SUMMARY Orifice is a device that allows the flowing of fluids through a restricted opening which commonly used in a pipe.

With this orifice we can determine the flow rates of the fluid by knowing the characteristics and the properties of both fluids and the orifice. This experiment is divided into 2 parts which asked us to measure the extent of the reduction in flow, contraction of the stream and energy loss as the water which is the fluid used discharges into the atmosphere from a sharp-edged orifice in the base of a tank. The tank used in this experiment is the hydraulic bench H1. The first part, we have to determine the value of coefficient of discharge Cd, coefficient of velocity Cu and the coefficient of contraction Cc at a single constant value of Ho. The value of the head of orifice and the pitot tube reading can be determined by using the manometer placed below the tank. Then we have to calculate the diameter of the jet using the vernier caliper. By knowing all this value, the entire coefficient therefore can be calculated using the formulas given. In the second part, we have to measure the discharge at a number of different values of Ho. By using the bench control valve, the flow rates of the water can be changed and thus the head also will be different. The flow rates can be firm by calculated the time taken for the water to fill up the tank to 5L. The data collected will be put in the table and the graph Ho versus Q has to be plotted. From this graph, the value of Cd can be found and can be compared to the value in the first part. Finally the percentage error may be evaluated by the comparison of the two values.

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE To measure the extent of the reduction in flow, contraction of the stream and energy loss, as water discharges into the atmosphere from a sharp-edged orifice in the base of a tank.

DISCUSSIONS ERROR ANALYSIS 1. Parallax error: This experiment involves a lot of manometer readings which consist of the weighing tank and the main apparatus. Whenever there is a reading which involves certain optical measurements, parallax error does occur. Parallax error is mainly caused by lack of skill of reading the manometer tube. This may contribute to big portion of error thus affecting the overall readings. 2. The water level in the manometer tube was not stable. The water level was rising and then decreasing in a certain interval of time. This causes difficulty in taking readings. We have avoided this by stabilizing the water level by turning the control valve. 3. The manometer in the weighing tank contained water bubble which also gives false readings. Not only that, we have also noticed that the water level increased suddenly( before the level reaches the zero point ) and slows down as it rises. This makes the recording of the time for water to fill up to 5L in the weighing tank difficult.

CONCLUSION
The objective of this experiment is to measure the extent of the reduction in flow, contraction of the stream and energy loss, as water discharges into atmosphere from sharp-edged orifice in the base of a tank. We had understood on how to calculate the vaues of Cd, Cu, and Cc from the measurable values observed from the experiment based on the objective. From the slope of graph of Ho1/2 vs. Q we also had discovered the way to calculate the value for Cd. We also had tried to verify the equation Cd= CcCc from the calculation sheet. From this experiment we also learn that the reduction in area is due to the curvature in the area. We also learn that the section with the reduced area is referred to as the vena contracta. The loss of energy causes the water to be passed down the tank and through the orifice. The actual

velocity in the plane of the vena contracta is actually lesser than that of the ideal velocity. Overall, we can say we had fulfilled the objectives of this experiment, and thus, we can say the experiment is a success.