Finite 15

Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 41 (2005) 335349
www.elsevier.com/locate/nel
Application of nite elementnite difference method to the
determination of transient temperature eld in functionally graded
materials
Bao-Lin Wang
a, b,
, Zhen-Hui Tian
b
a
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Building J07, The University of
Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
b
Center for Composite Materials, Harbin Institute for Technology, Harbin 150001, China
Received 7 January 2004; accepted 29 July 2004
Abstract
Anite element/nite difference method (FEM/FDM) is developed to solve the time-dependent temperature eld
in non-homogeneous materials such as functionally graded materials. The method uses the nite element space
discretization to obtain a rst-order system of differential equations, which is solved by employing nite difference
scheme to resolve the time-dependent response. A computation code is developed in the programming environment
MATLAB. Temperature-dependent material properties are taken into account in the program.
2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Transient temperature; Functionally graded materials; Finite element method; Finite difference method
1. Introduction
Afunctionally graded material (FGM) is usually a combination of two material phases that has a gradual
transition fromone material at one surface to another material at the opposite surface. This gradual change
of properties can be tailored to different applications and service environments.
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Building J07, The University of
Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Tel.: +61-2-935-17618;fax: +61-2-935-14841.
E-mail addresses: baolin.wang@aeromech.usyd.edu.au, wangb12001@hotmail.com (B.-L. Wang).
0168-874X/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.nel.2004.07.001
336 B.-L. Wang, Z.-H. Tian / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 41 (2005) 335349
Functionally graded materials are expected to be used for high temperature and high heating rate envi-
ronments. Accordingly, determination of transient temperature eld is an important topic for those advan-
tage materials. However, it is rather difcult to do so due to the arbitrarily distributed and continuously
varied material properties of FGMs. Since most of FGMs show one-dimensional non-homogeneity, the
temperature eld can be readily obtained by composite laminated plate model for simple one-dimensional
heat conduction. Taking into account the effect of temperature dependency of material properties, Tani-
gawa et al. [1] investigated a one-dimensional transient heat conduction problem of a FGM plate. Also
the associate thermal stress distributions for an innite long FGM plate was formulated. Jin and Paulino
proposed a multi-layered material model to treat the transient thermal conduction problem for an FGM
strip [2]. They gave a feasible solution approach by means of Laplace transform technique and obtained
an analytical asymptotic solution of temperature for short times. Elperin and Rudin studied temperature
eld and the associated thermal stresses in a functionally graded material caused by a laser thermal shock
[3]. Abd-Alla et al. investigated the transient temperature eld in a non-homogeneous orthotropic multi-
layered cylinder by means of Laplace transform technique [4]. Noda and Obata obtained a perturbation
solution for the one-dimensional transient temperature eld in FGMs [5].
A key feature that distinguishes FGMs from homogeneous materials is that the thermal properties
of the former vary spatially. Thus, thermal analysis of functionally graded materials is considerably
more complex than in the corresponding homogeneous case. The above-referred papers considered
only one-dimensional temperature distribution in FGMs. For FGMs with complex geometries and/or
complex thermal boundary conditions, a numerical method such as nite element method is of great
importance. In this paper, a nite element method in conjunction with the nite difference method
is introduced to solve the system of time-dependent equations that govern the transient temperature
distribution.
2. Thermal conductivity equation
Suppose in a coordinate systemx (whose components are x
i
, where i =1, 2, 3) there is a solid occupying
a space , which is surrounded by a surface S. The temperature inside the solid may vary from point to
point, and with time. Let T (x, t ) denote this temperature, which is assumed to be a continuous functions
of the coordinates x
i
and time t. A basic law of heat conduction may be stated as
q
i
= k
ij
jT
jx
j
(1)
in which q
i
are the components of the heat ux vector q and jT/jx
j
the temperature gradients. Hereafter,
the summations over the indices i and j will be assumed when appearing twice in an equation. The
components of the thermal conductivity tensor k(x) are denoted by k
ij
and are generally considered to
be symmetric, i.e., k
ij
= k
ji
. If the solid is anisotropic, heat will not necessarily ow in the direction of
the temperature gradient.
The heat ow is controlled by the following conduction equation:
q
i,i
+ Q = c
jT
jt
, (2)
B.-L. Wang, Z.-H. Tian / Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 41 (2005) 335349 337
where (x) is the mass density, c(x) the specic heat, and Q is the internal heat generation rate per unit
volume. Substitution of Eq. (2) into (1) gives the governing equation in terms of temperature:
_
k
ij
jT
jx
j
_
,i
= Q + c
jT
jt
. (3)
In Eqs. (1)(3), material properties , c and k
ij
are considered to be functions of space coordinates x
i
.
The thermal conduction equation (3) must be solved for prescribed boundary and initial conditions. The
initial condition species the temperature distribution at time zero. This is, T (x
j
, 0) = T
0
(x
j
, 0). Heat
conduction boundary conditions take several forms. The frequently encountered conditions are specied
surface temperature and specied surface eat ow:
q
i
n
i
= h, on boundary S
q
, (4a)
T = T , on boundary S
T
, (4b)
where S
q
+S
T
=S, and the over bar represents the known value, n
i
are components of the unit vector n
normal to the exterior of S. Eq. (4a) indicates that on the boundary S
q
the thermal ux is prescribed (h is
positive if it is directed towards the exterior of the body). Conversely, Eq. (4b) describes the temperature
boundary condition on S
T
.
3. Finite elementnite difference method (FEM/FDM)
For functionally graded materials, the material properties k, and c are complex functions of spatial
position x, and the diffusion equation (3) is not amenable to analytical solutions. Numerical technique has
gained wide acceptance in engineering applications. Here, we develop a nite elementnite difference
method (FEM/FDM) to solve Eq. (3).
Suppose the medium undergoes a virtual temperature change T , multiply Eq. (3) by T and then
integrate in the entire space domain giving
_
_
c
jT
jt
_
k
ij
jT
jx
j
_
,i
Q
_
T dV = 0. (5)
The above equation becomes, after the Green formula,
_
c
jT
jt
T dV +
_
s
q
i
n
i
T dV
_
q
i
T
,i
dV
_
QT dV = 0. (6)
Since we assume T is zero on the boundary S
T
. Then from boundary (4a) expression (6) becomes
_
c
jT
jt
T dV +
_
s
q
hT dV
_
q
i
T
,i
dV
_
QT dV = 0. (7)
The nite element/nite difference method involves two essential procedures: (a) using nite element
space discretization to obtain a rst-order system of differential equations, and (b) nding transient
response via nite difference method.
(a) Finite element formulation. Let the continuum be divided into a nite number of elements inter-
connected only at nodal points. For each element occupying space
e
, the temperature at any point can
be expressed in terms of their values at their nodal points by
T (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, t ) = [N
]{T } (8)
in which [N
] is known as the shape function matrix and is a function of spatial positions, {T } is a vector,
which contains the temperature values at the nodal points of the element. It follows from Eq. (8) that
temperature gradients jT/jx
j
at any point in region
e
can be written as
{jT } = {jT/jx
1
, jT/jx
2
, jT/jx
3
}
T
= [B
]{T }, (9)
where [B
] =[L][N
] and [L] denotes a differential operator matrix. Substituting Eq. (9) into Eq. (1), we
obtain the heat uxes q
i
in the element
{q} = {q
1
, q
2
, q
3
}
T
= [k][B
]{T }, (10)
where [k] = [k
ij
] is a matrix containing the thermal conductivities of the medium.
Finally, by substituting Eqs. (8)(10) into Eq. (7), the nite element approximation of the heat equation
can be obtained as (after assemblage)
[C]{

T } + [K]{T } = {p
}, (11)
where the dot represents differentiation with respect to time. The element matrices and external heat load
vector are given by
[C] =
_
c[N
]
T
[N
] d, (12a)
[K] =
_
[B
]
T
[k][B
] d, (12b)
{p} =
_
S
[N
]
T
hds +
_
Q[N
]
T
d. (12c)
In Eqs. (12), material properties , c and [k] are functions of spatial coordinates x
i
, and {T } and {p} are
functions of time t. If the space is divided into a large number of elements, the material can be treated as
homogeneous in each element. If the applied thermal loads are independent of time, then {p} is a constant
vector. The numerical integration scheme, such as GaussLegendre integration, is used to evaluate the
integrals involved in Eqs. (12).
The problem now is to solve the matrix differential equation (11). There are many general methods
and several techniques for solving rst-order matrix differential equations. Among many numerical tech-
niques, we consider the method of direct numerical difference in time that has been proven popular in
nite element analysis.
(b) Finding transient response via nite difference. Since we can not determine the nodal temperature
{T } from Eq. (11) for all values of time t in an interval [0, t
0
], we will have to be satised with computing
approximations {T }
m
of {T (t
m
)} for some points (t
m
)
M
m=0
in the interval. We assume that the points are
equidistant, i.e., that t
m
=m(t ), m=0, . . . , M, where the step length t is dened as t =t
0
/M for an
integer M. To make the derivation somewhat more general, we assume that we have known {T }
m
, which
is the approximation of {T (t
m
)}, and that we want to compute {T }
m+1
. The differential equation (11) at
the point t = t
m
is
[C]{

T (t
m
)} + [K]{T }
m
= {p(t
m
)}. (13)
Replacing the derivative by a difference quotient
{

T (t
m
)}
{T }
m+1
{T }
m
t
, (14)
the differential equation would then become
[C]
{T }
m+1
{T }
m
t
+ [K]{T }
m
= {p
m
}, (15)
where {p
m
} = {p(t
m
)}. Similarly, if the differential equation (13) is satised at the point t = t
m
+ 1, we
obtain
[C]
{T }
m+1
{T }
m
t
+ [K]{T }
m+1
= {p
(m+1)
}. (16)
Both Eqs. (15) and (16) can be used to solve {T }
m+1
. In order to improve numerical precise, the arithmetic
average of them is taken. This yields
_
[C]
t
+ [K]
_
{T }
m+1
=
_
[C]
t
(1 )[K]
_
{T }
m
+ (1 ){p
m
} + {p
(m+1)
}, (17)
where m = 0 M, {T }
m+1
on the left-hand side of Eq. (17) are unknowns, and all of the terms on
the right-hand side are known. Eq. (17) represents a general family of recurrence relations; a particular
algorithm depends on the value of selected. If = 0, the algorithm is the forward difference method
(Euler method); if =0.5, the algorithm is the CrankNicolson method; if =
2
3
, the algorithm is known
as the Galerkin method; if = 1, the algorithm is the backward difference method. The time-marching
algorithm (17) is unconditionally stable for 0.5 [6]. Further discussion on solving the discretized
time-dependent equation (13) can be found in [6].
In the numerical examples in this paper, Eq. (17) is solved with = 0.5. According to the theory of
differential equation (e.g., [7];), Eq. (17) for the time portion is unconditionally stable and converges
with the truncation error of order (t )
2
for = 0.5. This is a distinct improvement over to previous two
approximations (15) and (16) because both of them lead to a truncation error of order (t ). The number
of time steps in Eq. (17) can be chosen such that the required precise can be achieved.
3.1. Consideration of position-dependent material properties
In Eqs. (12), material properties , c and [k] can be functions of spatial coordinates x
i
. In order to
consider the non-homogeneity of the material properties inside an element, it is more convenient to
specify the material properties at the nodal points of the element. The material properties at any point in
the element can be approximated as
(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = [N
]{}, (18a)
c(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) = [N
]{c}, (18b)
[k(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
)] = [N
]{[k]} (18c)
in which the quantities in parentheses {} are composed of the corresponding values at the nodal points of
the element. The element matrices [C] and [K] can be evaluated by substituting Eqs. (18) into Eqs. (12).
3.2. Consideration of temperature-dependent material properties
In high temperature environments, material properties (density , specic heat c and thermal conduc-
tivity k, etc.) may become temperature-dependent. Finite element/nite difference equations for such a
problem can be derived using a similar procedure outlined before. The matrix equations obtained have
the same forms as those given there, provided that the coefcient matrices [C] and [K] are functions of
temperature T and/or its gradients, i.e.,
[C(T )] =
_
(T )c(T )[N
]
T
[N
] d, (19a)
[K(T )] =
_
[B
]
T
[k(T )][B
] d. (19b)
Substituting of Eq. (8) into Eqs. (19) leads to
[C(T )] =
_
([N
]{T })c([N
]{T })[N
]
T
[N
] d, (20a)
[K(T )] =
_
[B
]
T
[k([N
]{T })][B
] d. (20b)
Assembly of the element equations to form the global system of equations is same as Eqs. (11) and (17),
provided that the global matrices [C] and [K] are functions of {T }. The equation system will then become
non-linear and can be solved iteratively. To avoid iterative operation, one can simply assume that material
properties (and then [C] and [K]) at the time interval (t
m
, t
m+1
) are functions of temperature vector {T }
m
at time t
m
, which has already been known in each step.
4. Illustrative examples
In this study, a nite element code is developed in the programming environment MATLAB. Eight kinds
of elements are constructed as shown in Table 1, in which TROD2, TROD2N, TROD3 and TROD3N are
one-dimensional elements, and TQUAD4, TQUAT4N, TQUAD9 and TQUAD9N are two-dimensional
iso-parametric elements. Further, element types TROD2N, TROD3N, TQUAT4N and TQUAT9N having
spatially varied material properties inside the elements (i.e., Eqs. (13) are used to calculate the material
properties of the elements). For one-dimensional thermal conductivity problems, TROD2 and TQUAD4,
TROD2N and TQUAD4N, TROD3 and TQUAD9, and TROD3N and TQUAD9N give the same results.
Also given in Table 1 is the number of Gauss integration points used to numerically evaluate the integrals
involved in Eqs. (12).
To demonstrate the applicability of the numerical procedure, some simple examples are discussed
below.
Table 1
Element types
Element name Element shape Description Material properties GaussLegendre
within the element points
TROD2

1 2
One-dimensional 2-node linear element H 2
TROD2N

1 2
Same as TROD2 N 3
TROD3

1 3 2
One-dimensional 3-node quadratic element H 3
TROD3N

1 3 2
Same as TROD3 N 3
TQUAD4
1
4 3
2
Two-dimensional 4-node linear element H 2 2

TQUAD4N
1
4 3
2
Same as TQUAD4 N 3 3
TQUAD9
1
8 6
4 3 7
5
3
2
9
Two-dimensional 49 node quadratic element
(Any one or more of nodes 59 can be vacant) H 3 3
TQUAD9N
1
8 6
4 3 7
5
3
2
9
Same as TQUAD9 N 3 3
H: Homogeneous element (the properties inside the elements are constants and are their values at the center of the element).
N: Non-homogeneous (the properties inside the element are calculated from their values at the nodes of the element).
4.1. One-dimensional heat conduction in a homogeneous rod
Consider the temperature rise in a one-dimensional homogeneous rod whose length is l. The rod is
initially at a zero temperature environment, and is suddenly heated to T
0
at its two ends at x = 0 and l.
The series solution for this problem is
T (x, t )
T
0
= 1 +
4
n=1,3,5
1
n
exp
_
(n)
2
t
0
_
sin
_
n
x
l
_
, (21)
where
0
= cl
2
/k is a characteristic time parameter. Table 2 shows the temperature at the center of the
rod for at t =0.05
0
, 0.1
0
, 0.2
0
, and 0.5
0
. The time interval [0, 0.5
0
] is divided into 5000 time steps
Table 2
Transient temperature at the center of a one-dimensional rod (the time interval 00.5t
0
is divided into 5000 time steps, which
has leaded to convergent results)
Element type Time Number of nodes in the entire rod Exact solution
3 Nodes 5 Nodes 7 Nodes 11 Nodes
TROD2 t /t
0
= 0.05 0.176 0.205 0.216 0.223 0.228
t /t
0
= 0.1 0.548 0.526 0.525 0.525 0.526

1 2
t /t
0
= 0.2 0.864 0.832 0.821 0.825 0.823
t /t
0
= 0.5 0.996 0.993 0.992 0.991 0.991
TROD3 t /t
0
= 0.05 0.242 0.215 0.226 0.227 0.228
t /t
0
= 0.1 0.540 0.522 0.525 0.525 0.526

1 3 2
t /t
0
= 0.2 0.831 0.833 0.823 0.823 0.823
t /t
0
= 0.5 0.992 0.991 0.991 0.991 0.991
(i.e., M = 5000). It has been found that further increasing of M does not change the calculated tem-
perature distribution for this problem. The convergence of the results with the increasing number of
elements (nodes) is evident. The FEM/FDM result obtained by TROD3 with 11 nodes is the most ac-
curate solution when comparing with the series solution. This suggests that TROD3 is more efcient
than TROD2. This is partially due to the fact that TROD3 uses a quadratic interpolation function in the
elements.
4.2. A two-dimensional heat conduction in a homogeneous square plate
Consider the conduction heat transfer in a homogeneous square plate of dimension x = (0, 2l) by
y =(0, 2l), conductivity k, density , specic c. The plate is subjected to a sudden uniform internal heat
generation of Q
0
. The edges of the plate are maintained at a temperature of T =0. We wish to determine
the steady temperature distribution inside the plate using the FEM/FDM method.
The problem has symmetries that can be exploited in the nite element analysis. Only
1
4
of the plate is
needed to consider. The solutions obtained by two different meshes of rectangular elements are compared
at the center of the plate for varying time, as shown in Fig. 1, which gives the normalized results obtained
by 44 and 2020 TQUAD4 elements. The convergence of the results with increasing element numbers
to stable values is signicant. By comparing the steady solution (t approaches innity) with the series
solution, we know that results obtained from 20 20 TQUAD4 elements is the most accurate solution.
For example, the steady values of T at (x, y) = (0, 0), (0, 0.25), (0, 0.5) and (0, 0.75) are 0.2948,
0.2790, 0.2295 and 0.1398, respectively, calculated by 20 20 TQUAD4 Elements. Those results are
almost identical to the series solutions given in [8]. The steady values of T calculated by 4 4 TQUAD4
Elements at (x, y) = (0, 0), (0, 0.25), (0, 0.5) and (0, 0.75) are 0.2984, 0.2824, 0.2322 and 0.1414,
respectively, which are same as those in [8].
T
/
T
0

2020 TQUAD4 Elements
44 TQUAD4 Elements
t /t
0
0.0
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.00
0.05
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fig. 1. Transient temperature at the center of a homogeneous square plate under a sudden internal heat generation (t
0
=cl
2
/k,
T
0
= Q
0
l
2
/k).
4.3. One-dimensional heat conduction in a FGM strip
The main purpose of this article is to develop a numerical model applicable to the determination of the
temperature distribution in FGMs with arbitrarily distributed properties. In this sub-section, temperature
histories for a one-dimensional FGM material strip are obtained using the developed FEM/FDM analysis
model. The FGM strip has a length l and is made from a PSZ/Ti-6Al-4V composition system [9]. Both
phases are regarded as isotropic materials. Their properties are k
Ti
=18.1 W/(mK),
Ti
=4420 Kg/m
3
,
c
Ti
= 808.3 J/(kg K), k
p
= 2.036 W/(mK),
p
= 5600 Kg/m
3
and c
p
= 615.6 J/(kg K), where k is the
coefcient of thermal conductivity, c is the specic heat and is the mass density. The subscripts p and
Ti denote PSZ and Ti-6Al-4V, respectively. The volume fraction of Ti-6Al-4V in the FGM is varied from
100% on the top surface (x =0) to 0% on the bottom surface (x =l) of the strip. Therefore, the FGM is
pure Ti-6Al-4V on its top surface (x = 0) and pure PSZ on its bottom surface (x = l). Inside the strip,
the material properties are expressed as an exponential function of x as many authors have done so [e.g.,
[1012]]
f
FGM
= f
Ti
exp[(x/l)], = ln(f
P
/f
Ti
), (22)
where f represents the density, the specic, or the coefcient of thermal conductivity.
Considered is the case that the temperature at x = 0 is suddenly raised to T
0
, which is maintained
thereafter. The temperature is kept zero at x =l. In the FEM/FDM analysis, the strip is divided into some
elements of equal length. The total numbers of nodes in the strip are xed as 5, 9, and 17, respectively.
Five thousands time steps in the time interval [0, 0.5t
0
] are used, which have leaded to convergent results,
where t
0
=
Ti
c
Ti
l
2
/k
Ti
=19739l
2
is the characteristic time obtained for Ti-6Al-4V. There is no closed-
form solution for the transient temperature eld in such a non-homogeneous strip. The exact solution for
the steady temperature eld for this problem can be obtained as
T (x) = T
0
_
1
1 exp(x/l)
1 exp()
_
, = ln(k
P
/k
Ti
). (23)
Table 3
Transient temperatures in a FGMstrip (Element types: TROD3 and TROD3N; total 17 nodes; the time interval 00.5t
0
is divided
into 5000 time steps; t
0
= 19739 l
2
, numbers in parentheses denote solutions obtained from TROD3)
Positions (x/l) T (x)/T
0
Steady values
t /t
0
= 0.05 t /t
0
= 0.1 t /t
0
= 0.2 t /t
0
= 0.5 t /t
0
= innity Exact
solution
0.25 0.412 0.586 0.724 0.849 0.908
0.908
(0.413) (0.586) (0.725) (0.849) (0.908)
0.5 0.0468 0.178 0.372 0.618 0.749
0.749
(0.0471) (0.178) (0.373) (0.619) (0.749)
0.75 0.000472 0.0146 0.0983 0.325 0.474
0.474
(0.000481) (0.0147) (0.0989) (0.326) (0.474)
Table 4
Transient temperatures in a FGM strip with 9 nodes (Element types: TROD3 and TROD3N, the time interval 00.5t
0
is divided
into 5000 time steps, t
0
= 19739 l
2
0
Steady values
t /t
0
= 0.05 t /t
0
= 0.1 t /t
0
= 0.2 t /t
0
= 0.5 t /t
0
= innity Exact
solution
0.25 0.413 0.586 0.724 0.849 0.908
0.908
(0.416) (0.589) (0.726) (0.850) (0.908)
0.5 0.0447 0.177 0.372 0.618 0.749
0.749
(0.0455) (0.180) (0.376) (0.621) (0.749)
0.75 0.00182 0.0142 0.0977 0.325 0.474
0.474
(0.00192) (0.0147) (0.0996) (0.329) (0.474)
Table 5
Transient temperatures in a FGM strip with 5 nodes (Element types: TROD3 and TROD3N, the time interval 00.5t
0
is divided
into 5000 time steps, t
0
= 19739 l
2
0
Steady values
t /t
0
= 0.05 t /t
0
= 0.1 t /t
0
= 0.2 t /t
0
= 0.5 t /t
0
= innity Exact
solution
0.25 0.420 0.591 0.729 0.849 0.907
0.908
(0.310) (0.469) (0.634) (0.802) (0.874)
0.5 0.0177 0.169 0.373 0.617 0.749
0.749
(0.0267) (0.171) (0.380) (0.632) (0.749)
0.75 0.00152 0.00768 0.0956 0.328 0.473
0.474
(0.00142) (0.00313) (0.0664) (0.258) (0.374)
Tables 35 summarize the FEM/FDM results for positions x = 0.25l, 0.5l and 0.75l. If we consider
the results from the element-type TROD3N with total 17 nodes in the strip as the exact solution, then
we nd that using of the non-homogeneous element (i.e., TROD3N) has a considerable improvement of
results. The FEM/FDM solutions obtained by the non-homogeneous element, TROD3N, with 9 nodes
show negligible errors. Conversely, the results obtained by the homogeneous element, TROD3, with 9
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
T

/
T
0

44 TQUAD4N Elements
2020 TQUAD4N Elements
22 TQUAD4N Elements
22 TQUAD4 Elements
t /t
0
Fig. 2. Transient temperature at the center of a non-homogeneous square plate under a sudden internal heat generation (and
t
0
= cl
2
/k
0
, T
0
= Q
0
l
2
/k
0
).
nodes still have signicant errors, especially at the beginning of heating (i.e, for short-time response).
These facts indicate that the efciency of the element-type TROD3N is higher than TROD3 for the
analysis of heat conduction in non-homogeneous materials. To further demonstrate the efciency of the
non-homogeneous elements, in the following we consider a two-dimensional transient thermal conduction
in a non-homogeneous square plate.
4.4. A two-dimensional heat conduction in a FGM square plate
Consider again the 2l 2l plate discussed in Section 4.2. The only difference between this problem
and that in Section 4.2 is that the thermal conductivity k is non-homogeneous such that
k(x, y) = k
0
(1 + (x/l)
2
+ (y/l)
2
]. (24)
The temperature histories at the center of the plate obtained by 2 2 TQUAD4, 2 2 TQUAD4N, 4 4
TQUAD4N and 20 20 TQUAD4N are shown in Fig. 2.
The solutions obtained by 44 TQUAD4Nand 2020 TQUAD4Nelements are very close. Compared
with the solution obtained by 2 2 homogeneous elements, TQUAD4, the solution obtained by 2 2
non-homogeneous elements, TQUAD4N, is closer to that obtained by 20 20 TQUAD4N elements.
Those facts again indicate that the non-homogeneous elements can provides an ideal solution without
dividing the FGMs into too many elements.
4.5. A FGM strip with temperature-dependent material properties
Investigate a FGM strip of thickness 10 mm. The material phases inside the FGM change from pure
ZrO
2
at x = 0 linearly to Ti-6Al-4V at x = 10 mm. The temperature at the x = 0 side of the strip is
suddenly heated to T
0
, which is maintained thereafter. The temperature at the x =10 mm side of the strip
is kept zero. The properties of ZrO
2
and Ti-6Al-4V are [13]:
0. 000 0. 002 0. 004 0. 006 0. 008 0. 010
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Transient temperature at t=10
seconds
Steady temperature
x (m)
T

Fig. 3. Temperature distribution in a FGM strip (T
0
= 1000 K. The length of the strip is 1 cm. Solid lines consider tempera-
ture-dependent material properties; dash-dot lines do not consider temperature-dependent material properties.).
[ZrO2]:
k = 1.71 + 0.21 10
3
T + 0.116 10
6
T
2
[W/(mK)],
c = 274 + 0.795T 6.19 10
4
T
2
+ 1.71 10
7
T
3
[J/(kgK)],
= 3657/{1.0 + (T 300.0)}
3
[Kg/(m
3
)]
[Ti-6Al-4V]:
k = 1.1 + 0.017T [W/(mK)],
c = 350 + 0.878T 9.74 10
4
T
2
+ 4.43 10
7
T
3
[J/(kgK)],
= 4420.0/{1.0 + (T 300.0)}
3
[Kg/(m
3
)].
The simple Rule-of-Mixture is applied to evaluate the overall property distribution of the FGM strip.
The entire strip is divided into one hundred linear TROD2 elements of equal length. Figs. 3 and 4 plotted
the temperature distribution for T
0
= 1000 and 100 K, respectively. It can be shown that the inuence of
temperature-dependent material properties is more signicant for higher temperature eld than for lower
temperature eld.
5. Conclusion remarks
Because of the non-homogeneous material properties, it is very difcult to obtain the exact solution of
thermal conductivity equations for non-homogeneous materials, such as functionally graded materials.
Therefore, numerical solution is required. In this paper, the nite element/nite difference method for
the thermal conductivity problems in non-homogeneous materials was discussed. A computer code using
commercial software MATLAB was developed. Although only numerical examples for one-dimensional
and two-dimensional elements are given, the extension of the method to the three-dimensional problems
is obvious and straightforward.
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
0
20
40
60
80
100
Transient temperature at t=10
seconds
Steady temperature
x (m)
T

Fig. 4. Temperature distribution in a FGM strip (T
0
= 100 K. The length of the strip is 1 cm. Solid lines consider tempera-
ture-dependent material properties; dash dot lines do not consider temperature-dependent material properties.).
The discussion of transient temperature eld in this paper considered the most commonly encountered
situations. The formula and the analysis program are general enough so that they can be easily used in
engineering problems. Anumber of practical situations arise where the governing equations are simplied.
For example, one-dimensional transient thermal conduction is of great importance for FGMs application
in high temperature environments. The model developed in this paper can be easily extended to such a
problem. We discuss this below.
Suppose a material layer undergone a transient thermal conduction along the x direction. The layer is
divided into a number of 2-node elements along the x direction (e.g., N elements and N +1 nodes). The
properties are considered to be constant inside each of the elements. We start from the ith element whose
length is l
i
. Denote the material properties of the ith layer with a subscript i. If the temperature inside the
element is assumed as a linear function of position x, where x [0, l
i
] , then the shape function [N
] for
the ith element can be chosen as
[N
] = [(1 x/l
i
), x/l
i
]. (25)
Since the material properties in each element are constants, then the element matrices and load vector
can be directly obtained as follows:
[B
]
i
= [1/l
i
, 1/l
i
], (26)
[C]
i
= S
i
_
l
l
c[N
]
T
[N
] dr =
_
C
(i)
11
C
(i)
12
C
(i)
21
C
(i)
22
_
=
(c)
i
l
i
6
_
2 1
1 2
_
S
i
, (27a)
[K]
i
= S
i
_
l
i
[B
]
T
k[B
] dr =
k
i
l
i
_
1 1
1 1
_
S
i
, (27b)
{p}
i
=
_
p
i
1
p
i
2
_
=
_
h
i
S
i
h
i+1
S
i+1
_
+ S
i
_
l
i
Q[N
]
T
dr, (27c)
where S
i
is the area of the layer at the ith element. This area is in the plane perpendicular to the x-axis.
The assembly of element matrices to form the global matrices in Eq. (11) gives
(1) {T } = {T
1
, T
2
, . . . , T
N+1
}
T
.
(2) The non-zero ith row and jth column elements C
ij
in global matrix [C] are:
The rst row: C
11
= C
(1)
11
, C
12
= C
(1)
12
.
The ith row (N + 1 >i >1): C
i(i1)
= C
(i1)
21
, C
ii
= C
(i1)
22
+ C
(i)
11
, C
i(i+1)
= C
(i)
12
.
The last row: C
(N+1)N
= C
(N)
21
, C
(N+1)(N+1)
= C
(N)
22
.
(3) The assembly of the global matrix [K] is the same as that of the global matrix [C].
(4) The ith elements p
i
in the global load vector {p} are:
p
1
= p
(1)
1
, p
i
= p
(i1)
2
+ p
(i)
1
, p
N+1
= p
(N)
2
.
Eqs. (27) provide the element matrices for the one-dimensional plates. Similarly, the element matrices
for one-dimensional heat conduction in cylinder and sphere can be obtained as follows.
(i) Cylinder. The volume integral d for an axially symmetric cylinder is d=2rH
i
dr, where H
i
is
the length (along the axi-symmetric axis) of the cylinder at the ith element. Hence,
[C]
i
= 2H
i
_
l
l
c[N
]
T
[N
]r dr =
(c)
i
l
i
6
_
r
i+1
+ 3r
i
r
i+1
+ r
i
r
i+1
+ r
i
3r
i+1
+ r
i
_
H
i
, (28a)
[K]
i
= 2H
i
_
l
i
[B
]
T
[k][B
]r dr = k
i
r
i+1
+ r
i
l
i
_
1 1
1 1
_
H
i
, (28b)
{p}
i
=
_
2h
i
H
i
r
i
2h
i+1
H
i+1
r
i+1
_
+ 2H
i
_
l
i
Q[N
]
T
r dr. (28c)
(ii) Sphere. The volume integral d for a rotationally symmetric sphere is d = 4r
2
dr. Then,
[C]
i
= 4
_
l
l
c[N
]
T
[N
]r
2
dr
=
(c)
i
l
i
15
_
2r
2
i+1
+ 6r
i+1
r
i
+ 12r
2
i
3r
2
i+1
+ 4r
i+1
r
i
+ 3r
2
i
3r
2
i+1
+ 4r
i+1
r
i
+ 3r
2
i
12r
2
i+1
+ 6r
i+1
r
i
+ 2r
2
i
_
, (29a)
[K]
i
= 4
_
l
i
[B
]
T
[k][B
]r
2
dr =
4
3
r
2
i+1
+ r
i
r
i+1
+ r
2
i
l
i
k
i
_
1 1
1 1
_
, (29b)
{p}
i
=
_
4h
i
r
2
i
4h
i+1
r
2
i+1
_
+ 4
_
l
i
Q[N
]
T
r
2
dr. (29c)
In expressions (28) and (29), r
b
= r
N+1
>r
N
> >r
2
>r
1
= r
a
, l
i
= r
i+1
r
i
, where r
a
and r
b
are
the inner radius and the outer radius of the cylinder (or sphere), respectively.
Now that the global matrices [K] and [C] are known, one can make a computation program to nd
the transient solution of Eq. (11), using nite difference scheme given in Eq. (17). Although the material
properties in each element are assigned as constants, one can improve the computation accuracy by
increasingthe number of elements. The above discretizationmethodlikes the laminatedplate model, which
has been used by Tanigawa et al. [1] and Jin and Paulino [2], for solving the one-dimensional transient
heat conduction equations. In their analysis, the FGMs were divided into a number of homogeneous
sub-layers.
Acknowledgements
BLW acknowledges the awards of an ARC Australian Research Fellowship and a Discovery Project
(#DP0346037) by the Australian Research Council (ARC). Part of this research was supported by the
NSFC (#10102004) and SRF for ROCS, SEM.
References
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[2] Z.-H. Jin, G.H. Paulino, Transient thermal stress analysis of an edge crack in a functionally graded material, Int. J. Fracture
107 (1) (2001) 7398.
[3] T. Elperin, G. Rudin, Thermal stresses in functionally graded materials caused by a laser thermal shock, Heat Mass Transfer
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[4] A.M. Abd-Alla, A.N. Abd-Alla, N.A. Zeidan, Thermal stresses in a nonhomogeneous orthotropic elastic multi-layered
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[9] T. Fujimoto, N. Noda, Crack Propagation in a Functionally Graded Plate Under Thermal Shock, vol. 70, 2000, pp. 377386.
[10] F. Erdogan, B.H. Wu, Crack problem in FGM layers under thermal stresses, J. Thermal Stresses 19 (1996) 237265.
[11] F. Erdogan, M. Ozturk, Periodic cracking of functionally graded coatings, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 33 (1995) 21792195.
[12] N. Shbeeb, W.K. Binienda, K. Kreider, Analysis of the driving force for a generally oriented crack in a functionally graded
strip sandwiched between two homogeneous half planes, Int. J. Fract. 14 (2000) 2350.
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Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 41 (2005) 335349

Two-dimensional 4-node linear element H 2 2

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