membered
that three explanations
of them
are possible.
Either the author of the Apocalypse designedly copied the Epistle (as S. Jude may also have done), or the Apocalypse
and
Epistle are products of one and the same school, or the resemblances do not exist.
We
put
will return to the consideration of the text.
Have we any
into
parallel to the fragment of the discourse

s
our Lord
mouth?
No
doubt
;
it
is
ultimately
modelled on the discourse in Matt. xxiv. Mark xiii.; Luke But there is an Apocryphal document which helps us xxi. exists in It is a book which here very considerably.
Syriac, Carshunic,
in Syriac
and Ethiopia.
also
It
has been published

a retranslation into
by Lagarde, who has
made
2 Pet.
8.
ii.
9 older Ktfpios. .ddixovs.

.
els
wtpav /cpt crewj KoXafo/ttôus TT]peiv.
/36pj3opOS.
ii.
15.
eKV\ioVTO.
popfiopov.
2 Pet.
22
els KV\icrfj.6v
9, IT, 17.
Punishment of impurity.
Denunciations of impurity.
2 Pet. 15.
2 Pet.
iii.
ii.
10 sqq.
d^X-^crai/Tes TTJS ecroX^J TOV 0eov.

ii.
21 vTroarpeâ.i. eK T7)s...ayias ^TO\TJS.
ei>TO\Tjs
TOV Kvpiov.
To
smaller fragments these, the following resemblances in the
must
be added.
Fragments
2 Pet.
1
i, 2.
The heaven and

iii.
earth are to be judged.

poifr56i>
to ovpavoi
Trape\ev<rovTai..
ovpavol TTvpovfJ-evoi
6.
XuflTjcroi/rcu.
Fragment
2 Pet.
ii.
K TUV a/JLapriuv yevvaff&cu (rat 19
/coXdcreis)
</>?7<nV.
y yap
TIS r/TTTjTCU,
Tovry
54

1
.
Its proper name is The Greek, the original language first book of Clement, which is called the Testament of our
Lord Jesus Christ the words which He spake to His holy Apostles after He had risen from the dead. Now, I am of the opinion that this book, or at least the
:
first
fourteen chapters of
it,
gives us a very fair idea of the
Apocalypse of Peter. It is expanded by various rhetorical additions, from prophecy and gospel, but the resemblances are constant, and, I think, striking.
Let us examine them.
In the
is
lost first part of the
first
the same.
last
with the
place, the general complexion of both books Both contain a speech of our Lord dealing things only, that in the Testament is more
:
complete.
Secondly, the situation seems to be the same in both namely, that our Lord is addressing the disciples after the Resurrection. In the Testament, He is questioned by Peter and John, in presence of the other Apostles. In the
:
Apocalypse, Peter
are present.
is
it
the questioner;
is
the other Apostles
But
point in our Lord s The portion of the book which would have told us
yet one touch makes
it
absolutely clear at what career the vision is being revealed.
not
made
is
gone
is,
likely that the time
meant
in
the Apocalypse as in the Testament, the time after the Resurrection. For the Apostles ask to see the glory of Paradise, in order that they may thereby be enabled to
encourage their hearers
2
.
This implies that at that
moment
they had already received their commission to preach. (Such a commission, be it noted, is given in the opening The words of Christ Let us section of the Testament.)
1
Syriac in Reliquiae Juris Eccl.
Antiqiiiss.
Syriace: Greek in
Rel.
Jur. Eccl. Ant.
Graece.
1856.

go
to
55
the
direction.
mount and pray ( 2), point in the same The date imagined by our author can hardly
xxiv., for there the discourse
:
be that of Matt,
on the
was delivered
Mount
of Olives
here the transition to the
Mount
takes place after the discourse is over. Thirdly, there are coincidences of language
Apocalypse. of them will be false
Testament.
8.
i.
Many
There
shall
rise
up shep
prophets, and will teach ways and various doctrines of perdition and
:
herds
etc.,
who shall be lawless, etc. men of much talk 1 opposing

,
:
they will be sons of perdition.
the ways of the Gospel, dishonour ing all the way of piety they
shall
men
appoint commandments to not according to the scripture
and the commandment which the

Father would have.
3, etc.
The
is
perdition
10.
expression son of used of Antichrist.
Sons of destruction used
of the Phoenicians, in the sense of
doomed.
And then shall God come unto my faithful ones that hunger and
thirst,
8.
They
shall
contrite... many shall
be upright, pure, be oppressed

their
and
are
oppressed,
life.
and
and
they
shall call
on
God
that
prove their souls in this
may be
saved.
They
shall teach
them
that
if
they prove their spirit* they will be fit for the kingdom.
14.
this,
I
therefore have told you
that wherever ye go ye
.
may
3 prove the holy souls
In both documents the actual coming of God

scribed in the most unemphatic way.
1
is
de
TTo\u\a\oL, Lagarde.
lav
doKL/j.dcrw<ri.
rb
i/
irvev/J-a
avruv, Lag.
6<r(ay,
SoKi/j.d(n)TC
ras
uxas rds
Lag.
$6
God

Apocalypse.
Testament.
12.
i.
shall
come.
The
harvest
is
come, that
the
the guilty
may be reaped and
Judge appear suddenly and con front them with their works.
Both discourses end

course
in
at the
same
point.
After the dis
mount;
the Apocalypse, the Lord says Come to the and then the vision is seen. In the Testament,
after the mention of the judgment, He says, Turn therefore unto the churches, and administer them and the rest of
;
the book
I
is
occupied with
legislation.
discourse
think that considering that the merest shred of the survives in the Apocalypse, these coincidences
are remarkable.
shall ask
But there
is
you
to
examine with
1
more evidence to come. I me the Second Book of the

is
Sibylline Oracles, a
book which
.
assigned either to the
3rd or early 4th century
Of this book, 11. 6 30, 154 213, contain a description of the signs of the end, of which one source is evidently, I think, a document resembling the Testament.
Sib. Orac.
Testament.
slaughter,
21
38.
General
plagues,
famine,
destruction
of
Plagues, famine, unjust rulers, slaughter: a wicked king

3, 4, 5.
unjust rulers.
in the
Sudden peace and
plenty.
West slaughter Silver shall be despised

:
and
A
[39
great star in heaven like a

.
gold honoured.
Also
cf.
8 subJin.
crown 3
154.
Poem
of
Pseudo-
6. Signs in heaven: a horn, and a torch.

7.
a bow,
Phocylides with introduction and

epilogue.]
1 2
Signs on earth: monstrous

children
births:
whose
appear-
I shall
make
The
star is
use of the excellent edition of Rzach, 1891. modified into a crown, as it seems, in order to introduce
148): this poem is a collection of moral precepts, and the star represents the crown given to the keeper of the law of God.
the
poem
attributed to Phocylides (56

Sib. Orac.
57
Testament.
155.
(cf.
Children born grey-headed
ance
in
shall
be as of those advanced
Hesiod, Op. 181). General affliction.

False prophets.
years: for they that are born shall be white-haired.

8.
Evil shepherds.
the remnant remain faithful.
10.
Beliar (Antichrist). Return of the lost tribes.
General confusion and wickedness

:
The
faithful servants keep
watch.
9,
The
son
of perdition
Elias comes.
described.
The
and
Sibylline
book goes on
fire,
to describe the destruction

:
of the world by
the resurrection, and the judgment in this second half has many points of connexion with
our Apocalypse: as the Testament does not treat of these matters we can follow it no further just now. to enforce be Only, let the point which I am trying
the Testament may represent the lost first of the Apocalypse the Sibyl does use the second part, part as I hope to shew also, the Sibyl in her first part resembles Is it not a priori likely that she uses the the Testament.
borne in mind
Apocalypse
I
is
all
through
first it
Two more
have done
:
points in
connexion with the Testament, and

to
comes
us in a Petrine form, for

of Peter.
it
(And attributed to Clement the companion of Peter there exists in Arabic and Ethiopic an Apocalypse 1 that it is of which Clement is the ostensible redactor .) So
and linked by this fact with the spurious Petrine literature fact that the two Apostles who are additionally by the
:
specially
named
as speakers are Peter
and John.
is as yet no trace of the spread Secondly, though there come upon of the Testament in the West, I have recently
This book
is
being examined and analysed

it
for
me:
hope
the
,
to
produce
Apocalypse
parts of will be found
at
a later time.
It
it.
is
my
hope
that
imbedded
in
58
a fragment in Latin, containing the exact equivalent of 1 1 and 7 (in that order), namely, the description of Anti
christ,
and the
signs
upon
earth.
This
exists in
an Uncial
of the 8th century, and, though I possibly ought to include it in this essay, I propose to print it in a forth
MS.
coming number of Texts and

that
it
Studies.
My own
:
belief
is
is
belief I
a fragment of the Apocalypse of Peter and that base mainly on analogies in late Apocalypses which
plainly dependent upon that book, and upon the great unlikeliness that the Testament was ever known in the
seem
West.
Returning to the text of the Apocalypse, we find that

2 5 are
of
its
inhabitants
occupied with a short vision of Paradise and and here, if anywhere, our author attains
:
to a certain standard
does not seem as

contemplation.
if
of literary excellence, although it Paradise were his favourite subject of
Our
most
was
illustrative parallels are less
numerous here
the
striking
one
is
a vision in which
Mr Robinson
con
jectured that
some
discoverable,
trace of the influence of the Apocalypse namely, the vision of Josaphat in

.
the History of
Barlaam and Josaphat 2
will
translate
the passages, and call attention (in the notes) to such coin cidences of language as exist.
"saw himself caught away by certain terrible and passing through places which he had never 3 seen, and arriving at a plain of vast extent flourishing 4 with fair and very sweet-smelling flowers where he saw
Josaphat
beings,
3
4
Passion of S. Perpetua, p. 37. Boissonade, Anecd. Graeca iv. pp. 280, 360. /j.eyia T rjv 7re5m5a: cf. ^yivrov x^pov Apoc.
wpaiois dvdecri
/cat
5.
\tav
eut65e<ri
/co/utxrg
cf.
yr)v.,.avdou(rav
aâ/xuTou
ftvdecri /cat
dpufj.aTwv
TrXriprj ibid.

plants
59
of
all
manner
wondrous
to touch
l
.
fruits,
of kinds, loaded with strange and most pleasant to the eye and desirable
the leaves of the trees
2
And
made
clear
music
to a soft breeze
and sent
forth a delicate fragrance, whereof
none could tire, as they stirred .... And through this won drous and vast plain these fearful beings led him, and brought him to a city which gleamed with an unspeakable and its brightness and had its walls of translucent gold, battlements of stones the like of which none has ever seen.... And a light from above ever darted its rays and
filled all
to itself a light
and certain winged hosts, each abode there singing in melodies never heard by mortal ears and he heard a voice saying This this is the joy of them that have is the rest of the righteous
the streets thereof
3
,
: :
pleased the Lord Again in a later part of the book tinued, thus
."
5
,
the vision
is
con
saw those fearful men, whom he had seen before, him, and taking him away to that vast and coming wondrous plain, and bringing him into the glorified and 6 And as he was entering into the bright city
"
He
to
exceeding
gate, others
met him,
all
radiant with light, having crowns
cpvra Tra.vTo5a.ira.
/cat 7roi/ei \a,
cf.
evavOwv
<pvTwt>
/ecu d<p6a.pTWv
Kapirols &voa...Kal BaviMffroa ppl0ovTa Kal Kapirbv euXoyrj^vov QtpovTa ibia

<?<
cf.
Toaovrov dt
TJV
TO
&i>8os
cbs /cat
was
<?/cet0ev
&pc(r0(u
ibid.
rvvrj
is
the
word
for
joy
in
the Vision
of Tosaphat) ibid.
4
c f. euro? ecrrtr 6 TOTTOJ
T^
d5c\0wi
(?)
^v
ilnct.
TW
5iKatu
toepu*
ibid.
5
p. 360.
virtpXa/j-Trpov
:
cf.
vwipkapirpov ry (purl
60
in their

,
hands which shone with unspeakable beauty and such as mortal eyes never beheld 2 and when Josaphat asked Whose are the exceeding bright 3 crowns of glory which I see ? One they said is thine
:
."
I think the obligation is really

it
unmistakable here.
But
may perhaps be remembered,
quotes this vision,
Mr
place where he Robinson establishes a connexion

that, in the
and the Vision of Saturus. Does that vision I will quote some lines from it which seem help us here ? to do so. And when we had passed the first clearly How does this compare world, we saw an infinite light.
between
it
with the words

this
the Lord shewed

5).
me
a vast space outside
we were being borne along by those four angels, there was made for us (we came upon) a great space, which was like a garden,
}
(
world
Again:
and
whilst
having rose-trees and flowers of all sorts. The height of the trees was after the manner of a cypress, and the leaves of
them sang without ceasing. The flowers and plants of 5 will be remembered in this connexion. After they had passed over the violet-grown stadium and come to the city built of light, four angels clothed us as we entered in with white garments 5 the dwellers ( had the garb of angels of light, 3 all their raiment shone).
We
heard
an
united
(
voice
without ceasing
all
saying Holy, Holy, Holy with one voice were praising the
there
to
Lord God)
brethren
again
2).
we began
end of the
recognise
many
(cf.
Lastly, at the
vision,
it
is
said,
we were
us,
nourished by an unspeakable perfume, which satisfied

1
cf.
ov
d6i>afj.ai
^-rjyriffaffOai
r6
/cctXXos
avruv
:
3.
cf.
o iovs
6(f>da\/j.ol
ovdîrore /SporeioL
tQedcravro
3.
biroiov
6<f>0a\/j.6s
avdpuir\_uv eupaKfv or e#ecuraro]
see above.
THE REVELATION OF
(
PETER.
was borne even
61
to us
so great was the perfume that

).
it
from thence
that
Surely, with these proofs before us,
we may
safely affirm
Martyrs of Africa had read the Apocalypse of Peter, and that Mr Robinson s hypothesis is confirmed by
the
the
new
discovery.
We
must pass to the consideration of the Inferno. First, I will examine the contribution of the Vision of
to-
Josaphat
the elucidation of this part.

city,
After he has seen
the beautiful
removed much against his will, to And when they had passed through the infernal regions. that great plain, they brought him to certain places, dark, 2 and full of all foulness whose horror counterbalanced the had seen. Here was a furnace kindled brightness which he
he
is
1
, ,
and aflame with
fire
and a
sort of
4
.
worm, fashioned
for
5
And chastising powers punishment, crept about there stood over the furnace, and there were certain men being And a voice was heard miserably burned in the fire. 6 6 this is the punishment This is the place of sinners saying 7 deeds of them that have defiled themselves with shameful
: .
thereupon, they led him here are not so striking, perhaps, as in the vision of Paradise, but they are real resemblances,
And
forth.
The resemblances
notwithstanding. We will take next the evidence of the Second Book The poet has described the destrucOracles. the
Sibylline
I.e. p.
cf.
1
281.
vv...<TKaTiv6v,
2
3
Kara rbv
axMP*>*
Mpa
...
rov roirov ApOC.
0.
c f irvp
<p\ev6/*evov
/ecu
K o\d{ov otfrorfs 7,
and passim.
*cf.
er/cdrovs
5 6 7
*ir\ipu&ov epTrercD, *ovr,pw and virb cr/coA^ teoiptrruv 10

:
5\^
<3P
"^
A(
12.
cf. oi
cf.
/coXa^res ayyeXoi
TJV
^ro avrols
ac\OL
?ao
xal
TOTTOS /coXaaew? 7-
cf.
10, 17-
62
tion of

heaven and
all, it
is
earth, the resurrection,

said, will
and the judg

:
pass through a fiery stream the good will be saved, but the bad will perish for whole and then the classes of sinners are enumerated aeons
:
ment
then
Those who did murder, or who were privy

deceitful
faithful
to it
3
,
liars,
thieves,
violent
house-plunderers,
gluttons,
4
un
,
in wedlock,
those
who pour
forth wicked
words 3
the terrible ones, the violent, the lawless, the idolaters
and
who have forsaken the great immortal God*, and become blasphemers and harmers of the pious 6 and breakers 1 of faith and destroyers of just men : deceitful priests and deacons who judge unjustly... worse than leopards and and usurers who collect interest on wolves, the proud, 9 interest* in their houses and injure orphans and widows in
those
,
fraudulent or grudging almsgivers, those who every way forsake their aged parents, or disobey or curse their parents, deniers of a trust committed to them, servants who turn
:
unchaste against their masters, those who defile their flesh maidens, causers of abortion^, and those who expose their
,
10
children
12
,
and
sorcerers,
male and female.
These
all shall
the fiery stream:
be brought to the pillar round which runs and them all shall the undying angels of
the immortal and eternal God, having
bound them
fast
with
unbreakable chains, chastise most terribly with scourges of flame and chains of fire: and then shall cast them into the
1
1.
255 sqq.
10 murderers, and those
cf.
who were
4
their accomplices
Stb.
3 5
7
<TVJ>ei.d6Tas
Apoc.
cf.
cf. Cf.
7, 13.
18.
I 1
20.
12. 15.
ii.
6 8
Cf.
cf.
cf.
cf.
cf.
6.
9,
10 12
17.
3, 5.
11 13
cf.
cf.
Fragments
Cf. the tormenting angels in
6, 8,
17.
THE REVELATION OF
1
PETER.
63
of night
in
Gehenna among
the beasts of Hell*,

is
many
and
terrible,
where the darkness^
infinite
then follows
the fiery wheel and river: they suffer triple torment for each means of the sin, but eventually a hope of salvation, by of the good, is held out (11. 330335). prayers
The
resemblances,
or, as I
hold them to be, the traces
of obligation to our Apocalypse in the Sibylline book, are to think, in the case of the classes fully made out, I venture
of sinners: they are not so striking, though they exist, in But it is clear that in a poem the description of torment.
which
is
seen, details of this
dealing in prediction and not describing things kind would be out of place.
century novel Thomas 3 In

.
Let us pass next to a vision contained in the early 3rd 2nd century) the Acts of it be not of the (if woman whom S. Thomas has raised from a
this,
the dead, narrates what she has seen in the infernal regions. con Here again the borrowings from our Apocalypse are so
siderable, that
I
must
translate
nearly the whole passage.
The woman
says:
certain
man
took me,
who was
hateful
4
:
raiment very foul to look upon, entirely black, and his and he brought me to a place wherein were many chasms, from 5 and much stench and a horrible exhalation proceeded
thence.
And
he made
me
chasm I saw flaming (first) those wheels, and wer there*, and souls hung upon turning other: and there was a great cry in. dashed against each was none to help, there, but there and
the
look into every chasm and in wheels of fire were fire, and
:
howling
said to
man
1
me:
These
souls are of thy race,

2
and
Cf.
10,
12-
cf<6>
3 *
Ada
Thomae, ed. Bonnet,

so
eSre:
11.
cf.
p. 39.
6.
The dark
5v<ru8ia:
raiment of the tormentors
The pao, purapa

(K
&y** ire^rpexo*
**
64
number of days they have been delivered over into torment and breaking, and then others are brought in in their stead,
and they likewise are transferred
to another place: these
are they that have perverted the union of
man and woman
1
.
looked and saw infants heaped upon one another and 2 struggling with one another, and lying on each other
I
.
And
And he answered and

and therefore they
them.
said to
set
me: These
here
as
are their children,
are
a testimony against
I
He
there,
brought
me
to another
chasm, and
looked in and
z saw mire and
the
worm^ bubbling up b and
souls wallowing
and a great gnashing of teeth was heard from them, man said to me: These are the souls of women that have forsaken their husbands and committed adultery with other men, and have been brought into this torment 6 He shewed me another chasm whereinto I looked, and saw souls, some hanging by their tongue 1 some by their hair*, some by their hands, some by their feet, head down wards 9 and being smoked with fire and brimstone; con cerning whom that man that was with me answered me: These souls that are hung by their tongue are slanderers, and uttered false and shameful words and those that hang
and
that
by
their hair,
who went
their
further explained, were bold-faced people about bare-headed in the world: those hung by
it is
hands were cheats and never gave
to the
poor
those
hung by
their feet ran after pleasure, but did not visit the
sick nor bury the dead.
The woman then

1
sees the cave
where souls are imprisoned

cf.
cf.
17.
16.
:
ii.
10, 12.
8, 9,
5
4
cf. dvaira(p\a.{oi>Tos 7
avafiptovTa
6
9,
avatfovros
.
16.
cf. Cf.
9.
>>
cf
7.
9.
cf.
65
before torment, and, after a short colloquy between her guide and the other chastising spirits, is taken back to the world.
I
hope
themselves
to the
my readers will take the trouble to compare for my translation of this vision with the references Apocalypse which I have printed. To my mind, they
are conclusive in favour of an obligation to the Apocalypse
of Peter.
The
next witness to be examined
is
the Apocalypse of
Paul; which I shortness sake.
may be
simply Paul for This book we have in a rather shortened

forced to call
text of the original
Greek, in a
is
fuller Syriac version,

all.
and
in a Latin version
print,
which
it
the fullest of
This
last is in
and
hope
coming number
of
will be published shortly in a forth It is of course Texts and Studies.
advisable to quote the Greek where
we have
the
it;
but
too.
is
it
will
probably be necessary to
abbreviations
refer
to
Latin
The
G
I
and
will serve to
show which
meant.
have elsewhere remarked \ a book of the fourth or early fifth century, and a mosaic made out of more than one earlier book: and it has already been
Paul
is,
as
noticed (by Hilgenfeld
name
and Salmon) that the use of the Temeluchus as the name of an angel is a mark For this that the writer had seen the Apocalypse of Peter. word occurs in Fragments 3 and 5 it is really an ad
;
but it is quite peculiar to means caretaking jective, and well have been misunderstood by a this book, and might But this mistake of Paul does not seem to later writer.
:
attention have been followed up by those who have called that it would have been clear Had this been done, to it. borrowed much more than one word from our Paul had this we shall see when we come to examine Apocalypse; and
11.
Texts
and
Studies
ii.
2.
R.J.
66

At present we are
1
the Fragments.
to look for resemblances
to the text of the Apocalypse.
Paul
19
22
the place of the just Apoc. Pet, 5 of your brethren (?) the just men. trees planted, full of different fruits.
.
the place
Pet. 5.
23
the light (of the city) was beyond the light of the 2 world. Pet. 5 exceeding bright with light
.
,,
27
when he passes out of the

side this world
3
.
world.
Pet. 5
out
17,
,,
Pet. 10. great is thy judgment. 1 8 the souls of the murdered are introduced,
1
cf.
Pet. 10.
,,
,,31
,,
,,
there was no light there, but darkness. Pet. 6. a multitude of men and women cast therein.
Pet. 10
,,31 some up
knees.
,,
to their knees.
murderers... cast in a certain place 4 Pet. 16 up to their

.
32
but trusted in the vanity of their wealth.

15 that trusted in their wealth. the widow and orphan he did not pity. 15 that pitied not orphans and widows.
Pet.
,,
,,35
Pet.
,,37
,,
eating their tongues.
Pet.
14
gnawing
their
39
tongues. being led
away
into a dark place.

5
.
Pet.
12
cast into a dark place
40
standing upon fiery spits. 6 than any spit heated

.
Pet.
15
sharper
rv
2 3
TOTTOV
TWV
K rov
0c3s...i 7rep TO 0c3s rou /cooyxov: cf. VTrtpXa/ATrpov TO?

ê/>x6/ie
0om.
and
12.
os
KOCT/JI.OV
:
cf.
^cros TOV KOffftov rotirov.

v rivi TOTTOJ,
4
5
jSe/SXTj/nôvs iv aura?
cf. ^Se/SX^^j/oDS
;
airayofj-^vas ev TOTTQ ffKorwip
cf. /3e/3X?7/^j oi
iv TOTT^ GKQTI.V($.
tiravu 6/3eXi
cr/ca>i>
irvplvuv:
cf.
dirrepoi...7raj T6s djSeXt cr/cou ireirvpw-

Paul
67
40
these are they that corrupted themselves and killed their children Pet. these were
1
.
they that destroyed children.
and made abortive
their
L
,,
37 and 39
and worms devouring them.

12.
Pet.
10
and
these are they that demanded interest on in terest and trusted in their riches. Pet. 10
and
,,
is
38
into this pit flow
all
the punishments.
Pet.
3
.
,,40 and
,,
beasts
tearing
them.
Pet.
10
being
the well
4
.
smitten by these beasts.
,,41
42
there was straitness, and the
mouth of
strait
was
the
strait.
Pet. 10,
is
u
.
place
worm
that
restless
Pet. 12*.
39
girls in
black raiment,
full
40
men and women
clothed in rags
15
and
of pitch and sulphur. Pet. men and women clothed in foul rags, 6 raiment like the atmosphere of the
place.
Some
Bunsen
s
polytus might
time back I called attention to a conjecture of that in the fragment Concerning the Universe Hiphave made use of our Apocalypse. In his
little
Professor Missing Fragment of the Fourth Book of Ezra,
avrai
daw
ai (pOelpaffai eaimxs
is
/rat
TO.
The
"
text of Peter here
partly conjectural.
suis.
Hii sunt qui usuras usurarum exigentes et confidentes in diuiciis Cf. oCrot.. 01.. airaiTOvvrfS TOKOVS TOKWV (16) and r$ irXoury
TreTrotflores
avruv
3
(15).
cf.
("
<?
In istam foueam iniluunt omnes pene:

angustia, et
erat
ix^P
v /coXa
4
5
angustum
:
cf. tv roirtp Tt$\ipfi6>V.
uermem inquietum
cf. tr/coA^/cup a,Koi.fj.-f]Twv.
52
68
Bensly has shown that one of Hippolytus sources is But I think it is fairly clear that the Apocalypse 4 Esdras. of Peter was another.
Hades
is
a place in the creation which
is
unfurnished
2
,
a locality underground wherein the light of the world does not shine/ so far there is nothing Petrine. Now since no 3 light shines in this place, darkness must constantly prevail
there.
This place
it
is
appointed as a prison for
souls,
and
appointed angel-warders, temporary chastisements of the places in accordance with 4 the deeds of each soul
.
over
are
who
administer the
There
is
one way down
to the place,
and
at the gate,
stands an archangel with his host... the just are escorted in light to the right... and led to a shining place wherein dwell the righteous that
as to believe, there
we have learned
And there they enjoy the ex But the wicked are dragged to of complete joy. pectation the left by chastising angels, not going any longer willingly, but being haled by force as captives, and the angels deride
were from the beginning.
and reproach them and

where they dwell
thrust
in sight of Paradise
them downwards to a place and of Gehenna, but
Peter s with a great gulf between them and the righteous. over against Paradise it will be remembered, was Inferno,
(
6),
and was
all
is
full
of chastising angels angels and

.
6, 8).
At the
last
judgment
Just
fire,
men and
5
demons
is
will join in saying
thy judgment
Emphasis
laid
on the
worm
of
not dying nor destroying the body, but continually pro-
S. Hippolyti Opera, ed. Lagarde, p. 68.

TOTTOS aKaTaffKetiaffTos
(fxujrbs
fJ.T]
2 3 4
from Enoch
:
xxi. i, 2
5.
(Gizeh fragment).
TiJav
KaTaXd/AirovTos
Trpos
cf. Pet.
&yye\oi
<j>povpoi,
rds eKaffruv 7rpoeis diavt/j-ovres rds
/coXcurets: cf. Pet. 6, 8.

5
/mlav
<t><t)vty
d.Tro(f>dyt;ovTat....&iKaia.
<rov
TJ
Kpicris
cf.
Pet. 5, ro.
69
ceeding from the body with ceaseless pain. And in general it may be said that though Peter is not the only source employed, he is most likely one source.
later date than Paul,
There are yet two other Apocalypses of a considerably which bear almost as clear traces of
these are the
1
the influence of the Apocalypse of Peter: Apocalypse of Esdras and that of the
The former contains an Inferno scattered in various parts of the book, if so confused a patch- work as this document is can be dig nified with the name of a book. The torments and sins
Virgin.
show one remarkable coincidence with the 2 The latter 3 is one long dreary Inferno of the Apocalypse weakest kind, but shows a large number of coincidences. It may be worth while to cite some passages when we come
described
.
to discuss the
Fragments
but
I will
ask
my
readers to trust
for the present
documents
adduce
is
assertion of the obligations of these two to our Apocalypse the evidence which I could
:
my
not different in kind from that of which
have
already given a good deal. One additional proof of the influence of the description of Paradise may here be given. It comes from a book
4 variously called the Narrative or Apocalypse of Zosimas a hermit who went to visit the Blessed Ones, the descendants
,
of the Rechabites, in their earthly Paradise. He was carried over the river which separates the heavenly land from ours
by two
trees
trees
which bent down and wafted him over
these
fruit
5
.
were
fair
and most comely,
full
of sweet-smelling
Tischendorf, Apocall. Apocr. 2433. See below, on the Fragments.
Not
yet printed, so far as
know:
it
is
very
common
like
in
MSS., and
have transcribed it for publication. 4 To be published in Texts and Studies with other
r>
documents.
ytfjiovra.
Kapirbv evwtiias.
7O

he arrived in the land he found
fragrance
;
When
of
it
to be a place
full
and there was no mountain on one side or the other, but that place was a plain full of flowers, all 1 begarlanded, and all the land was fair The first man whom he met wore no garments, and when Zosimas asked the reason of this, he bade him look and I looked and up into the sky and behold his raiment saw his face as the face of an angel and his garment as the lightning which shineth from east to west, and I feared that he was the Son of God 2 Compare this with the description It should be of Paradise and its inhabitants in Pet. 3, 5.
. : .
much
recorded here that the author of Zosimas elsewhere borrows

a sentence from the Protevangelium ; which shows his pro
clivities.
the dwellingConflict of Matthew place of the lost 9! tribes is described (in a passage which 4 and it is said practically recurs in Commodian s poems )
In the Ethiopic
that
when
gardens. neither cold nor hoar-frost, but on the contrary a breath of

life
5
.
we smell through it the smell of In our land there is neither summer nor winter,
the wind blows,
We
1
must now turn

i
to the discussion of the Fragments.
Fragments
171
and
2 are
those furnished by Macarius Magnes,

evudias TTO\\TJS, Kal OVK
dvdo(J>6pos,
6 TOTTOS Selves
riv
7rX?7/)T7S
rjv
6 poj
ZvOa Kal
Kal
frda,
iracra
2
d\\
i)
6 TO TTOS ^/cetvos TreSti/os
o\os
ecrTetpa.vwfj.tvos,
777 euTrpeTTTjj.
Oea<rai
TO Zv8v/j.d
/J.QV
TTOLOV
ianv.
Kal Beacra/ULevos
ry ovpavf
elSov
TO irpoffuirov avTov
wcret Trpoffuirov
TJ
<f
ayy\ov
(Act. vi. 15) Kal Tb Zvovna.

iropevo^vT).
p. 44.
avTOv
3 4
5
cos
affTpair rjv,
dvaTo\<j}v
et s dvcr/j.as
Malan, Conflicts of the Holy Apostles,

Instr.
ii.
i,
it
Carmen de ludicio Domini used our book; and Commodian may have done so as well; but in his case the number of sources used is considerable.
I believe
Carm. Apol. 940 sqq. to be the case that the author of the
THE REVELATION OF
or
rather,
PETER.
71
to
confute.
"
by the heathen writer whom he undertakes I will translate and comment on them in order.
Let us by way of superfluity cite also that saying in the Apocalypse of Peter. It introduces the heaven as being about to undergo judgment along with the earth, in these
terms.
The
earth,
it
says,
shall present all
men
."
before
God
day of judgment, being itself also to be judged with the heaven also which encompasses it And along he goes on to inquire why the heaven is to be destroyed
seeing that
it
at the
is
the Creator
noblest work.
Then,
in the
following chapter, we find: "This, moreover, it says, which is a saying full of impiety: And every power of heaven
be melted, and the heaven shall be rolled up like a scroll, and all the stars shall fall like leaves from a vine, With this we should and as leaves fall from a fig tree
shall
."
compare
that the
Isa. xxxiv. 4,
where the words are
identical, save
powers of heaven are in the plural; and in view of this fact, the passage has been looked upon by some as merely a quotation from Isaiah, and not (e.g. Hilgenfeld)
from the Apocalypse.

answers
Yet the way

the
in
which the heathen

in
which Macarius way objector brings it forward, the fact that we find it partially quoted in our it, Lord s eschatological discourse (Luke xxi. 26) and in the Apocalypse of John (vi. 13, 14), are considerations which,
lead
it
when combined, when he includes

In this
earth,
me
to think
that
Zahn does
of
right
among the fragments. prophecy of the destruction

Dr
in
heaven and
we
is
have, as
which
prominent
trait pointed out, a another Petrine work, the Second
Salmon has
And, further, we world by fire. of our Apocalypse to which have a gap at the beginning of this sort would be the best possible supplea
the destruction
Epistle, which, alone
among New Testament
books, predicts
of the
prophecy
72
ment.
It

must have found a place in the prophetic speech we have the scanty remains in i.
of our Lord, of which
Moreover, a book which, we have seen reason to believe, has used our Apocalypse, devotes some space to a descrip
tion of the destruction of the world
by
fire,
namely, the
Second Book of the
who The
Methodius, 2 quotes the Apocalypse, lays stress on this point too third century poet Commodian has a line which seems
.
Sibylline Oracles
Again,
S.
an echo of the prophecy that the heaven is to be judged: 3 the stars of heaven fall, the stars are judged with us and
,
certainly
Commodian used
Fragments 3 and may be translated

3.
"The
several apocryphal sources. 6 all bear on one and the same subject,
together.
scripture says that the infants that have

cast
been
out in the street at their birth) are de livered to a caretaking angel, by whom they are educated,
exposed
(i.e.
and so grow up; and they will an hundred years old are here."
hitherto
be,
it
says, as the faithful of
Then, in what I take to be a separate extract, though 4 it has been printed continuously with the last there
,
:
follows
4.
"Wherefore
fire
also Peter in the Apocalypse says:
And
a flash of
darting from those children, and smiting the
eyes of the
women
V
in slightly different
Here we have,
1
language, an extract
11.
2 3
De
190 213. Resurr. ap. Epiph. Haer.
Ixiv. 31.
Carm. Apol. 1004. My reasons for making the

itself
does not
divide the extracts.

editors.
(3)
division are these: (i) the unique MS. (2) 39, 40 are plainly divided
if
wrongly by the
the fragment
is
with the preceding sentence.

intelligible
:
The particle Aid has no sense, As an extract detached from

48 begins with
aurt/ca.
connected
the context,
THE REVELATION OF
from our text
as such
5 a.
(
PETER.
is
73
identifiable
1).
It is
the only one which
among
"For
the fragments. instance, Peter in the Apocalypse says that

are born untimely shall be of the better
the children
part
that
:
who
that these are delivered over to a caretaking angel they may attain a share of knowledge and gain the
and
better abode, after suffering what they would have suffered if they had been in the body but the others shall merely
:
beings to whom mercy is shewn: and remain without punishment, receiving this as
obtain
salvation
as
injured
reward."
5 b.
"Whence also
we have received
in divinely inspired
Scriptures that untimely births are delivered to caretaking For, had angels, even if they be the offspring of adultery.
they
come into existence contrary to the will and ordinance of that blessed nature of God, how could they have been
delivered to angels to be brought up in great quietness and refreshment? and how could they with boldness have
summoned
their
own
light
parents
to
the
Christ, to accuse
them? saying:
which
is
Thou,
Judgment-seat of Lord, didst not

to all: but
."
grudge us that
"
common
these
exposed us to death, despising But the milk of the women, flowing from 6.
breasts
Thy commandment
in the
their
shall
and congealing, says Peter
Apocalypse,
that
engender small beasts (perhaps serpents) and these run up upon them and devour them flesh us that the punishment comes on account of the
: :
consume
teaching
sin
(i.e.
is
suited to the nature of the

are
sin).
He
says that
as for
they (the punishments)
born of the
sins, just
and because of their unbelief its sins the people was sold, bitten by towards Christ, as the Apostle says, they were
serpents (i Cor. x. In Fragments 3 and
9)."
we have some puzzling problems.
74
Let
are

us, if possible, set
out quite clearly the assertions which
made.
1.
Exposed
infants are given to
an angel, and educated,
and
attain a condition like that of
an aged Christian.
(Fr.
3-)
2.
Untimely
class
births
are
life.
given
to
an angel, and go
(Fr. 5 a.}
through the experience of
Another
3.
is
merely not punished.
A certain
class of children (probably
untimely births)
is
given to angels, even if born of adultery ; and is educated in a place of peace they accuse their parents of exposing
:
them
ture
to death.
for these facts the
And
,
Apocalypse of Peter, the
and
divinely-inspired writings
Scrip are given as autho
rities.
Our text of the Apocalypse ment of the causes of untimely
tells
us about the punish births, but it says nothing

all
of infants exposed to death after birth. First, can we find reason for supposing that
the frag
have quoted here came from the Apocalypse? Zahn denies that they do he attributes Fr. 3 and Fr. 5 b
ments which
some unknown book principally on the ground that, xli. of Clement as one paragraph, we have reading the same book quoted twice, once without a name, once under its proper name which is impossible therefore two
to
: :
:
books are quoted. But I have already shewn
sufficient reason for dividing the paragraph into two, as I think ; and with this division, the difficulty to a large extent disappears. Clement, in
two adjacent passages of a continuous text

1
(in
which he
He
also reads TrapaSLSorai for Trapadidocrdai in 5 a, so as to confine

first
the Petrine quotation to the

is
sentence of the paragraph: but this
really quite arbitrary.
THE REVELATION OF
PETER.
75
was very probably commenting on the Book of Wisdom) has twice quoted our Apocalypse, introducing his quota tions in slightly different terms. I think there is no other
reason for denying the Petrine origin of the passage.
Let
me
give
my own
theory of the reconstruction of the

to the lost part of the Inferno,
Fragments.
They belong
and
to the explanations of things seen
which must there have
been given
(as in
to Peter either
Peter has seen the
women
by our Lord or by an angel. and the children born untimely
n):
later
their children, instead of suckling
on he sees women who have exposed them the milk of these

:
unnatural mothers, which ought to have been given to their children, has engendered small serpents, which devour
their flesh (Fr. 6).
After the vision

certain parts of
it.
is
over, Peter asks for explanation of

is
He
told, in particular, of the destinies
of the two classes of children, untimely births, and exposed The untimely births are given over to a carechildren.
and mature condition taking angel, and attain experience, of They accuse their parents at the bar (Fr. 3, 5 a b).
in the
The exposed children only gain salvation Christ (Fr. 5^). of immunity from punishment (Fr. 50), pre shape and have sumably because they have been actually born,
consequently entered the ranks of
human
life.
the fragments, and see what can be drawn from them in justification of this reconstruction. over to Fr. 3 speaks of the exposed infants being given in fact, treated in the way elsewhere pre the angel, and, I am forced to regard dicated of the untimely births.
Now
to
comment on
latter word can be a wrong reading for abortive, which But the theory that a slight change. obtained by
i
word exposed
as an inaccuracy of Clement
s,
or
else as
tKTtQivTQ.
what
is
wanted
is
76
inaccuracy

in
is preferable; because the whole quotation is the most general terms possible we have the
:
made
same passage accurately (or more accurately) reproduced by Clement himself in Fr. 50 and by Methodius in $b. Very likely Clement is here commenting on a passage of Ecclesiastes (vi. 3, 4) where a long life and an untimely
The words of Isaiah the compared together 2 child shall die an hundred years old may be also in his mind. i of our Notice that the word faithful occurs in text. The clause in which this word occurs corresponds to in the clause in 50, which is a paraphrase by Clement,
birth are
1
.
order that they

4.
may
attain a share of knowledge, etc.
and our
If the
between this fragment might lead one to suspect that the latter is a shortened one, or that Clement is quoting from memory.
difference of language
text
The
Paul
word flash be original it can be paralleled from 3 Clement goes on to quote a text from 35
.
Wisdom
among
50,
5
(iii.
7,
8)
comparing the righteous

**
to
spark
the stubble.
b. is made into earetaking the later Apocalypse of
6
.
The unique word for a proper name in Paul and in

John
effect,
,
word
"
and is applied to a chastising angel But, in Paul has done much more than borrow a single in G 40 we have the following passage, which at
defile
once takes us back to the source of Fr. 5 b. And the angel said to me These are they that
themselves, and that
1
killed
their children.
The
children
av
yevi>r](rri
a.vT)p e/caroi
/ecu
&nj TroXXa âeraL...aiyaidbv virep avrbv
rb
KT/)w/m.
2
Isa. Ixv. 7.
5 6
Tischendorf, ApocalL Apocr. 70

16, 34-
94
see p. 94.
THE REVELATION OF
therefore
PETER.
77
And crying Avenge they were given to an angel, that they should be taken to a In L 40, place of ease, but their parents to eternal
:
came
us of our parents.
fire."
the text
is fuller
And he
(the Syriac omits the whole section). These are women that defiled answered me
:
the image of God, (untimely) bringing forth infants from the But womb, and these are the men that caused the sin.
their children appeal unto the
Lord God and the angels

:
which are over the punishments, saying

:
Avenge us
of our
parents of God, but not keeping his commandments they gave us to be devoured of dogs and trampled upon by swine,
for they
have defiled the image of God, having the

:
name
and others they
cast
into the river.
But those children
were given to the angels of Tartarus which were over the them to a place of ease punishments, that they should take and mercy. But their fathers and mothers were taken to
eternal punishment
1
."
Paul does not make
it
he quite clear whether
is
:
speaking
of infants bora untimely or exposed after birth his words would apply to both classes. But this is of little moment,
for
we
1
are not dealing with a quotation, but with a plagiarism,
Et respondit mihi
Haec
sunt mulieres commaculantes (00
pa<roi)
et ii sunt uiri dei proferentes (e/crpoWcu) ex utero infantes, Infantes autem earum interpellant dominum concubentes cum eis. ora (sif. deum et angelos qui super penas erant, dicentes Nefanda
plasmam
read
Vindica nos
dei,
plasma
enim commaculauerunt nomen dei abentes, sed praecepta eius non obseruantes
a) genitoribus nostris
:
ipsi
dederunt nos
in
escam canibus
Infantes
et
in
conculcationem porcis:
illi
proiecerunt in flumine. Latin invariably changes Temelu qui erant super penas (the
autem
traditi sunt angelis tartari
locum spaciosum misericordia Tartaruchus), ut ducerent in
autem
et
gulabantur
reading for dm7 X
matres eorum strangulabantur in perpetuam poenam. whu seems to be a rendering of dirtfrxfr^w, the word indicated in the Greek.
0i?<rai>,
78

certain
and a
pected.
amount
of intentional variation
is
to
be ex
authority, cited earlier as having made use of our book, mentions both classes ; this is the Sibyl
1
.
An
The two
and
to
in
offences are specially forbidden in the Didache,

Epistle.
sible to collect a
it would be pos somewhat unsavoury evidence show the common occurrence of them in the ancient
Barnabas
And no doubt
good
deal of
world.
The writer
of the Letter to Diognetus
makes
especial
guilt.
:
mention of the freedom of Christians from this form of They marry and beget children, like all the world
but
And the they do not cast out the children when born. Apostolical Constitutions (vii. 3), in amplifying the prohibition
of these sins in the Didache, add words which recall those Paul and of Clement (Fr. 5 a) For everything that is fashioned in the likeness of man, and has received a soul
of
from God,
I
if it
.
be murdered
shall
be avenged, having been
2 unjustly slain
note that, in the tract which Hilgenfeld calls the Judgment of Peter and others the Ecclesiastical Canons/ the prohibition of these sins is put into the mouth of Peter,
may
Sib. Or.
ii.
280.
6Wat
ocroi
tvi
yavrtpi
06/>rovs
CKTpuffKovaiv,
ro/ceroi)j
plTrrovaw aôytws.
is
And
in the Pseudo-Phocylides, part

sins
of which
interpolated in the
same book, we have the same two

the Latin Paul, viz.
/x7/5^
1.
mentioned, in a way which recalls
184.
(3pe<pos
yvvr) (pdeipoi
fyftpvov ZvSodi yaarpos,
Cf.
2
in
escam canibus,
etc.
of Paul.
It
(povevdtv ^KdiKf]6r)ffTaL, dSt/cws avaipedtv.
should be remarked,
the use of so strange a word as rêXoOxos suits well with the habit of our author. Other uncommon words used by him are vaplastly, that

which,
79
whether the author intended a reference to the Apocalypse or not, is a very appropriate attribution. Fr. 6. This belongs to a of torment seen
description
in a part of the Inferno
which either followed our has dropped out of it. It almost certainly refers to the punishment of those mothers who exposed their children.
text, or
by Peter
Compare
Esdras
beasts
1
the following fragment from the Apocalypse of 29) "And I saw a woman hanging, and four (or serpents) sucking her breasts. And the angels
(p.
said to
me
This
woman grudged
"
to give her milk,
and
also cast her children into rivers.
This quotation throws a good deal of light on our frag We see at once that the meaning of it is that the milk of those women who exposed their children became
ment.
the
children,
means of and
their
it
punishment. They refused it to their engendered the serpents which devoured
them.
And
the principle here inculcated, that the nature of
the sin determines the nature of the punishment, is one which runs through a large part of our Apocalypse, and through
almost
all
the later visions.

in
It is
an important one, specially

I believe that
it
prominent nated with the Apocalypse of Peter.

Fr.
7.
Dante
Inferno, and
origi
I
it
givings, for
cence of
this to the list, without any mis appears to me to contain a distinct reminis and 9 of our Apocalypse 2
.
have added
Hilgenfeld includes among the fragments a quotation twice made by Hippolytus from the prophet, and found
also in
it
Commodian s Carmen
The Apocalypse
Apologeticum
(88690).
If
is
1
from the really from our Apocalypse, which, judging

Oripia.
of the Virgin contains two or three very
similar descriptions.
2
Cf. especially
p\aff<j>rifuui>,
and ras
5ta K 6ff/Ji.ov
rpixw
iropvdav
8O

it
terms in which
doubt,
in
it
is
introduced,
am
rather inclined to
must have formed part of the introductory section which the end of the world was predicted. It runs thus
:
another prophet also says: He (Antichrist) shall gather all his forces from the East even unto the West: those whom he hath summoned and those whom he hath
"And
not
summoned
sails
shall
with the
of his
2 go with him: he shall whiten the sea 3 ships and blacken the plain with the
shields of his
him
and
in
weapons: and every one that shall encounter battle shall fall by the sword (Of Antichrist, c. 15
all
54).
During
Peter
that
this discussion, I
is
have taken
it
for granted
that the fragment before us

;
yet the seer

is
name
to
is
part of the Apocalypse of nowhere given. Is it certain
it
not meant for the work of someone else?
The
reasons which lead
me
suppose that
:
it
does belong to the
Apocalypse of Peter are as follows It is attributed to one of (1)
us the twelve disciples
(an expression which, by the way, occurs in the Gospel also, and is inaccurate in both places) 2.
(2)
4-
The author
is
the
spokesman of the twelve
disciples
tical
A passage occurs in it which is substantially iden with a quotation from the Apocalypse of Peter. We know of no other Apocalypse attributed to an (4)
(3)
:
it would be possible to identify with this fragment, save, perhaps, the Revelation of Thomas and it is really very doubtful whether that book ever existed.
Apostle which
It is
1
probable that the lost end of the book contained

2
/ce/c\77/coi.
"\evKavei.
ofls
KK\r)KOi Kal oOs ou
3
yiceXccj/e?.
for the Petrine to guess that
The vocabulary is curious, and, so far, is an argument The use of KK\^Kot is so odd that one is tempted origin.
a rendering of a Latin
uocauerit.
it is
THE REVELATION OF
the substance of Fr.
6,
PETER.
81
some explanations
of the vision given
by our Lord to Peter, and less certainly, some account of what happens to souls immediately after death. I have thus brought to an end a long and perhaps
desultory investigation of this very interesting fragment. Many questions of high importance I have designedly left
many more I have, no doubt, failed through ignorance to ask. But I have tried to put into the hands of students the main results of a somewhat laborious examina
on one
side
:
And I hope that, tion of Christian Apocalyptic literature. however unattractive may be the subjects treated by PseudoPeter and by myself, and whatever the defects of their
treatment,
I
have made
it
clear to students both of theology
and of
literature that they
have in
this
book
document of
the highest importance. How many of our popular notions of heaven and hell are ultimately derived from the Apoca to have to determine. But lypse of Peter, I should be sorry them I think it is more than possible that a good many of in church of a land where and that when we sing
are;
everlasting spring abides,
And
never-withering flowers,
be traced are very likely using language which could to an Apocalypse of the second back with few gaps, if any,
we
century.
1
The
relation of the classes of sinners

;
named
in the
Apocalypse
to those found in the Didache
the Pistis Sophia, and the Apocalypse of Zephaniah whether we have reason are among these, as also the questions whei is a shortened one, and the that our text of
the connexion of the Ritual of the. with our b
D
1
Apocalypse suppose the the author of the Apocalypse did not write
Gospel as well.
R.
J.
82
I

append a short note on resemblances between the Didache and our
Didache.
Apocalypse.
Apoc. 10
i.
ov
ov
(f>ovevo~fis
/jt,oix evcrei s
. .
9
.
ov ira.idofidop /io eis

ov
<povevo~eis
17
tv
(frdopq,,
TKVOV
ovot yevvr)6ev
airo-
Kreveis...
ii
ov
\f/evdofji.a.pTVpr)0~eis...
<7?7
OVK
3-
TrXeoveKTTjs
?
14 16
1 9 10
P7^
<f)OV03
9 18
(f>i\dpyvpos
/3\a0-0T7/â
5.
001/01
Tropvetai...
7,
13
IO
9 18
14
\{/ev5ofj.apTvplai...
eXeouvres TTTUXOV
T^KVUV,
(pdopels
TrXafffJ-aros
deov
(cf.
Paul,
1 1
Lat. 40)
TOJ*
tvfeopevov,
KaTcurovovvTes
rbv
15
TrXofcr^wj TrapdK\rp-oi
The jPz^ j Sophia has a

cabulary (especially in pp.
certain
number of coincidences
of the
in
vo
Latin translation): the words aidv, dpxovres (possibly in Apoc. 5 we should read apxpvTuv In for apxtpw)i TOTTOS, fj.optpr}, Koayuoj, /c6Xcto"ts, are all prominent. the 243 a series of sins and their punishments is described pp. 237 sins are, abusive language, slander, murder, theft, pride, blasphemy, The punishments do not correspond with those in our
117243
impurity.
book.
However, the general situation is the same; revelations are I Resurrection. imparted by the Lord to the disciples after the have little doubt that the Apocalypse is, like the Pistis Sophia, of with the Ritual of Egyptian origin, and that both have connexions
the Dead.
EYAfrEAION KATA T7ETPON.

1
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xxviii 24
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I
7ri7rp7rovo~a auTa)i/ TCU TC

O~T^>aVOS
7rpoo"a)7ra)
WlXOtS,
(jOO"7TpCt
6K VttpOOO TttX l OS TTCTrAey-
/u-evos
r)v
Kai TrotKtAwv av^wi^,

r)
17
coo~7Tp Ipts ev aept, roiavrf]
avrwv
euTrpcTreta.
Actiiin
iSdvTe? ovv auTaiv TO KaAAos

fTreior}
d<f>vu>
Kâ/x^Sot yeydva/xev 10
Trpds avTOi)9,
fcfravrjcrav,
j
Kai 7rpoo~eA$wv TO)

/xot
Apoc
vii 13
Kvpto)
cTTrov
Ttves etcriv OUTOI

(Si/
Aeyet
O^TOt eurtv
ot
aSeAcôi v/xtov ot StKatot

Kayo)
cf.
rJêAô"aTe
Tas /xopâs
r)
tSetv.
avTa)
(f>tjv
<S
Kai
etcri
TTOV ctcrt 7rai/T65 ot SiKatot,
TTOIOS
15
Me
x 30
eo-Tiv d atwi/ ev
TavTî/ eôvTes TT/V 8dai/

/u,ot
Kai
TOl)
d Kuptos eSetê
/xeyto-TOv
^)(OTl,
||
\wpov CKTOS
Kttt
TOVTOU
TOV
i
KOfTLLOV V7rpAaU,7TpOV TOJ
TOV ttptt
6Kt
aKTto~tv
TyAiou KardXa/JLTTo/JLtvov,
Kat Tr^v yiyv

TrAr/pry
Pet
3,
v 4
avTTfjv
dvOoixrav d/jLapavrots dvOecri, Kai apwyu,aT(ov
Kat
<f>in"(3v
evavucov Kat a^vapTtov Kat Kfipirov f.vA.oyr)[Jivov 20
TOO-OUTOV 8e ^v TO a^ôs ok Kai

Ot 8e
cf.
e<^>
?;/xas
eKei-
OtK7^TOpS TOV TO7TOV

,
KtVoV
^v
,
v8eSv?yv
Mt
xxii
30;
25
Mcxii
/xevot
v
.
Ô"av
v8v/xa ayye Aoov ^(oTtvalv,

^
TTI
Kai o/x.otov
oe
TO
evouua avTcov
avTovs eKetcre
w,ta
vtopa avToov
Se
T^V
>/
ayycAot
TOJV
TrepteTpevov
to"^
Sdâ
CKCI otKryTOpov,
Kai 25
(bdivn
TOV Kvptov ucov

TOTTO).
avv^>??/xovv,
f^>patvo^tcvot
CV
KtVO)
TW
AeyCl
v/xojv
TOTTOS T(3v
apxptov
O T^/XtV O KvptOS OuTOS COTIV Twv StKaiwv

ews
i/
2 XevKorepov
7 uffTrep els
4
7,
rcJj
Xeu/fc5v
J
/caj>
dvdepa
8
apSwrraxi OS
TreTrXevfj.evos
roi.a. UT qv
13
^//A
22 S^
ot /c.] dioucfjTopes
]
evdedvpfros
,
26 roC Kvpiov deov
28 dpx^pwi
fors. apxie/^wj
uel ade\(f)uv ut supra
REVELATIO PETRI.
6
ElOOI/ OC
/cat
Kttl
91
TpOV TOTOV
KaTttVTlKpVS CKeiVOV O.VV/cat
prjpov TTavv,
e/cet
rjv
TOTTOS KoAao-ews-
ot
KoAa^dêvot
Kat ot
KoAaovTcs ayycAot
o~KOTtvoV etvov avVuji/ TO
Kara TOV acpa TOV TO TTOV.

7
Kat
Se
Ttves rjcrav CKtt CK T^? -yXwcro-T;? /cpe/xa/xevotot

Âao"<^>y/xowT6?
7]<rav
TT)V
oSov
/cat
TT^S
St/catoo"uv^s
Mt
x.\i
32
/cat
vTrtKeLTO avrot? Trvp (Âeyo /xcvov
KoXa ôi/ auTou?.

||
Kat
Xt/xvT^ Tt?
a>
-î/
fJifydX-r] 7re7rX7ypa)/xeV7y
fiopfiopov Apoc
T?;I/
xix 20
^Xcyo/xeVov, cv 10 St/catoo"vy>yi Kat

,
ô-av avOpwTroi, Tivt? a7roo-Tpec/)orTs
eTre/cetyro
avrots ctyyeA.ot
^8acravto"Tat.
9
rrjfJievai
ôi/T09"
Ho*av 8e Kat aXAat

txvcorepio
ywatK9 TWV
TrXoKa/xoJi/ er]p-
cf. i
Pet
iii
TOV (3op/36pov CKCIVOV TOV aâ7rac/)Aa-
avT[at] 8e -ô~av at Trpos /xoi^ctav Koap. qOeicrar ot 8e o~v/XjU.t[^êvTes] avTcov TO) /Mtaa/xaTt Ti75 /xot^cta? CK TOJV
15 TToSoov [lycrav]
/3op(3op\u>,
K[pe/xa/xevot,
Kat] Tas
KeâXa? cTôv
Tevo^cv
ei
TW
Kat TravTe?] eAeyov
OVK
CTTto
t5
TOVTOV TOV T07TOV.
10
Kat TOV? Covets

ei/
e/ÂcTTOi/
Kat
TOV?
aj
l
c
avTOts /?ySA7iaeVovs
V
Ttvt TOTTOJ TeÂtu/x,i

v
Kat
Trc-rrXr)v
cf.
Mt
vii
14
5
Sap Sal xvi
TTOVTjpUV,
KO.I
7T\r)CT(TO[J.VOV<;
V7TO
TCuV
Kttt
OVTOJ CTTp6C/)O/XeVoVS tKCl

c
V TV] KO\O.(Tfl
avTot?
crKOjA^Kcs
alo-7rep
veê Aat
Kat
MC
cf.
ix 44
CTKOTOV?.
at
Se
i^vvat TWV
7rec/)ovev/jiei/cov
TOJJ/
c/>oveojv
o~Tojo-at
eciopd)0-at TT^V Ko Aao-tv eKCtVcoi/

c r
eAyov O
^co ?,
Apoc
xyi
(*=>
xvilt
25 oiKata o~ov
1 1
77
Kptcrts.
nAô-tW
8e TOV TOTTOV cKCtvov eTSov ercpov TOTTOV

at
tx<*Jp
Jl
eW,
I
ev [w] o
^ SvcrwSia TWV
2
KoAao/xeV<oi/
eratpov TOTTWI/
3,
I,
3 (T/coXafoi/Tej 13 ot]
15
7ro
4 r6 fr8u/*a] ivdedvf^va
cri
^
.
H
. .
MMt[tai Tts]
16
/uotxaj]
11
K ......... ras
18,
otK Mffrevov tvc\.
ig
ffvvetfforas atrofo
ovrw
27
om V
-
92
REVELATIO PETRI.
e/cet
Kareppee Kat wcnrep XI/JLVT) eytvero roV t^copa /^^XP L

vi<rai
/cctKCt
T(^
vs
avrwr TroXXoi
\at.ov
TratScs O[ITIV]S uoopot ITLKTOVTO Kat TrpOT/pôvro e av[rtov (^Xo yjes

r<2v
Kai ras yvâtKas eTrXvyo crov Kara

Sap Sal
xii 5
o<$aA//,a5i/*
aurai
eracrcu.
1
Se
rj&av
a[i
rot
/3pe(f>Y]
(f>0etpo]vcrai,
Kat
KTpo>-
Kttt
erepot
[avSpes]
avrcoi/,
Kat
ywatK
<j>\ey6fjivoi
^crav yae^pt TOV

(TKOTtVU)
Kttt
>yp.tcrows
Kat /ê/SArêvoc
ei/
TOTTO)
Kttt
jUa<rTlo/ZVOl
V7TO
7rVD//.aTa)V TTOVrjpWV,
IO
ecrîd/Aevot
ra CTTrXay^va
VTTO crKO)A.r7K(ov aKOt/xryrcov
ovrot
oe rjcrav ot 8to)avTes TOIJ? StKatof? Kai TrapaSoi/res avrovs.
13
Kat
7r\r)(Tiov
eKtVa>i
TraXtv yviâiKCS Kat avSpes
/xacrtoynevoi avrajv
/x-evov crtSr/pov
ra
^f.i\ri
Kat KoXaô/xeiôt, Kai TreTrvpw-
Kara
TOJV o(fiOa.\/ji(Zv
ija a.vTf<s
Aa/x/3avovTS
ourot Se 15
Act xix 9
jytrav
ot
/3\acr(f>r}fj(.
Kat
KaKcos CITTOVTCS rryv o Sov
Apoc
xvi 10
14 Kat KaravTtKpu TOUTO)!/ aXXot TraAtv avSpes Kat Kat TTiip /xao"co/x,vot, ywauces ras yXoxrcras juevov eôvres ev TW (rrd/xarf ovrot Se rjcrav ot iêuSojaap- 20
at>T<ov
<^>A.yd-
rvpes.
15
^t<j[>a)V
Kat
ev erepa) rtvt TOTTU) âXtKes ô~ai/
o^vrepot
Kat Travros o /5eXtcrKov TreTrupco/xevot,
Kat yvj/atKes
CTT
Jac
ii
Kat aVSpes pa K^ pvirapd ei/SeSv/xeVoi cKvA-tovro
avrcoi/
OUTOI 8e ^crav ot TrXovrowi/TCS Kat rep TrXoura) 25 7r7rot$OTS Kat p.?} cXe^cravTcs opcfravovs Kat a XX a/xeXrfo-ai/Te? r^s 61/70X775 rou êou.
1
Ev
Se trepa
\i/j.vrj
/LteyaX^ TT7rXrjptafji.vr}
to~T7JKCto"ai/
Kat atyLtaros Kai fiopfidpov avaêovros

3 TralSes o ..... era
.
ai/Spes
wpot
v<7at
apa ............. 28 17 TrapaS/vres

rjaav
4 au ....... ey irvpos 8 Zrepoi ...... /cai

fors.
Triffffrjs /cat
Trt crcrT/j] TTO LOV
#e/oi;
29 popjSopu) dvaftovres
REVELATIO PETRI.
Kal ywawces /xe xpt yovdrw ovrot 8e âav ot Kai aTrarroiWes TOKOUS TOKODV.
Sai/i
93
ovTS
17
/xeyaAou
[Kai] aAAot aVSpes Kai yuvatKes aVo

Karao-Tpec/jo /zei/ot
T;TTO
rjp-ôvTO
KOITW,
Kat
||
eXavvovro
15
rwi
e-TrtKei/xeVwi/
ai/a/^^vai ai/w
CTTI
TOU
cf.
KpTfJfAVOV,
KOI
KaT(TTpe^)OVTO fKfWfV KO.TU,
KCU TyCTV^t aV
>;o-av
Apoc.
j
xi
OV K
eTôv
CXTTO
ravT^? r^5 KoXacrcoJS
ourot 8e
ot
R om
26
/xtavavres ra o-w/xara eaurcov ws yvi/aiK9 o.va(rrp^6^voi al 8e /XCT aurwi/ yui/atKes, aurai ^crav at
10 aAAr/ Aais oJs
1
o-vyKOLfj.r)Oel(raL
av
av>}p
Trpos ywatKct.
Kai
Trapa
rw
/cp^juW)
e/cetVa)
ai-
TOTTOS
î/
Trvpo?
TrXeto-rou
ye/xoov,
KaKei lo-TTyKeto-av
e-Trot^crav
Spes otrtves rats iStat?
Xpo-t ôava eavrois
avri êov.
19
15 paySSovs
Kat
Trap
e/ccivois
avSpe?
crepot
Kat
at
IXOVTCS Kat aXA.r/Xovs
TVTrrovre?
Travo/xcvot T^S TOtavTTys /coXacrecos.
20
avSpes
ovrot Se
Kat
repot
TraXiv
eyyvs
CKCIVCOV
ywatxc? Kat
r>/yai/tôyu.
^)Xeyo/xerot
"^(rav
Kai
crrpecô/xevot
TT)^
Kat
Of
ot
a ê^re?
oSov rov
^coii. ...
Me
vh
3 [/cat] #XXot]
aXXa
6 /caracrrpôi To
i
tSi
19
FRAGMENTS OF THE REVELATION.

1.
[This
and the following fragment probably

text.]
preceded our
a.
l*.ivov iv rrj
Ilcpioucrias 8
eveKev
ei
XeXex$a>
Ka/ceti/o
ATroKaXvi/
TOV IleYpou.
ourcos
TO XeXeyeicmyet rov ovpayfj,
vov
a//,a rrj yrj KpiBr)arcr6a.i
*H
t^crt, Trapa/cai
Travras TO) ^(5 ev 7^/xepa

Kptvfo-OaL
(rvv
/cpicreoos
avTTy
/u-eA.-
KOL rco Trepteôirt ovpavip.

iv. 6, p.
Ma/cat
carius
$.
O.-UTI;
Magnes
Apocritica
164.
/xc XXovo-a
y^
0ew
/cpii/o/aeVous
KptVews,
V. iv.
ovpavio.
ut supra, ^/.
16, p. 185.
2.
Kcu
c/ctvo 8 av$ts Xeyet, o Kai ao-e/3eias /xecrroi/

<ao-/coV
vVapêt TO piy/xa
ovpavov,
/cat
Kat
TaK7;o-eTat 7rao-a 8i;va/xts
f.\L^Brj(Tf.Ta.i
o ovpavos ws y8t^8Atov, Kat 7raj/Ta e^

a/u,7reA.oi;,
/<at
Ta
ao-T/oa Treo-eiTat
ws
<f>v\\a
a5s
TTLTTTCL
<f>vX\a
aTro 0-UKT79.
V.
<^.
iv. 7, p.
165.
Compare
to
Isa. xxxiv. 4.
3. [Probably this and the following fragments are be placed either in or after our text.]
H
Kat
ypo.<fnj
(770-1
Ta
i;<
j3pe<f>r)
ra
cKTf.6f.VTa.
Try/xeXouô)
7rapa8t 8oo-ât ayyeXa),
ou 7rat8eveo-ât Te Kat
ot
av^cw
eVovTat,
<pr]crlv,
cJs
KaTov
T(ui/
ei/Tavâ TrtcrTOt.
xli.
Clem. Alex. Eclogae ex Scriptf. Proph.

4.
Ato Kat IleTpos
ei/
T^ ATroKaXvi/êt
<^77crt
Kat
Kttt
eKtI/COI/

TrXrjcrcrovcra
I.e.
95
rows
ii
o^>$aX/Aous
ruV
yuvaiKtSi/.
Clem. Alex.
as
it
Cf.
of our text.
This 4ist section of
Clement s Eclogae has been hitherto looked upon one and continuous: it appears to me clear that
consists of two parts.
5 a.
O.
/3pe<^77
(cf.
3)
AvTtKa
Herpes
eV
rfj
[TCI] ea/A/3Xa>$eVra
rrj<;
d/xeivo
\j:od.
Trctpasj
yi/a>o"eu>s
ravra ayye Xcp T^/xeAouâ)

/xeraXa/3oj/Ta
/cat
ei/
TrapaSt-
BoarOai,
fjLovfjs,
iva
TraOovra.
/AOVV^S
T^S
a/Aci voi/os
rv^
ra
a av
7-175
evraêv
crco/xart yevo/xci/a
crepa
(Tcor^ptas rcu êrat, o5s 7;SiK7;/xeVa
e\-
yOevTa, Kol
\af36vra.
5
^.
[Atvei
(or
/xevet)
at eu KoXafjews, TOUTO yepas
Clem. Alex.
"Oêv
I.e. xlviii.
817
/cat
TêXouôts ayyeXots, Kav

ei
CK
/itotêt as (Scri,
ra
cxTroriKTO/xcva TrapaStSocrâi 7rapetX^(/)a-
/A6V ev êoTrj/evcrTots ypo.jj.fjiO.cnv.
yap Trapa
ri)i/ yi/w/xr/i/
eytVovro
êoi),
/cat
TOV
êcr/xoi/ TT^S
/xaKapias 6KtV^s
o-6o)s
</)t
TOU
TTwg
ayye Xot5 raura TrapeStSoro

;
?roXX^5 avaTravcrews Kat pao-rcoVr/s

(rovra
<T(f)<j)v
TTOJS Se
CLVTWV TOV5 yovet5

e.KiK\rj(TKOv
8iKao"T7yptov
<S
Kwpte, TO
6a.va.Tov
S.
Koti/dv,
rov Xptcrrov* XeyovTa, TOUTO

2i>
f&Oevro,
K
ii.
Methodius, Conviv. Virg.
6.
6.
To
8e
yaXa
TOJV ywaiKciov peoi/ avro TOOV
7rr/yvi; êvoj/,
(frrjcrlv
Herpes
eV
TT}
O rjpia. XCTTTCI
Kat
crapKO<^>aya,
avaTpeôyTa
ets
Sta ras a/xaprtas ytvco-ât ras /coXao-cts

8t8ao-/<a)i/.
TCOJ/
8ta ras a/xapTtas

aVlO-Tl ttV,
OJS
ws Sap Sal a/xapTiwi yevvdo-0at auTa s ^crti/, 6 Xads, Kat Sta T^y ts XptcrToi 2 p e t ii tTrpdOr]
O
xv
19 6
(f>7]0-lv
ATTo o-ToXoS, U7TO
TO>1/
O<f>(U)V
tStt-
KVOVTO
(i
Cor.
x. 9).
Clem. Alex.
?.
<?/.
xlix.
96
7.

The
following passage
:
may
probably contain
aVo-
an allusion to the Apocalypse

Ei7ro/iev
ok KoXacrets
A.oya>
curt /Âacr^/zicov,
KoAao//,ei/a>v
:
<\vapias,
XaVrwv
prj/JLaTaiv,
/cat
8e [^. o Trpecr/îrnys
cf.
1.]
/cat
Sta ras
KCU TOV KOCT/XOV ras yvvatKas VTTO Swa/xeco?
r^s
7ri
TOVTOt? TCTay/xeDys,
-^
Kai T(3 2a/xi^(ov 8wayu.iv

KocrfJiov
Trapetê rats 6pitv, 17x15

CTTI
KoAaei ras Sta
rpt^wv
Tropvfiav opfiwo-a?.
Clem. Alex.
V.
<?/.
xxxix., xl.
The
latter half of
xl.
xxxix. should evidently
be joined to
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Apocryphal Gospel and Apocalypse of Peter

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GOSPEL ACCORDING

CANADIAN BIBLE SOCIETY.

BRITISH & FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER

THE REVELATION OF PETER.

DEIGHTON, BELL AND F. A. BROCKHAUS.

MONTAGUE RHODES JAMES

LONDON: C. J. CLAY AND SONS, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE,

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

FENTON JOHN ANTHONY HORT

Gospel according to Peter Hall of Christ s College on the

upon the interpretation of the fragment.

the hands of other students.

hope that here

the series of Texts

have to express our best thanks

which he has placed the

at the disposal of scholars

Memoirs of the French Archaeo

at Cairo. logical Mission

are due to the officers and

was not without expressions

unworthy to be dedicated to that we cannot draw back

As here, make allowance for us.

forward as the one voice which should

right or wrong. in a harder school. But it will

made more than

LECTURE ON THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER

GREEK TEXT OF THE GOSPEL GREEK TEXT OF THE REVELATION

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER

ErepON eyArreAiON, d OYK ecriN AAAo.

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER,

During the past

ments have come

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

But perhaps the most startling of our recoveries

Peter and the other Apostles

to be attached to the right faith

brethren, expect me speedily. what kind of heresy was

then follows a sentence where the text

causes you ill-feeling.

that (or, that

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

and was able

belonged to the right teaching

should be read in church at Rhossos.

a Refutation of All Heresies,

suggested that the Docetae were well

As our Gospel fragment contains

the Passion and Resurrection of the Lord,

somewhat tardy publication.

are written to you,

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

not earlier than the eighth century.

The second page

was pierced by the Jews.

there Joseph, the friend of

and of the Lord

perhaps supported by TrapaXajSovres,

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO PETER.

put to death, on the

a strange perversion in the narrative.

the sun should set before the burial took

the hour of the Death.

The AaxMd" tpaXov. authority seems to be Justin,