S H A N: Question Bank in Mathematics Class IX (Term II)

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PROBABILITY
A. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
15.1 PROBABILITY A THEORETICAL
APPROACH
1. The science which measures the degree of
uncertainty is called probability.
2. There are two types of approaches to the
study of probability. These are experimental or
empirical approach and theoretical approach or
classical approach.
3. In the experimental approach to
probability, we find the probability of the
occurrence of an event by actually performing
the experiment a number of times and record the
happening of an event.
4. In the theoretical approach to probability,
we predict the results without actually
performing the experiment.
5. The observations of an experiment are
called its outcomes.
6. An experiment in which all possible
outcomes are known and the exact outcome
cannot be predicted in advance, is called a
random experiment.
7. The word unbiased means each outcome
is equally likely to occur. For example, an
unbiased die indicates that each of the outcomes
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 has equal chances to occur.
Throughout this chapter, we shall assume that all
the experiments have equally likely outcomes.
8. The theoretical probability of an event E,
written as P(E) is defined as
P(E) =
Number of outcomes favourable to E
Number of all possible
outcomes of the experiment
9. An event having only one outcome of the
experiment is called an elementary event.
10. The sum of the probabilities of all the
elementary events of an experiment is 1.
In general for any event E,
P(E) = 1 P(not E) = 1 P( E )
or P( E ) = 1 P(E)
or P(E) + P( E ) = 1
Here the event E , representing not E, is
called the compliment of the event E.
11. The probability of the event which is
impossible to occur is 0. Such an event is called
an impossible event.
12. The probability of an event which is sure
(or certain) to occur is 1. Such an event is called
a sure or a certain event.
13. For an event E, we have 0 < P(E) < 1.
14. A die is a well balanced cube with its six
faces marked with numbers or dots 1 to 6. When
we throw a die we are interested in the number
that occurs on the top face.
15. The pack or deck of playing cards
consists of 52 cards, 26 of red colour and 26 of
black colour. There are four suits each of 13
cards namely hearts ( ), spades ( ), diamonds
( ) and clubs ( ).
Each suit contains ace, king, queen, jack or
knave, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2.
There are 4 aces, 4 kings, 4 queens, 4 jacks,
4 tens, and so on in a pack.
Kings, queens, and jacks are called face
cards.
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Question Bank In Mathematics Class IX (Term II)
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TEXTBOOKS EXERCISE 15.1
Q.1. Complete the following statements :
(i) Probability of an event E + Probability of
the event not E = ___________.
(ii) The probability of an event that cannot
happen is _____________. Such an event is
called _______ _____________.
(iii) The sum of the probabilities of all the
elementary events of an experiment is
____________.
(iv) The probability of an event that is
certain to happen is ___________. Such an
event is called ________ ___________.
(v) The probability of an event is greater
than or equal to ____________ and less than or
equal to ____________.
Sol. (i) 1 (ii) 0, impossible event
(iii) 1 (iv) 1, certain event
(v) 0, 1
Q.2. Which of the following experiments
have equally likely outcomes? Explain.
(i) A driver attempts to start a car. The car
starts or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basketball.
She/he shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) A trial is made to answer a true-false
question. The answer is right or wrong.
(iv) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.
Sol. (iii) Since for a question there are two
possibilities either right or wrong the outcome in this
trial of true-false question is either true or false, i.e.,
one out of the two and both have equal chances to
happen. Hence, the two outcomes are equally likely.
(iv) A new baby (i.e. , who took birth at a
moment) can be either a boy or a girl and both the
outcomes have equally likely chances.
Hence, the experiments (iii) and (iv) have
equally likely outcomes.
Q.3. Why is tossing a coin considered to be
a fair way of deciding which team should get the
ball at the beginning of a football game?
Sol. When a coin is tossed there are only two
possibilities, i.e., head or tail, both equally likely to
happen. So the result of an individual coin is
completely unpredictable.
Q.4. Which of the following cannot be the
probability of an event?
(a)
2
3
(b) 1.5 (c) 15% (d) 0.7
Sol. (b) 1.5 cannot be probability of an event
because 0 P(E) 1.
Q.5. If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability
of not E? [Imp.]
Sol. We know that P(E) + P( E ) = 1
P( E ) = 1 P(E
[where, P( E ) is called P(not E)]
Probability of not E = 1 P(E)
= 1 0.05 = 0.95
Q.6. A bag contains lemon flavoured
candies only. Malini takes out one candy without
looking into the bag. What is the probability that
she takes out
(i) an orange flavoured candy?
(ii) a lemon flavoured candy?
Sol. (i) There is no orange flavoured candy. So,
probability that she takes out orange flavoured candy
is zero.
(ii) There is lemon flavoured candy. So,
probability that she takes out lemon flavoured candy
is one.
Q.7. It is given that in a group of 3 students,
the probability of 2 students not having the same
birthday is 0.992. What is the probability that
the 2 students have the same birthday? [Imp.]
Sol. Let E is event that two students have same
birthday.
E is event that 2 students not having same
birthday is 0.992.
P( E ) = 0.992
P(E) = 1 P( E ) [ P(E) + P( E ) = 1]
= 1 0.992 = 0.008
Probability that two students have same
birthday = 0.008
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Q.8. A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black
balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag.
What is the probability that the ball drawn is (i)
red? (ii) not red? [Imp.]
Sol. (i) Let E be the event that the ball drawn is
red.
Total number of balls in the bag = 3 + 5 = 8
So, the number of all possible outcomes = 8
There are 3 red balls in the bag.
So, the number of outcomes favourable to
E = 3.
We know that P(E)
=
Number of outcomes favourable to E 3
Number of all possible outcomes 8
=
Hence, the probability that the ball drawn is red
=
3
8
(ii) We know that P( E ) = 1 P(E) = 1
3 5
8 8
=
Hence, the probability that the ball is not red is
5
8
.
Q.9. A box contain 5 red marbles, 8 white
marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is
taken out of the box at random. What is the
probability that the marble taken out will be (i)
red? (ii) white? (iii) not green?
Sol. Number of red marbles in the box = 5
[Given]
Number of white marbles in the box = 8
[Given]
Number of green marbles in the box = 4
[Given]
Total number of marbles in the box
= 5 + 8 + 4 = 17
So, number of all possible outcomes = 17
(i) Favourable outcomes for red marbles = 5
The probability that the marble taken out be red
=
Favourable outcomes for red marbles 5
=
(ii) Favourable outcomes for white marbles = 8
The probability that the marble taken out white
=
Favourable outcomes for white marbles 8
=
(iii) Favourable outcomes for green marbles = 4
The probability that the marble taken out be
green
=
Favourable outcomes for green marbles 4
=
We know that P( E ) = 1 P(E)
Probability that the marble taken out will not be
green = 1 Probability that the marble taken out will
be green
= 1
4
17
=
13
17
Hence, the probability that the marble is not
green is
13
17
.
Q.10. A piggy bank contains hundred 50 p
coins, fifty Re 1 coins, twenty Rs 2 coins and ten
Rs 5 coins. If it is equally likely that one of the
coins will fall out when the bank is turned
upside down, what is the probability that the
coin (i) will be a 50 p coin? (ii) will not be a Rs
5 coin?
Sol. Number of 50 p coins in the piggy bank
= 100 [Given]
Number of Re 1 coins in the piggy bank = 50
[Given]
Number of Rs 2 coins in the piggy bank = 20
[Given]
Number of Rs 5 coins in the piggy bank = 10
[Given]
Total number of coins in the piggy bank
= 100 + 50 + 20 + 10 = 180
Number of all possible outcomes = 180
(i) For 50 p coins, the favourable outcomes = 100
The required probability
=
Favourable outcomes for 50 p coin 100 5
Number of all possible outcomes 180 9
= =
(ii) For Rs 5 coins, the favourable outcomes = 10
So, probability
=
Favourable outcomes for Rs 5 coin 10 1
= =
P(not Rs 5 coin) = 1
1 17
18 18
=
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Hence, the probability that the coin will not be a
Rs 5 coin is
17
18
.
Q.11. Gopi buys a fish from a shop for his
aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at
random from a tank containing 5 male fish and
8 female fish. What is the probability that the
fish taken out is a male fish?
Sol. Number of male fish in the aquarium = 5
Number of female fish in the aquarium = 8
Total number of fish in the aquarium
= 5 + 8 = 13
Number of favourable outcomes for a male fish
= 5.
So, probability
=
Favourable outcomes for male fish 5
=
Hence, the probability that the fish taken out is a
male fish is
5
13
.
Q.12. A game of chance consists of spinning
an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of
the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see figure), and
these are equally likely outcomes. What is the
probability that it will point at [Imp.]
(i) 8?
(ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2?
(iv) a number less than 9?
Sol. Total numbers = 8 [Given]
(i) Number of outcomes favourable to the event
that the arrow will point at 8 = 1
Required probability
=
Favourable outcome for the arrow will point at 8 1
=
(ii) Number of outcomes favourable to the event
that the arrow will point at an odd number (1, 3, 5, 7)
= 4
=
Favourable outcomes for the arrow
will point at an odd number 4 1
= =
(iii) Number of outcomes favourable to the event
that the arrow will point at a number greater than 2
(3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) = 6
=
Favourable outcomes that it will
point at a number greater than 2 6 3
= =
(iv) Number of outcomes favourable to the event
that the arrow will point at a number less than 9 (1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) = 8
=
Favourable outcomes that it will
point at a number less than 9 8
1
= =
Q.13. A die is thrown once. Find the
probability of getting : [Imp.]
(i) A prime number
(ii) a number lying between 2 and 6
(iii) an odd number
Sol. Number of all possible outcomes (1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6) = 6
(i) Let E be the event of getting a prime number.
Then, the outcomes favourable to E are 2, 3 and 5.
Therefore, the number of outcomes favourable to E
is 3.
P(E) =
Number of outcomes favourable to E 3 1
= =
(ii) Let E be the event of getting a number lying
between 2 and 6.
Then, the outcomes favourable to E are 3, 4 and
5. Therefore, the number of outcomes favourable to E
is 3.
P(E)
=
= =
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(iii) Let E be the event of getting an odd number.
Then, the outcomes favourable to E are 1, 3 and
5. Therefore, the number of outcomes favourable to E
is 3.
P(E)
=
= =
Q.14. One card is drawn from a well-
shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of
getting
(i) a king of red colour
(ii) a face card
(iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts
(v) a spade
(vi) the queen of diamonds
Sol. Total number of cards = 52
(i) Let E be the event of getting a king of red
colour. Then, the outcomes favourable to E are king
of diamond and king of heart. Therefore, the number
of outcomes favourable to E is 2.
P(E) =
Number of all possible outcomes
2 1
52 26
= =
(ii) Let E be the event of getting a face card.
Then, the outcomes favourable to E are 4 kings,
4 queens and 4 jacks.
Therefore, the number of outcomes favourable to
E is 12.
P(E)
12 3
52 13
=
= =
(iii) Let E be the event of getting a red face card.
Then, the outcomes favourable to E are 1 diamond
king, 1 heart king, 1 diamond queen, 1 heart queen,
1 diamond jack and 1 heart jack. Therefore, the
number of outcomes favourable to E is 6.
P(E) =
=
6 3
52 26
=
(iv) Let E be the event of getting the jack of
heart. Then, the number of outcomes favourable to E
is 1.
P(E) =
=
1
52
(v) Let E be the event of getting a spade. Then,
the number of outcomes favourable to E is 13.
P(E) =
= =
13 1
52 4
(vi) Let E be the event of getting the queen of
diamonds. Then, the number of outcomes favourable
E is 1.
P(E) =
=
1
52
Q.15. Five cards the ten, jack, queen, king
and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their
face downwards. One card is then picked up at
random. [Imp.]
(i) What is the probability that the card is
the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what
is the probability that the second card picked up
is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?
Sol. (i) Total number of cards = 5 (Given)
Let E be the event that the card is the queen.
Therefore, the number of outcomes favourable to E is 1.
P(E) =
=
1
5
(ii) Now, total number of cards = 5 1 = 4
(a) Let E be the event that the second card
picked up is an ace. Then, the number of outcomes
favourable is E, is 1.
P(E) =
=
1
4
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(b) Let E be the event that the second card picked
up is a queen. Then, the number of outcomes
favourable to E is 0 (as there is no queen).
P(E) =
=
0
4
= 0
Q.16. 12 defective pens are accidentally
mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to
just look at a pen and tell whether or not it is
defective. One pen is taken out at random from
this lot. Determine the probability that the pen
taken out is a good one. [Imp.]
Sol. Number of defective pens = 12 [Given]
So, total number of pens = 12 + 132 = 144
Let E be the event that the pen taken out is a
good one. Then, the number of outcomes favourable
to E is 132.
P(E) = P(Pen taken out is a good one)
=
=
32 11
144 12
1
=
Q.17. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective
ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot.
What is the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not
defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is
drawn at random from the rest. What is the
probability that this bulb is not defective?
Sol. (i) Total number of bulbs = 20 [Given]
Let E be the event that the bulb drawn is
defective. Then, the number of outcomes favourable
to E is 4. Since the number of defective bulbs is 4.
P(E) =
=
4
20
=
1
5
(ii) Total number of bulbs
= 19 [Because one bulb is drawn]
Number of defective bulbs = 4
Let E be the event that the bulb drawn is not
defective. Then, the number of outcomes favourable
to E is 15, since now there are 19 4 = 15 not
defective bulbs.
P(E) =
=
15
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Q.18. A box contains 90 discs which are
numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at
random from the box, find the probability that it
bears (i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square
number (iii) a number divisible by 5.
[2011 (T-II)]
Sol. Total number of discs = 90 [Given]
(i) Let E be the event that the disc bears a two-
digit number. Then, the number of outcomes
favourable to E is 90 9 = 81 as from 1 to 9, each
number has one digit.
P(E) =
=
81 9
90 10
=
(ii) Let E be the event that the disc bears a
perfect square number. Then, the number of outcomes
favourable to E (1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81) is 9.
P(E) =
=
9
90
=
1
10
(iii) Let E be the event that the disc bears a
number divisible by 5. Then, the number of outcomes
favourable is E (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,
55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90) is 18.
P(E) =
=
18
90
=
1
5
Q.19. A child has a die whose six faces show
the letters as given below :
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The die is thrown once. What is the
probability of getting (i) A? (ii) D? [2011 (T-II)]
Sol. Total number of letters = 6 [Given]
(i) Total As = 2
Let E be the event of getting A.
P(E) =
=
2
6
=
1
3
(ii) Total Ds = 1
Let E be the event of getting D.
P(E) =
=
1
6
Q.20. Suppose you drop a die at random on
the rectangular region shown in figure. What is
the probability that it will land inside the circle
with diameter 1 m?
Sol. Area of the rectangular region
= 3 2 m
2
= 6 m
2
Diameter of the circle
= 1 m [Given]
So, radius of circle =
1
2
m
So, area of the circle =

=

2
2 2
1
m m
2 4
Probability that the die will land inside the circle
P(E) =
Area of circle
= =
4 Area of rectangle 24
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Q.21. A lot consists of 144 ball pens of
which 20 are defective and the others are good.
Nuri will buy a pen if it is good, but will not buy
if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen
at random and gives it to her. What is the
probability that (i) She will buy it? (ii) She will
not buy it? [Imp.]
Sol. (i) Total number of ball pens = 144 [Given]
Number of defective ball pens = 20 [Given]
Number of good ball pens = 144 20 = 124
P(E)
Number of good ball pens
124 31
144 36
=
= =
Hence, the probability that Nuri will buy the ball
pen is
31
36
.
(ii) Probability that she will not buy it
= 1 Probability that she will buy it
=
31 5
1
36 36
=
Q.22. Two dice one blue and other grey are thrown at the same time. (i) Complete the following
table.
Event: 'Sum on 2 dice' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Probability
1
36
5
36
1
36
(ii) A student argues that 'there are 11 possible outcomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
Therefore, each of them has a probability
1
11
. Do you agree with this argument? Justify your answer..
Sol. (i) Number of all possible outcomes = 6 6 = 36.
The outcomes favourable to the event the sum of two numbers is 3 are (1, 2), (2, 1).
Let E be the event that the sum is 3.
The number of outcomes favourable to E = 2. Hence, P(E) =
2
36
.
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The outcomes favourable to the event the sum of two numbers is 4 are (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1).
The number of outcomes favourable to E = 3.
Hence, P(E) =
3
36
.
The outcomes favourable to the event the sum of two numbers is 5 are (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1).
Hence, P(E) =
4
36
.
The outcomes favourable to the event the sum of two numbers is 6 are (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1).
Hence, P(E) =
5
36
.
The outcomes favourable to the event the sum of two numbers is 7 are (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2),
(6, 1).
Hence, P(E) =
6
36
.
The outcomes favourable to the event the sum of two numbers is 9 are (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3).
Hence, P(E) =
4
36
.
The outcomes favourable to the event the sum of two numbers is 10 are (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4).
Hence, P(E) =
3
36
.
The outcomes favourable to the event the sum of two numbers is 11 are (5, 6), (6, 5).
Hence, P(E) =
2
36
.
Hence, the table is :
Event: 'Sum on 2 dice' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Probability
1
36
2
36
3
36
4
36
5
36
6
36
5
36
4
36
3
36
2
36
1
36
(ii) The eleven sums are not equally likely. Therefore, each of them has a probability
1
11
is not correct.
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Q.23. A game consists of tossing a one rupee
coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time.
Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result,
i.e., three heads or three tails and loses
otherwise. Calculate the probability that Hanif
will lose the game.
Sol. Let H denote the head and T denote the tail.
Then the possible outcomes are : HHH, TTT, HHT,
HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH.
Here, THH means tail in the first toss, head on
the second toss and head on the third toss and so on.
Let E be the event that Hanif will lose the game
Then, the favourable outcomes are : HHT, HTH,
HTT, THH, THT, TTH.
So, number of favourable outcomes = 6
P(E) = probability that Hanif will lose the
game
=
=
6 3
8 4
=
Q.24. A die is thrown twice. What is the
probability that
(i) 5 will not come up either time?
(ii) 5 will come up at least once? [2009]
Sol. When a die is thrown twice all possible
outcomes are = 6 6 = 36
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
5 (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
6 (6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
(i) Let E be the event that 5 will not come up
either time. Then, the favourable outcomes
are :
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 6)
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 6)
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 6)
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 6)
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 6)
= P(5 will not come up either time)
P(E) =
=
25
36
.
(ii) Let E be the event that 5 will come up at least
once. Then, the favourable outcomes are :
(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5),
(5, 1), (5, 2) (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 6)
P(E) = (5 will come up at least once)
=
=
11
36
Q.25. Which of the following arguments are
correct and which are not correct? Give reasons
for your answer.
(i) If two coins are tossed simultaneously
there are three possible outcomes two heads,
two tails or one of each. Therefore, for each of
these outcomes, the probability is
1
3
.
(ii) If a die is thrown, there are two possible
outcomes an odd number or an even number.
Therefore, the probability of getting an odd
number is
1
2
.
Sol. (i) Incorrect : We can classify the outcomes,
like this but they are not then 'equally likely'. Reason
is that 'one of each' can result in two ways from a
head on first coin and tail on the second coin or from
a tail on the first coin and head on the second coin.
This makes it twice as likely as two heads (or two
tails).
(ii) Correct : The two outcomes considered in the
question are equally likely.
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OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Q.1. If a letter of English alphabet is chosen
at random, then the probability that the letter is
a consonant is : [2011 (T-II)]
(a)
5
26
(b)
21
26
(c)
10
13
(d)
11
13
Sol. (b) Total number of letters in English
alphabet = 26
Number of consonants = 21
P(a constant) =
21
26
Q.2. The probability of getting a number
between 3 and 100 which is divisible by 7 is :
[2011 (T-II)]
(a)
29
28
(b)
1
7
(c)
25
98
(d)
23
98
Sol. (b) Total numbers = 98 (3 to 100)
Numbers divisible by 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42,
49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, 91, 98, i.e., 14.
P(a number divisible by 7) =
14 1
98 7
=
Q.3. A bag contains cards which are
numbered from 2 to 90. A card is drawn at
random from the bag. The probability that it
bears a two digit number is : [2011 (T-II)]
(a)
88
92
(b)
88
90
(c)
81
89
(d)
89
90
Sol. (c) Total numbers = 89 (2 to 90)
The two-digit numbers are 10, 11, 12, , 90.
No. of favourable outcomes = 81
Hence, P(a two-digit number) =
81
89
Q.4. The probability of getting a prime
number in single throw of a dice is :
[2011 (T-II)]
(a) zero (b)
1
3
(c)
1
2
(d)
1
4
Sol. (c) Total number of outcomes = 6
Favourable outcomes are 2, 3, 5 i.e., 3
P(a prime number) =
3
6
1
2
=
.
Q.5. Two coins are tossed simultaneously.
The probability of getting exactly one head is :
[2011 (T-II)]
(a)
1
4
(b)
3
4
(c)
1
2
(d)
4
4
Sol. (c) Possible outcomes in tossing two coins =
HH, TH, HT, TT. Thus, probability of getting exactly
one head =
2 1
4 2
= .
Q.6. If two dice are thrown simultaneously,
then the probability of getting a doublet is :
[2011 (T-II)]
(a)
5
36
(b)
1
18
(c)
1
9
(d)
1
6
Sol. (d) Total possible outcomes in throwing two
dice = 6 6 = 36. Total number of doublets are (1,
1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6), i.e., 6.
Thus, probability of getting a doublet =
6 1
36 6
= .
Q.7. In tossing two coins, the probability of
getting 2 heads is : [2011 (T-II)]
(a)
1
2
(b)
1
3
(c)
1
8
(d)
1
4
Sol. (d) All possible outcomes are HH, HT, TH,
TT. Favourable outcome is HH.
Thus, probability of getting two heads =
1
4
.
Q.8. The probability of selecting neither a
jack nor an ace from a well-shuffled pack of 52
playing cards is :
(a)
1
13
(b)
2
13
(c)
11
13
(d)
10
13
Sol. (c) Total number of cards = 52.
Number of jacks and aces = 4 + 4 = 8
Probability of selecting neither a jack nor an ace
= 1 Probability of selecting either a jack or an ace
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=
8 2 11
1 1
52 13 13
= = .
Q.9. The probability of selecting a red pen
from a box containing 30 black pens, 20 blue
pens and 15 red pens is :
(a)
1
13
(b)
2
13
(c)
11
13
(d)
10
13
Sol. (c) Total number of pens = 30 black pens
+ 20 blue pens + 15 red pens = 65 pens
So, the probability of selecting a red pen
=
15 3
65 13
= .
Q.10. The probability of selecting an even
prime number from 1 to 50 is :
(a)
1
50
(b)
2
25
(c)
1
25
(d) none of these
Sol. (a) Total numbers = 50
Even prime numbers
= 1 (2 is the only even prime number)
So, probability of selecting an even prime
number =
1
50
.
Q.11. There are 10 red marbles and some
white marbles in a box. If the probability of
drawing a red marble is half of the probability of
drawing a white marble, then the number of
white marbles is :
(a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 15 (d) 20
Sol. (d) Let x be the number of white marbles.
Total number of marbles = 10 + x.
1
2
probability of drawing a white marble =
probability of drawing a red marble.
1 0
20
2 10 10
x
x
x x
1
= =

+ +
Q.12. The probability of getting a factor of
6 in throwing a die is :
(a)
1
3
(b)
2
3
(c)
1
2
(d) none of these
Sol. (b) Total number of possible cases = 6
Factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, 6, i.e., 4
Thus, probability of getting a factor of
4 2
6
6 3
= = .
Q.13. In throwing two dice simultaneously,
the probability that the sum of two numbers
appeared on the top of dice is less than or equal
to 12 is :
(a)
1
12
(b)
3
4
(c) 1 (d) 0
Sol. (c) Total possible outcomes = 6 6 = 36
Maximum value of sum of numbers appeared on
the dice = 12
Thus, probability that the sum of the numbers
appeared on the top of dice is less than or equal to 12
=
36
36
= 1.
Q.14. In a bag there are 50 balls, some are
red, some are white and some are green. A ball
is drawn from the bag randomly. If the
probabilities of selecting a white ball and a
green ball are
2
5
and
3
10
respectively, then the
number of red balls is :
(a) 35 (b) 30 (c) 25 (d) 15
Sol. (d) Probability of selecting a red ball
= 1
2 3
5 10

+

=
7 3
1
10 10
=
Thus, number of red balls =
3
50
10

= 15
Q.15. A bag contains 14 balls of which x are
white. If 6 more white balls are added to the
bag, the probability of drawing a white ball is
1
2
. Find the value of x. [2011 (T-II)]
Sol. Total number of balls = 14
Number of favourable outcomes to the event of
drawing a white ball = x
P(a white ball) =
14
x
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As per condition, when 6 more white balls are
added to the box.
So, number of all possible outcomes
= 14 + 6 = 20
drawing a white ball = x + 6
Now,
6 1
2 12 20 4
20 2
x
x x
+
= + = =
.
Q.16. A die is thrown once. What is the
probability of getting a number greater than 4?
[2010]
Sol. Total number of outcomes = 6
Favourable outcomes = 2 (5 and 6)
P (a number greater than 4) =
2
6
=
1
3
.
Q.17. From a well shuffled pack of cards, a
card is drawn at random. Find the probability of
getting a black queen. [2008]
Sol. Total no. of cards = 52
There are two black queens in a pack of cards.
P(a black queen) =
2 1
52 26
= .
Q.18. A bag contains 4 red and 6 black
balls. A ball is taken out of the bag at random.
Find the probability of getting a black ball.
[2008]
Sol. Total no. of balls = 4 + 6 = 10
Number of black balls = 6
P (a black ball) =
6 3
10 5
=
probability of getting a number less than 3.
[2008]
Favourable outcomes = 2 (1 and 2)
P(a number less than 3) =
2 1
6 3
= .
probability of getting a number greater than 5.
[2008]
Favourable outcomes = 1 (only 6)
P(an number greater than 5) =
1
6
.
Q.21. Cards bearing numbers 3 to 20 are
placed in a bag and mixed thoroughly. A card is
taken out from the bag at random. What is the
probability that the number on the card taken
out is an even number? [2008]
Sol. Cards with even numbers are 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
14, 16, 18, 20, i.e., 9.
Total number of cards = 18
P(an even number) =
9 1
18 2
= .
Q.22. Two friends were born in the year
2000. What is the probability that they have the
same birthday? [2008]
Sol. Total number of days in the year 2000 = 366
[ Year 2000 is a leap year]
They have the same birthday.
Number of favourable days = 1
P(they have the same birthday) =
1
366
.
Q.23. A box contains cards marked with
numbers 5 to 20. A card is drawn from the box
at random. Find the probability of getting a
number which is a perfect square. [2008]
Perfect square numbers are 9, 16, i.e., 2.
P(a perfect square) =
2 1
16 8
= .
Q.24. A bag contains 5 red balls, 8 white
balls, 4 green balls and 7 black balls. A ball is
drawn at random from the bag. Find probability
that it is not green. [2007]
Sol. Total number of balls = 5 + 8 + 4 + 7 = 24
Number of green balls = 4
Number of balls which are not green
= 24 4 = 20
P (the ball is not green) =
20 5
24 6
= .
Q.25. A bag contains cards which are
numbered from 2 to 90. A card is drawn at
random from the bag. Find the probability that it
bears.
(i) a two digit number,
(ii) a number which is a perfect square.
[2010]
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(i) The two-digit numbers are : 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, .........., 90.
Hence, P(a two-digit number) =
81
89
(ii) The numbers which are perfect squares
are : 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81.
P(a perfect square) =
8
89
.
Q.26. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled
pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that it
is an Ace. [2007]
Sol. In a pack of cards, there are 52 cards out of
which there are four Aces, one each of Hearts,
Diamonds, Clubs and Spades.
P(an Ace) =
4 1
52 13
= .
Q.27. Two dice are thrown together. Find the
probability of getting a total less than 6.
[2006]
Sol. As two dice are thrown, total number of
outcomes are 6 6 = 36.
Favourable outcomes are (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3),
(1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1)
Total no. of favourable cases = 10
Required probability =
10 5
36 18
= .
Q.28. What is the probability that answer
selected from the numbers 1, 2, 3, ...., 15 is a
multiple of 4? [2006]
Sol. Total numbers = 15.
Multiples of 4 are (4, 8, 12) = 3
Required probability =
3 1
15 5
= .
Q.29. Cards marked with the numbers 2 to
101 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly.
One card is drawn from this box. Find the
probability that the number on the card is a
number which is perfect square. [2006]
Sol. Total numbers of outcomes = 100
The numbers which are perfect squares are 4, 9,
16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
Favourable events = 9
Hence, P(getting a perfect square) =
9
100
.
Q.30. Two coins are tossed simultaneously.
Find the probability getting [2011 (T-II)]
(i) one head
(ii) at most one head.
Sol. If two coins are tossed simultaneously we
obtain any one of the following as an outcome.
HH, HT, TH, TT
Total number of elementary events = 4
(i) One head is obtained if any one of the
following elementary events occurs : HT, TH
Favourable number of elementary events = 2
Hence, required probability
2 1
4 2
= =
(ii) If one of the elementary events HT, TH, TT
occurs, then we say that at most one head is obtained.
3
4
= .
Q.31. One card is drawn from a well shuffled
deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
a red face card. [2011 (T-II)]
Sol. There are 6 red face cards 3 each from
diamonds and hearts. Out of these 6 red face cards one
card can be chosen in 6 ways.
6 3
52 26
= = .
probability of getting
(i) a prime number
(ii) a number divisible by 2 [2008]
(i) Favourable outcomes are 2, 3, 5
P (a prime number)
no. of favourable outcomes
total no. of outcomes
=
3 1
=
6 2
=
.
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(ii) Favourable outcomes are 2, 4, 6
P (a number divisible by 2)
no. of favourable outcomes
total no. of outcomes
=
3 1
=
6 2
=
.
probability of getting
(i) an even prime number
(ii) a multiple of 3 [2008]
Sol. Total numbers of outcomes = 6
(i) There is only one even prime number, which
is 2.
P (an even prime number) =
1
6
(ii) Favourable outcomes are 3, 6
P (a multiple of 3)
2 1
6 3
= =
.
Q.34. Cards, marked with numbers 5 to 50,
are placed in a box and mixed throughly. A card
is drawn from the box at random. Find the
probability that the number on the taken out card
is
(i) a prime number less than 10.
[2008]
Sol. Total number of cards = (50 5) + 1 = 46
(i) Cards bearing a prime number less than 10 are :
5, 7
P (a prime number less than 10)
=
2 1
46 23
=
.
(ii) Cards bearing numbers which are perfect
squares are 9, 16, 25, 36 and 49.
P (a perfect square) =
5
46
.
Q.35. A pair of dice is thrown once. Find the
probability of getting the same number on each
dice. [2008]
Sol. When we throw a pair of dice, all the
outcomes are listed below :
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1),
(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3),
(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5),
(4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1),
(6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)
Total number of possible outcomes = 36
Also, there are 6 ways of obtaining same
number on each die, which are
(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)
P (the same number on each die)
6 1
36 6
= =
.
Q.36. A bag contains 4 red, 5 black and 3
yellow balls. A ball is taken out of the bag at
random. Find the probability that the ball taken
out is of (i) yellow colour (ii) not of red colour.
[2008, 2011 (T-II)]
Sol. Total no. of balls = 4 + 5 + 3 = 12
(i) No. of yellow balls = 3
P(a yellow ball) =
3 1
12 4
=
.
(ii) No. of red balls = 4
P(a red ball) =
4 1
12 3
=
P (not a red ball)
= 1 P (a red ball) = 1
1
3
=
2
3
.
Q.37. A bag contains tickets, numbered 11,
12, 13, , 30. A ticket is taken out from the bag
at random. Find the probability that the number
on the drawn ticket (i) is a multiple of 7, (ii) is
greater than 15 and a multiple of 5.
[2008, 2011 (T-II)]
Sol. Total no. of tickets = 20
(i) Tickets having numbers which are multiples of
7 are : 14, 21, 28
Favourable outcomes = 3
P (a multiple of 7) =
3
20
.
(ii) Tickets having numbers which are greater than
15 and are multiples of 5 are : 20, 25, 30
Favourable outcomes = 3
P (a number greater than 15 and a multiple
of 5) =
3
20
.
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Q.38. The king, queen and jack of clubs are
removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and the
remaining cards are shuffled. A card is drawn
from the remaining cards. Find the probability of
getting a card of (i) heart (ii) queen (iii) clubs.
[2009, 2011 (T-II)]
Sol. Total no. of outcomes = 52 3 = 49
(i) No. of favourable outcomes = 13
P(a heart) =
No. of favourable outcomes
Total no. of outcomes
=
3
49
.
(ii) No. of favourable outcomes = 4 1 = 3
P(a queen) =
=
3
49
.
(iii) No. of favourable outcomes = 13 3 = 10
P(a club) =
=
10
49
.
Q.39. A box contains 20 balls bearing
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 20. A ball is drawn at
random from the box. What is the probability
that the number on the ball is :
(i) an odd number
(ii) divisible by 2 or 3
(iii) a prime number
(iv) not divisible by 10. [2006, 2011 (T-II)]
(i) Odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, ..., 19 = 10
P(an odd number) =
10 1
20 2
=
(ii) Numbers divisible by 2 are 2, 4, 6, ..., 20 = 10
Numbers divisible by 3 are 3, 6, 9, ..., 18 = 6
Numbers divisible by 2 or 3 are 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9,
10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20 i.e., 13.
P(a number divisible by 2 or 3) =
13
20
(iii) Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
= 8
P(a prime number) =
8 2
20 5
=
(iv) Numbers divisible by 10 are 10, 20 = 2
P(the number not divisible by 10)
= 1 P(number divisible by 10)
=
1 9
1
10 10
= .
Q.40. A bag contains 5 white balls, 7 red
balls, 4 black balls and 2 blue balls. One ball is
drawn at random from the bag. What is the
probability that the ball drawn is :
[2006, 2011 (T-II)]
(i) white or blue
(ii) red or black
(iii) not white
(iv) neither white nor black.
Sol. Total number of balls = 5 + 7 + 4 + 2 = 18
(i) Number of white balls = 5
Number of blue balls = 2
No. of white and blue balls = 5 + 2 = 7
P (the ball is white or blue) =
7
18
(ii) Red balls = 7, black balls = 4
Total no. of red and black balls = 7 + 4 = 11
P(the ball is red or black) =
11
18
.
(iii) White balls = 5
P(the ball is not white) = 1 P(the white ball)
=
5 13
1
18 18
= .
(iv) White balls = 5, black balls = 4
Total no. of white and black balls = 5 + 4 = 9
P(the ball neither white nor black)
= 1 P(the ball is either white or black)
=
9 1 1
1 1
18 2 2
= = .
Q.41. A card is drawn at random from a
well-shuffled deck of playing cards. Find the
probability that the card drawn is :
(i) a King or a Jack (ii) A non-Ace
(iii) a red card
(iv) neither King nor a Queen. [2006]
No. of Kings or Jacks = 4 + 4 = 8
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(i) P(a King or a Jack) =
8 2
52 13
= .
(ii) P(a non-Ace) = 1 P(an Ace)
=
4 1 12
1 1
52 13 13
= = .
(iii) No. of red cards = 26
P(a red card) =
26 1
52 2
= .
(iv) No. of Kings or Queens = 4 + 4 = 8
P(neither a King nor a Queen)
= 1 P(King or Queen)
= 1
8
52
=
2 11
1
13 13
= .
Q.42. Cards marked with numbers 13, 14,
15, ..., 60 are placed in a box and mixed
thoroughly. One card is drawn at random from
the box. Find the probability that the number on
the drawn card is :
(i) divisible by 5
[2007, 2011 (T-II)]
(i) Cards bearing numbers divisible by 5 are 15,
20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 = 10
P(the number is divisible by 5) =
10 5
48 24
= .
(ii) Cards bearing perfect square numbers are 16,
25, 36, 49 = 4 cards
P(a perfect square card) =
4 1
48 12
= .
Q.43. A bag contains 6 red balls and some
blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue
ball from the bag is twice that of a red ball, find
the number of blue balls in the bag. [2007]
Sol. Number of red balls = 6
Let number of blue balls = x
Total number of balls = 6 + x
According to question, P(blue) = 2P (red)
6
2 12 [ (6 ) 0]
6 6
x
x x
x x

= = +

+ +

Number of blue balls = 12.
Q.44. A box contains 17 cards numbered 1,
2, 3, , 16, 17. A card is drawn at random from
the box. Find the probability that the number on
the drawn card is : [2011 (T-II)]
(a) odd (b) even and prime
(c) divisible by 3.
Sol. Out of 17 cards, in the box, one card can be
drawn in 17 ways.
Total number of elementary events = 17.
(a) There are 9 odd numbered cards, namely, 1, 3,
5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17. Out of these 9 cards one card
can be drawn in 9 ways.
9
17
=
(b) There is only even prime number is 2.
1
17
= .
(c) Numbers divisible by 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15.
5
17
= .
Q.45. Cards marked with numbers 3, 4, 5,
, 50 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly.
One card is drawn at random from the box. Find
the probability that the number on the drawn
card is [2011 (T-II)]
(a) divisible by 7 (b) is a perfect square.
Sol. Total number of outcomes = 48 (3 to 50)
(a) Cards bearing numbers divisible by 7 are 7,
14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 = 7
P (the number is divisible by 7)
7
48
= .
(b) Cards bearing perfect square numbers are 4, 9,
16, 25, 36, 49 = 6
P(a perfect square card)
6 1
48 8
= =
.
Q.46. Two dice are thrown simultaneously.
Find the probability that the sum of the two
numbers appearing on their tops is less than or
equal to 10. [2011 (T-II)]
Sol. As two dice are thrown, total number of
outcomes are 6 6 = 36
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Favourable outcomes are
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 5)
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5)
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4)
Total no. of favourable cases = 33
33 11
36 12
= =
Q.47. All the three face cards of spades are
removed from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. A
card is then drawn at random from the remaining
pack. Find the probability of getting
(a) a black face card (b) a Queen
(c) a black card. [2007, 2011 (T-II)]
3 face cards of spades are removed then
remaining cards = 52 3 = 49
(a) P(a black face card) =
3
49
(b) P(a Queen) =
3
49
(c) P(a black card) =
23
49
[3 black cards are removed]
Q.48. Tickets numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, , 100,
101 are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly.
One ticket is drawn at random from the box.
Find the probability that the number on the
ticket is :
(i) an even number
(ii) a number less than 16
(iii) a number which is a perfect square
(iv) a prime number less than 40.
(i) Tickets in the box having even numbers are
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, , 100.
Favourable outcomes in this case are 50.
P (an even number)
50 1
100 2
= =
.
(ii) Tickets in the box having numbers less than
16 are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
P (a number less than 16)
14 7
100 50
= =
.
(iii) Tickets in the box having perfect square
numbers are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
P (a perfect square number)
10 1
100 10
= =
.
(iv) Tickets in the box having prime numbers
less than 40 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,
23, 29, 31, 37.
P (a prime number less than 40)
12 3
100 25
= = .
Q.49. A black die and a white die are thrown
at the same time. Write all possible outcomes.
What is the probability
(i) that the sum of the two numbers that turn
up is 8?
(ii) of obtaining a total of 6?
(iii) of obtaining a total of 10?
(iv) of obtaining the same number on both
the dice?
(v) of obtaining a total more than 9?
(vi) that the sum of the two numbers
appearing on the top of the dice is 13?
(vii) that the sum of the numbers appearing
on the top of the dice is less than or equal to 12?
Sol. All the outcomes are listed below :
(B
1
, W
1
), (B
1
, W
2
), (B
1
, W
3
), (B
1
, W
4
),
(B
1
, W
5
), (B
1
, W
6
), (B
2
, W
1
), (B
2
, W
2
),
(B
2
, W
3
), (B
2
, W
4
), (B
2
, W
5
), (B
2
, W
6
),
(B
3
, W
1
), (B
3
, W
2
), (B
3
, W
3
), (B
3
, W
4
),
(B
3
, W
5
), (B
3
, W
6
), (B
4
, W
1
), (B
4
, W
2
),
(B
4
, W
3
), (B
4
, W
4
), (B
4
, W
5
), (B
4
, W
6
), (B
5
,
W
1
), (B
5
, W
2
), (B
5
, W
3
), (B
5
, W
4
), (B
5
, W
5
),
(B
5
, W
6
), (B
6
, W
1
), (B
6
, W
2
), (B
6
, W
3
),
(B
6
, W
4
), (B
6
, W
5
), (B
6
, W
6
)
(i) There are 5 ways of obtaining a total of 8.
They are (B
2
, W
6
), (B
3
, W
5
), (B
4
, W
4
),
(B
5
, W
3
), (B
6
, W
2
);
P (a total of 8) =
5
36
.
(ii) There are 5 ways of obtaining a total of 6.
They are (B
1
, W
5
), (B
2
, W
4
), (B
3
, W
3
),
(B
4
, W
2
), (B
5
, W
1
)
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P (a total of 6) =
5
36
.
(iii) There are 3 ways of obtaining a total of 10.
They are (B
4
, W
6
), (B
5
, W
5
), (B
6
, W
4
)
P (a total of 10)
3 1
36 12
= =
.
(iv) There are 6 ways of obtaining the same
number on both the dice. They are (B
1
, W
1
), (B
2
,
W
2
), (B
3
, W
3
), (B
4
, W
4
), (B
5
, W
5
), (B
6
, W
6
)
P (the same number of both the dice)
6 1
36 6
= =
.
(v) There are 6 ways of obtaining a total more
than 9.
They are (B
4
, W
6
), (B
5
, W
5
), (B
5
, W
6
),
(B
6
, W
4
), (B
6
, W
5
), (B
6
, W
6
)
P (a total more than 9)
6 1
36 6
= =
.
(vi) There are 0 ways of obtaining a total of 13 on
the two dice. i.e., it is an impossible event.
P (a total of 13) = 0.
(vii) There are 36 ways of obtaining a total less
than or equal to 12. i.e., it is a certain event.
P (a total less than or equal to 12) = 1.
Q.50. What is the probability that a number
selected at random from the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3,
3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, will be their average.
Average of the given numbers
1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 30
3
10 10
= = =
Favourable outcomes are 3, 3, 3, i.e., number
of favourable outcomes = 3
3
10
=
.
Q.51. A bag contains cards numbered from 1
to 25, one card is drawn at random from the
bag. Find the probability that this card has a
number which is divisible by both 2 and 3.
[2011 (T-II)]
Sol. Out of 25 numbers 1, 2, 3, 25 one number
can be chosen in 25 ways.
The number selected will be a number which is
divisible by 2 and 3 if it is chosen from 6, 12, 18, 24.
Hence, required probability =
4
25
.
Q.52. Cards numbered from 1 to 64 are
placed in a box. A card is drawn at random from
the box. Find the probability that the card
number on the card drawn is a perfect cube.
[2011 (T-II)]
Sol. Out of 64 numbers from 1 to 64 one number
can be chosen in 64 ways.
Perfect cubes are 1, 8, 27, 64
Hence, required probability =
4 1
64 16
= .
Q.53. A bag contains green, yellow and
white marbles. The probability of selecting a
green marble at random is
1
4
, while the
probability of selecting a white marble at
random from the bag is
1
3
. If there are 10 yellow
marbles in the bag, what is the total number of
marbles in the bag?
Sol. Let there be x green marbles and y white
marbles in the bag.
Total number of marbles in the bag
= x + y + 10.
P (a green marble)=
10
x
x y + +
1
4
=
10
x
x y + +
4x = x + y + 10
3x y = 10 (i)
P (a white marble) =
10
y
x y + +
1
3
=
10
y
x y + +
3y = x + y + 10 x + 2y = 10 (ii)
Multiplying (i) by 2 and adding to (ii), we get
6x 2y = 20
x + 2y = 10
5x = 30 x = 6
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Substituting x = 6 in (i), we get
3 6 y = 10 y = 18 10 = 8
Total number of marbles in the bag
= x + y + 10 = 6 + 8 + 10 = 24.
Alternate Method
Probability of drawing a yellow marble
P(y) = 1 [(P(g) + P(w)]
= 1
1 1
+
4 3
| |
|
\ .
=
7 5
1 =
12 12
10
T
=
5
12
T = 24.
Q.54. From a pack of 52 playing cards
jacks, queens, kings and aces of red colour are
removed. From the remaining, a card is drawn
at random. Find the probability that the card
drawn is :
(i) a black queen
(ii) a red card
(iii) a black jack
(iv) picture (face) card. [2006C]
Sol. Cards removed from the pack of 52 cards
are 2 red jacks, 2 red queens, 2 red kings and 2 red
aces, i.e., 8 cards are removed.
No. of cards left in the pack = 52 8 = 44
(i) There were 2 black queens in the pack.
P (a black queen) =
2
44
=
1
22
.
(ii) There are 26 8 = 18 red cards in the pack.
P (a red card)
18 9
44 22
= = .
(iii) There are 2 black jacks in the pack.
P (a black jack)
2 1
44 22
= = .
(iv) There are 12 6 = 6 face cards in the pack.
P (a face card)
6 3
44 22
= =
.
Q.55. In the figure, ABCD is a square and X
and Y are mid-points of BC and CD respectively.
A point is selected at random from the interior of
the square ABCD. Find the probability that the
point will lie in the exterior of AXY. [HOTS]
Sol. Let the side of the square ABCD be x.
Area of ABCD = x
2
Area of ABX=
1
2
AB BX
=
1
2
x
2
2 4
x x
= .
Area of ADY = area of ABX =
2
4
x
Area of XCY =
1
2

2 2
x x
=
2
8
x
Area of AXY = x
2
2
4
x
2
4
x
2
8
x
2 2 2 2
8 2 2
8
x x x x
= =
2
3
8
x
P(the point lies in the interior of AXY)
2
2
3
3
8
8
x
x
= =
P(the point lies in the exterior of AXY)
3 5
1
8 8
= =
.
Q.56. In the figure, the circle is divided into
three regions I, II and III. A spinner is fixed at
the centre O of the circle. If ROQ = 45, find
the probability that the spinner will land in the
region II? [HOTS]
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PRACTICE EXERCISE 15.1A
1. A bag contains 3 red balls, 5 black balls
and 4 white balls. Aball is drawn at random from
the bag. What is the probability that the ball
drawn is (i) white? (ii) red? (iii) black?
(iv) green?
2. A card is drawn at random from a pack of
52 cards. Find the probability that the card drawn
is (i) a black king (ii) a jack, a queen or a king
(iii) neither an ace nor a king.
3. Cards marked with numbers 2 to 101 are
placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. One card
is drawn from this box. Find the probability that
the number on the card is :
(i) an even number
(ii) a number less than 14
(iii) a number which is a perfect square
(iv) a prime number less than 20.
Sol. Let r be the radius of the circle.
Area of the circle = r
2
Area of the semicircle =
2
2
r
Area of the sector ROQ
2 2
45
360 8
r r
= =
Area of the sector POR

2 2 2
3
2 8 8
r r r
= =
P (the spinner will land in the region II)
2
2
3 8 3
8
r
r
= =
.
Q.57. In the figure, each circle touch other
two circles externally. The circles are congruent.
If a point is selected at random from the interior
of square PQRS, find the probability that it will
not be in the shaded region. [HOTS]
Sol. Let the radius of each circle be x.
Then side of the square PQRS = 2x
Area of the square = (2x)
2
= 4x
2
Area of 1 quadrant =
2
4
x
.
Area of 4 quadrants = x
2
.
Area of the shaded region
= Area of the square PQRS
Area of 4 quadrants
= 4x
2
x
2
= (4 )x
2
P (the point will be in the shaded region)
( )
2
2
4 4
4
4
x
x

= =
P (the point will not be in the shaded region)
4 4 4
1
4 4 4
+
= = =
.
Q.58. In the leap year, find the probability
that there are 53. Tuesdays in the year.
[2011, (T-II)]
Sol. A leap year has 366 days, i.e., 52 weeks and 2
days. These two days can be :
(i) Sunday-Monday
(ii) Monday-Tuesday
(iii) Tuesday-Wednesday
(iv) Wednesday-Thursday
(v) Thursday-Friday
(vi) Friday-Saturday
(vii) Saturday-Sunday
Out of these 7 cases, Tuesdays occur two times.
P (getting 53 Tuesdays)
2
7
= .
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4. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Find
the probability of getting :
(i) two heads (ii) at least one head
(iii) no head.
5. A red die and a blue die are thrown
simultaneously.
(a) Find the probability of obtaining
(i) a total of 10
(ii) a total of 12
(iii) a total less than 6
(iv) the same number on both dice
(v) a total more than 9.
(b) What is the most likely total?
6. A die is thrown and the result has been
recorded. The die is thrown second time. List all
the possible outcomes of the two throws. Find
the probability of obtaining :
(i) a total of 4 from the two throws.
(ii) a total of 8 from the two throws.
(iii) a total between 5 and 9 from the two
throws.
(iv) a number on the second throw which is
double the number on the first throw.
(v) a number on the second throw which is
four times the number on the first throw.
7. Twenty counters are placed in a bag. Eight
of them are red, six are yellow, four are green
and the remaining blue. If one counter is picked
at random, what is the probability that it is :
(i) any colour except blue?
(ii) any colour except green?
(iii) any colour except yellow?
(iv) any colour except red?
8. A large firm employs 1875 employees.
One person is chosen at random. What is the
probability that the persons birthday is on
Monday in the year 2007?
9. A bag contains 15 balls, out of which x are
white.
(i) If one ball is drawn at random, what is the
probability that it will be a white ball?
(ii) If 5 more white balls were put in the bag,
the probability of drawing a white ball will be
double than that in (i). Find x.
10. A bag contains 8 red, 6 white and 4 black
Find the probability that the drawn ball is (i) red
or white (ii) not black (iii) neither white nor
black.
11. My garden has an area of 200 m
2
. It
consists of a lawn of area 168 m
2
and a pond of
area 32 m
2
. If a wild duck lands in my garden at
random, what is the probability that it will land
(i) on the lawn? (ii) in the pond?
12. The figure shows a square dart board. A
dart is thrown and it lands on the larger square.
If the side of the larger square is 1
1
2
times the
side of the smaller square, find the probability
that the dart will land in the exterior of the
smaller square. [HOTS]
13. In the figure each circle touches the other
two. The circles are congruent. A point is
selected at random from the interior of ABC.
Find the probability that the point will be chosen
from the shaded region. [HOTS]
14. A bag contains 5 red, 8 white and 7 black
Find the probability that the drawn ball is :
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(i) red or white (ii) not black
(iii) neither white nor black [2005]
15. Abag contains 7 red, 5 white and 3 black
(iii) neither white nor black. [2005]
16. Abag contains 8 red, 6 white and 4 black
(iii) neither white nor black. [2005]
17. There are 30 cards of same size in a bag
on which numbers 1 to 30 are written. One card
is taken out of the bag at random. Find the
probability that the number on the selected card
is not divisible by 3. [2005]
18. Find the probability that a number
selected from the numbers 1 to 25 is not a prime
number when each of given numbers is equally
likely to be selected. [2005]
19. A card is drawn at random from a well
shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability
that the card drawn is neither a red card nor a
green. [2005]
20. From a well shuffled pack of 52 cards,
two black kings and two black jacks are
removed. From the remaining cards, a card is
drawn at random. Find the probability that the
drawn card is neither an ace nor a king. [2005]
three kings and two black jacks are removed.
From the remaining cards, a card is drawn at
random. Find the probability that the drawn card
is neither an ace nor a king. [2005]
three kings and one ace are removed. From the
remaining cards, a card is drawn at random. Find
the probability that the drawn card is neither a
jack nor a queen. [2005]
23. A bag contains 5 black, 7 red and 3 white
balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at random.
Find the probability that the ball drawn is (i) red
(ii) black or white (iii) not black. [2004]
26. A bag contains 4 red, 5 black and 6 white
Find the probability that the ball drawn is
(i) white (ii) red (iii) not black (iv) red or white.
[2004]
Find the probability that the ball drawn is
(i) white (ii) red (iii) not black (iv) red or
white. [2004]
Find the probability that the ball drawn is (i)
white (ii) red (iii) not black (iv) red or white.
[2004]
TEXTBOOKS EXERCISE 15.2 (OPTIONAL)
Q.1. Two customers Shyam and Ekta are
visiting a particular shop in the same week
(Tuesday to Saturday). Each is equally likely to
visit the shop on any day as on another day.
What is the probability that both will visit the
shop on :(i) the same day? (ii) consecutive
days? (iii) different days?
Sol. Number of all possible outcomes = 5 5 = 25
(i) Number of favourable outcomes to the event
that both will visit the shop on the same day = 5
[Tue Tue; Wed Wed; Th Th; F F; S S]
So, probability that both will visit the shop on the
same day
=
Favourable outcomes to the event
=
5 1
25 5
= .
23
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(ii) Number of favourable outcomes to the event
that both will visit the shop on consecutive days = 8.
[T W; W T; W TH; TH W;
Th F; F Th; F S; S F]
So, probability that both will visit the shop on
consecutive days
=
Favourable outcomes to the event
=
8
25
(iii) Probability that both will visit the shop on
different days = 1 Probability that both will visit the
shop on the same day
=
1 4
1
5 5
=
Q.2. A die is numbered in such a way that its
faces show the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6. It is
thrown two times and the total score in two
throws is noted. Complete the following table
which gives a few values of the total score on the
two throws :
What is the probability that the total score is
(i) even? (ii) 6? (iii) at least 6?
Sol. Number of all possible outcomes = 36
(i) Event of getting total as even are : {2, 4, 4, 4,
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 12}
So, number of favourable outcomes to the event
that the total score is even = 18
P(the score is even)
=
Number of favourable outcomes
=
18 1
36 2
= .
(ii) Events of getting sum as 6 are : {6, 6, 6, 6}
that the total score is 6 = 4.
P(the score is 6)
=
=
4 1
36 9
= .
(iii) Events of getting sum as at least 6 are :
{6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 12}
that the total score is at least 6 = 15.
P(the score is at least 6)
=
Number of favourable outcomes at least 6
=
15 5
36 12
= .
Q.3. A bag contain 5 red balls and some
blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue
ball is double that of a red ball, determine the
number of blue balls in the bag. [2011 (T-II)]
Sol. Let the number of blue balls = x
So, total number of balls = 5 + x
Probability of drawing a blue ball
=
Total number of balls
=
5
x
x +
... (i)
Number of red balls = 5
And, total number of balls = 5 + x
Probability of drawing a red ball
=
Total number of balls
=
5
5 x +
... (ii)
As per condition,
5 10
2
5 5 5 5
x x
x x x x

= =

+ + + +
x = 10
Hence, the number of blue balls in the bag is 10.
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Q.4. A box contains 12 balls out of which x
are black. If one ball is drawn at random from
the box, what is the probability that it will be a
black ball?
If 6 more black balls are put in the box, the
probability of drawing a black ball is now
double of what it was before. Find x.
[2011 (T-II)]
drawing a black ball = x
P(a black ball)
=
=
12
x
... (i)
As per condition, when 6 more black balls are put
in the box.
So, number of all possible outcomes
= 12 + 6 = 18
drawing a black ball = x + 6
P(drawing a black ball) =
6
18
x +
... (ii)
As per condition,
6 6 2
2
18 12 18 12
x x x x + + | |
= =
|
\ .
12x + 72 = 36x 24x = 72 x = 3.
Q.5. A jar contains 24 marbles, some are
green and others are blue. If a marble is drawn
at random from the jar, the probability that it is
green is
2
3
. Find the number of blue marbles in
the jar. [HOTS]
Sol. Total number of marbles in the jar = 24
[Given]
So, total number of all possible outcomes = 24
Let the number of blue marbles in the jar is x
Then, the number of green marbles in the jar
= 24 x
Probability that the marble drawn is green
=
Number of green marbles in the jar
Total number of marbles
=
24
24
x
As per condition,
24 2
24 3
x
=
3(24 x) = 48
72 3x = 48
3x = 72 48 = 24 x =
24
3
= 8
Hence, the number of blue marbles in the jar
is 8.ANSW
B. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Activity
Objective : To find the probability of an outcome and compare it with its theoretical probability.
Materials Required : Geometry box, thick white card sheet, sketch pens.
Procedure :
1. On a piece of thick card sheet, draw a circle of radius 5 cm. Now using your compasses, divide
the circle into 8 equal parts by marking off angles of 45 at the centre of the circle. Mark points A,
B, C, , H on the circle and join AB, BC, CD, , GH to give a regular
octagon.
2. Cut off the octagon ABCDEFGH. Insert a small piece of pencil stub
to make a top as shown in figure 1.
Number the triangles 1, 2, 3, , 8.
3. Spin the top 40 times and record in table 1, the frequency with which
each of the numbers 1 to 8 touches the table or floor.
Figure 1
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4. Calculate the experimental probability of obtaining each number.
5. Calculate the theoretical probability of obtaining each score.
6. Draw a combined bar graph to compare the probabilities obtained in steps 4 and 5 above. Write
your observations.
Table 1
Number Tally-marks Frequency
1 ||| 3
2 |||| 4
3 |||| ||| 8
4 |||| 5
5 |||| ||| 8
6 || 2
7 |||| 5
8 |||| 5
Total 40
Table 2
Number Experimental Probability Theoretical Probability
1
3
40
5
40
2
4
40
5
40
3
8
40
5
40
4
5
40
5
40
5
8
40
5
40
6
2
40
5
40
7
5
40
5
40
8
5
40
5
40
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Figure 2
Observations : The experimental and theoretical probabilities are equal in three out of eight
cases as seen in table 2 and figure 2. Thus, there is a wide difference between the experimental and
theoretical probability of an event in the activity performed above.
Project
Objective : To appreciate that probability through experiment is different from finding
probability by calculation. Students will come to know that if they increase the number of
observations, probability found experimentally approaches to the calculated probability.
Project Details :
1. Students should form groups (3 or 5 students in each group).
2. Students will collect the data by visiting classroom in the school.
Calculations : Students will calculate (Probability).
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(i) Fraction of children born in the month of January =
Total number of children born in Jan.
Total number of students
(ii) Similarly, they will calculate the fraction of children born in the month of Feb., March, ,
December.
(iii) Students will make a histogram and pie-chart from the recorded data (month-wise).
(iv) They will observe that the fractions of children born in the month of January to December
tallies with the calculated probability for each month.
e.g., let total number of students = 300
Students born in the month of January = 23
Actual fraction of children born in January =
23
300
Probability for a child to have birthday in January =
31
365
.
ANSWERS
A. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1. (i)
1
3
(ii)
1
4
(iii)
5
12
(iv) 0 2. (i)
1
26
(ii)
3
13
(iii)
11
13
3. (i)
1
2
(ii)
3
25
(iii)
9
100
(iv)
2
25
4. (i)
1
4
(ii)
3
4
(iii)
1
4
5. (a) (i)
1
12
(ii)
1
36
(iii)
5
18
(iv)
1
6
(vi)
1
6
(b) 7
6. (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3),
(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6) (i)
1
12
(ii)
5
36
(iii)
2
3
(iv)
1
12
(v)
1
36
7. (i)
9
10
(ii)
4
5
(iii)
7
10
(iv)
3
5
8.
1
7
9. (i)
15
x
(ii) 3 10. (i)
7
9
(ii)
7
9
(iii)
4
9
11. (i)
21
25
(ii)
4
25
12.
5
9
13.
6 3
6

14. (i)
13
20
(ii)
13
20
(iii)
1
4
15. (i)
4
5
(ii)
4
5
(iii)
7
15
16. (i)
7
9
(ii)
7
9
(iii)
4
9
17.
2
3
18.
16
25
19.
1
2
20.
7
8
21.
42
47
23.
5
6
24. (i)
7
15
(ii)
8
15
(iii)
2
3
25. (i)
1
3
(ii)
2
3
(iii)
8
15
26. (i)
7
15
(ii)
8
15
(iii)
3
5
27. (i)
2
5
(ii)
4
15
(iii)
2
3
(iv)
2
3
28. (i)
7
15
(ii)
1
5
(iii)
2
3
(iv)
2
3
29. (i)
4
15
(ii)
2
5
(iii)
2
3
(iv)
2
3

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