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Filipino Psychology - Concepts and Methods
Filipino Psychology - Concepts and Methods
Concepts and Methods Robert E. Javier Jr., PhD Associate Professor Department of Psychology De La Salle University - Manila
It is an Indigenous Psychology The scientific study of the ethnicity, society and culture of a people and the application to psychological practice of indigenous knowledge rooted in the peoples ethnic heritage and consciousness.
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous Psychology & Cultural Empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Lungsod ng Quezon.
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.
Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
Psychology in the Philippines refers to a series of events related to the field of psychology in the Philippines. (e.g. number of degree programs and journals, the amount of research conducted)
Psychology of Filipinos refers to any theories or knowledge of Filipino nature regardless of source, Western or local palasak na anyo sapagkat pinakakaraniwan o madaling makita.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Filipino Psychology refers to a psychology based on the Filipinos true thoughts, feelings, behaviors and must derive from indigenous Filipino sources, language, and methods.
Issue
Applicability of the Western theories and principles taught as well as the research concepts and methods used in the Philippine setting.
Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.
The limits of Western social research methods in rural Philippines: The need for innovation
Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, Metodo at Gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.
The limits of applicability of Western concepts, values and methods in the social sciences to the concrete realities of Asian societies.
Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) (1990) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.
Principal emphasis in psychology Identity and national consciousness Social awareness and involvement Psychology of language and culture Applications & bases of Filipino psychology (health practices, agriculture, art, religion)
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine experience. University of the Philippines Press. QC
It is against a psychology that perpetuates the colonial status of the Filipino mind a psychology used for the exploitation of the masses the imposition of psychologies developed in foreign countries
On psychological practice conceptualization of psychological practice in a Philippine context (industriya vs. kabuhayan; klinika vs. kalusugan) concerned with folk practices, indigenous techniques of healing, popular religiopolitical movements
On Science Humanism issue utilizes scientific methodology in the study of psychological phenomena concerned not only with the universal validity of psychological science but also in utilizing such for the purpose of serving the interest of all mankind, affording protection to the disadvantaged
On Mentalism - Behaviorism issue uses both phenomenological & behavioristic concepts, but lesser emphasis on individual experience and greater emphasis on the collective experience
On Analysis Wholeness Issue methodologically leans on the side of analysis but interprets the result of analysis with a bias for wholeness (social context, political implications, cultural meaning of the study)
Metaphor Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained through a metaphor: (a characteristic way of clarifying concepts) difference between tao sa bahay (person in the house) and taong-bahay (house person).
for the exercise of care in the adoption of foreign theories uncritical rejection is just as dangerous as uncritical acceptance of Western theories for example: psychological problems are the same anywhere however, the sources of such problems differ greatly
Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila.
Academic-scientific psychology: Wilhelm Wundt, the German tradition University of the Philippines (1908) and other American traditional schools Academic-philosophical psychology: Thomistic philosophy and psychology University of Santo Tomas (1611)
kinagisnan
and
Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt and expressed by Filipinos.
Kinagisnang sikolohiya the subconscious psychology imbedded in the native language, art, music, culture and religion (one has been born into; unaware). e.g. kaluluwa at ginhawa
Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.
Katutubong sikolohiya psychology worked out by Filipinos with indigenous elements as basis (innate to the Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los Reyes. Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang sikolohiya constitute Katutubong sikolohiya
Psychology of Filipinos- based on mainly Western system of thought e.g. Spanish: Pigafettas quite objective observation of the Filipinos in the Visayas (impressed by them); American: Worcesters view of the Filipinos as distinct ethnic groups different from one another as Christian and nonChristian (pagans and Moros).
Practice of psychology by Filipinos: a. indigenous techniques of enculturation/ socialization, e.g. myths for social control, or as affected by Christianity or Islam. b. proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo, manghuhula, ancient techniques of group therapy that are still present (alternating chants during wakes, poetry, consensus).
Ethnic psychology Psycho-medical system: religion as cohesive element and explanation. (1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of healing; disease theory, causation, therapy. (1650) Messianic movements (1730) Herbolaryo (1900) Espiritista
Filipino Language use as a tool for identifying/rediscovering indigenous concepts e.g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the wealth of ideas implied by the philosophical concept of essence
Filipino Language
Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino and does his writing in Pilipino; merely as a heuristic device, a discovery procedure returning to the deep structure of the language Enriquez worked in an area where Filipinos are most adept, where the language has a rich vocabulary of feeling and sentiment.
Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book of readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.
Methods: Ethnography, Language Analysis, Semantics, Introspection Language provided the instrument to refine the tools of research so as to discover categories and subcategories which would be lost to a Western English-speaking researcher
System of communication summing-up our lived experiences Social interaction expressing our thoughts and feelings Spoken language from bodily gestures to linguistic acts specialized speech apparatus primary medium of communication
Interdependence of knowledge & language, i.e. the thinking process cannot work independently of language
Language is not a neutral system of signs nor is it value-free, i.e. it is partisan to the values, perspectives, and rules of cognition of a particular class or society
Specific historical features and socioeconomic-cultural conditions shape the thinking and language of a people, giving distinctive meanings and value judgments to their words. Indigenous language, genuine vehicle of the innermost thoughts and intimate feelings of a people bound by a common historical heritage and a specific socio-economiccultural environment.
The formation of psychological concepts is the more important stage in the entire process of understanding human behavior.
These concepts lay the foundation for the formation of indigenous psychological theories and models of analysis that correspond more fully to the realities of the life and culture of a society.
System of affixation in the Filipino language a resource for terminology development The meaning changes because of the use of affixes (suffixes, prefixes, infixes, postfixes) paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka, maka
Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
The Filipino language provides a conceptual distinction in several levels and modes of social interaction (antas ng pagtutunguhan).
Eight behaviorally recognizable levels under two general categories in Filipino were identified (ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao).
Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.
Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are mutually replaceable in taxonomic analysis, either covers the entire lexical domain. Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically fertile concept when analyzed semantically; much deeper and profound in its implications as it means accepting and dealing with the other person as an equal.
Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial to liberation psychology: The Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez (Ed) (1992) UP Press.
Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
Research Approaches
Experimental - adherence to predetermined set of procedures Survey conform to an informal agreement with respondents Participatory negotiate issues jointly as they arise Indigenous seek to enhance awareness as one-with-the-other
Indigenous Research
Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the modern and the traditional i.e. using scientific methods and ensuring that they are culturally appropriate. Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows concepts from both the modern and traditional cultural systems.
Indigenization from within basis: the indigenous direction: outwards culture-as-source Indigenization from without basis: the exogenous direction: inwards culture-as-target
Content indigenization translation of imported materials Theoretic indigenization Indigenization as strategy Culture assimilation indigenous versions of imported systems
Identification of indigenous concepts, methods, theories Semantic elaboration Indigenous codification re-codification Systematization/explication of implied theoretical frameworks Application/use
Indigenization from within necessarily implies the need for cultural revalidation a demand for concepts and methods which are culturally appropriate, scientifically valid
Religion underscores the importance of establishing close interpersonal relations with ones family, relatives and fellowmen (kapwa) highly-developed sense of values: courage, cleanliness, courtesy, control and the family
Religion indigenous morality: profound concept of pagkamakatao babaylan (priestess), dambana (shrine) rituals and symbols for good (benevolent diwata) and evil (malevolent aswang)
Manuscripts, memories, mummies lost bell of Balangica, baybayin (alibata), burial grounds in Sagada
Misa, mesa, mamimista, mamimis kita Foreign words subsumed in the structure of the Filipino language
Names: Sinag Liwayway (T), Dawani Paros (B), Janatyan Ahaddas (Y), Hamili Ayo (C), Sudi Amor (I) Literature: Francisco Balagtas, Ka Amado Theater and Film: Fernando Poe Jr. Tagalog movies shown in theaters from Batanes to Jolo
Medicine lason vs. gamot, synthetic pesticides have gone semantic transformation- result of massive promotion during the Marcos Green Revolution project herbal medicine, medicinal plants, hilot, concepts attributing illness to displaced organs that have to be massaged back into its correct position
Music and Arts: Sarong Banggi (B), Ati Cu Pung Singsing (P), Pamulinawen (I), Pobreng Alindahaw (C), Dandansoy (H), Salidumay (S); Kulilal Ensemble of Palawan, Kutyapi Artists of Maguindanao Rituals and Ceremonies: agimat (talisman), mutya (charm), gayuma (spell), antinganting (amulet); bulong (whisper); sapi (spirit possession)
Methods: doing diagnosis psychodiagnostician determine culturallydefined cause of affliction through patawas, pagbatbat/pag-usisa, pagpakot, pamulso. beliefs in sapi, matanda, nuno, dwende.
Meanings: Hiyang (compatible, suited) in indigenous medical practice, it means compatibility of the treatment and medicine with the individual.
Lagnat laki (growing-up fever); Lugaw is perceived as food for the sick
Genetic diversity of indigenous plants e.g. varieties of rice grains nurtured through centuries by indigenous people
Herbal knowledge e.g. pito-pito, herbal tea from seven leaves: bayabas, banaba, alagao, kulantro, mango, pandan use to detoxify the body.
Perspectival and Interpretive Models absolutist position - assumes the basic congruence of psychological phenomena across humankind relativist position assumes differences across cultures, if not the uniqueness of each one
Universalist position assumes that basic psychological processes are likely to be common features of human life everywhere, yet their manifestations are likely to be influenced by culture
Emic approach (phonemic) the need to understand a culture from its own perspective (using natural taxonomies)
Etic approach (phonetic) the discovery of psychological universal
Philosophical traditions and paradigms of science as neither Eastern nor Western The West does not have a monopoly of scientific standards, in fact science evolved from Eastern intellectual traditions
Filipino concepts and models of personality The five elements of the Maaram concept of pagkatawo (personhood): ginhawa (vital principle) buot (perception) isip (mind) dungan (sleep spirit) kalag (life spirit)
Filipino concepts and models of personality Three elements in Baltazars model: bait (sanity) muni (reflection) hatol (judgment)
Filipino concepts and models of personality The four elements in Covars concept of Filipino personhood: kaluluwa (spirit) budhi (conscience) katauhang panlabas, external appearance katauhang panloob (innermost being)
Filipino social interaction theory Levels and modes of social interaction rooted in Filipino collectivist culture which have been identified using ethnoscientific field methods. Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is accepting, dealing with the other person as an equal.
Filipino concept of justice Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos, Pampangos use a common word for justice, katarungan, derived from the Visayan root tarong means straight, upright, appropriate, correct, and for right, we use karapatan, whose root is dapat signifying fitting, appropriate, correct i.e. justice is related to right
Jose W. Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
Research Models
Research Models
Models of data collection Self-orientation Model: the data collector and contributors relate to the other only to the extent of waiting until the other stops responding, e.g. laboratorybased studies of memory. Communication is not taking place between them through socially shared interpretations or common constructs.
Research Models
Models of data collection Experimenter-orientation Model: the data collectors appear to influence while only the data contributors appear to be influenced, e.g. Aschs person perception study; an imbalance of power in favor of data collectors who appear to define the experimental situation.
Research Models
Models of data collection Reactive-orientation Model: the participants in the data collection are reacting to what is currently taking place between them, e.g. verbal conditioning research; yet the capacities of both data contributors and collectors to construe are assumed to be unimportant and are ignored.
Research Models
Models of data collection Mutual-orientation Model: the data collector and contributor give something to, and gain something from the data collection, e.g. Piagets early research on conservation. Indigenous psychology research uses this model as the cultural researcher is a culture bearer himself.
Research Models
Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model Scale of the Researcher Iskala ng Mananaliksik Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between the Researcher and the Researchee Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok
Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio G. Enriquez (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia E. Pe-Pua (Ed.). UP Press.
Levels of Relationship Ibang-tao category (outsider) pakikitungo (amenities, civility) pakikisalimuha (interaction) pakikilahok (participation, joining) pakikibagay (conforming) pakikisama (adjusting, being along with)
Levels of Relationship Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us) pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust) pakikisangkot (active involvement) pakikiisa (full trust)
Pakapa-kapa (groping, a field method) Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions) Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities) Pakikialam (concerned interference) Pakikilahok (participation) Pakikisangkot (integral involvement) Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)
Pakapa-kapa an approach characterized by groping, searching, probing into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to be able to obtain order, meaning, and directions for research.
Carmen E. Santiago (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press Amaryllis T. Torres in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press
Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at teknolohikal. Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan ng pakikipanuluyan.
Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw, paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno. Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain. Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, mata at pandinig upang maintindihan o mabasa ang ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap na ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at matalinhagang salita (talas ng pakiramdam).
Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality disposition, as a situational behavior, as a coping mechanism; closely related to many general psychological concepts such as empathy and sensitivity.
Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985). National Bookstore Inc.: Manila
Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido komon) ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang namasid, nadama, o napakiramdaman ay aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip ang kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot ng katugunang ito (pagtutumbas).
Pamamaraan panimulang pagsasanay paglalakbay at pakikisuno paghimpil sa pook pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring panuluyan paghanap ng tulay pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan
Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for asking questions, the repetition of tanong to tanong-tanong indicates seriousness of purpose, one is truly determined to get answers to ones questions.
Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 13, pp 147-163. Pergamon Press: USA
Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of everyday casual interaction, researcher must plan very well for certain conditions, consider convenience and comfort of informants, their language, norms, values, and background (history, within/between group differences, activities, policies).
initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before living-in the community (panunuluyan) introduce yourself to the community invite yourself to community gatherings initiate a conversation when in a natural cluster invest time in story sharing sessions
Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan may paki ang kalahok sa kwento may pakinabang sa kwentuhan libangan linangan ng kaalaman lunas sa karamdaman
Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan collective orientation (pananaliksik na sama-sama) contains the process of validation (pagpapatotoo) construction of social reality (pagbubuo) cluster as unit of analysis (pagsali sa likas na umpukan)
Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan
with a topic to talk about but without a theme (may pakay pero walang paksa) worth or value of story produced from the kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento)
Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan Validity: trustworthiness not truth (mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan) Reliability: certification not consistency (process of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator) (pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)
Roberto Galvez