Determination of coefficient of discharge by orifice

1.0 Objectives

 To measure the extend of the reduction in flow and contraction of the stream as
water discharged form a sharp-edged orifice.
 To calculate coefficient of discharge through orifice meter

2.0 Introduction

The orifice consists of a flat plate with a hole drilled in it. When a fluid
passesthrough an orifice, the discharge is often considerably less than then the amountcalculated on the
assumption that the energy is conserved and that the flow
throughthe orifice is uniform and parallel. This reduction in flow is normally due to acontraction of the
stream which take place through the restriction and continues for some distance downstream of it.
Knowledge of the flow through an orifice and orifice size can be used indetermining the sizing and selec
tion of a vacuum pump or system. Many of thesituations encountered when sizing vacuum equipment, p
articularly in materialhandling type applications are resolved with
a basic understanding of how flowthrough an orifice works. In determining the performance of water
flow through an orifice, the coefficient of discharges, C d, the coefficient of contraction, Cc and coefficient
of velocity, Cv are needed. These three coefficients allow us to understand the effect of friction on
water flow clearly. Each of these coefficients is a ratio of the actual performance to
ideal performance as related to discharge, velocity and contraction.

3.0 Apparatus Required

 Collection tank

 Tube manometer

 Micrometer

 Discharge tank

 Plexiglass tank with overflow

 Water pump

 Adjustable valve

 Stopwatch

4.0 Procedure

1. The pipes were all ensure to be properly connected. The water was allowed to flow through the pump
into the tank.
2. The inflow of water was regulated when the water level reached the height of the overflow pipe so
that a small steady discharge was obtained from the overflow.

3. the values of Ho (ideal head) and Hc (actual head) were recorded.

4. The diameter of the water flow through the orifice was recorded by calculating the difference in
reading using a micrometer.

5. The inflow of the tank was then reduced to lower the level in the tank in stages.

6. The discharge from the orifice for other three different stages.

7. Steps 2 to 5 were repeated with different discharge rate.

8. The data obtained were all recorded.

5.0 Experimental Data

Table 1: Experimental data obtained from this experiment

6.0 Result

Table 2: Result of flow measurement through various types of discharge calculation.

 Figure 1: The above plot shows the variation of H0 vs Q.

7.0 Discussion

From the graph of Ho vs Q plotted, we can conclude that the H o are almost proportional to Q where most
of the values are consistent. But there a vertical line in the graph that cause the result inaccurate and
graph not perfectly proportional. This is due to error occur in this experiment. From the graph plotted, it
can be observed that when the H o increase, the Q will also increase. Besides, from the result calculated,
we can observe that when the diameter of the orifice increase, the theoretical volume discharges also
increase. Thus, we can conclude that the diameter of the orifice is directly related to the pressure acting
on the volume of water in tank. On the other hands, we have calculated the coefficient of discharges, C d,
the coefficient of contraction, C c and coefficient of velocity, C v. All of these their coefficient are measures
of pressure loss. From this experiment, it is evident that the energy loss in the system can be directly
related to the difference in head levels between ideal and actual conditions. There are some errors that
happened in this experiment that cause the result inaccurate. For example, some systematic error with
the apparatus used. The tube has air bubbles inside it. It will affect the reading of the height of the
manometer. Besides, the surface of the manometer ruler was not clear, it makes student hard to take
the readings from the scale. Furthermore, we did not start and stop the stopwatch immediately when
the water level is reaching. Moreover, the diameter of the water flow cannot be measured accurately
due to the spreading of the water, making it difficult to determine the initial and final boundary values
of the flowing water. Henceforth, some precaution steps have to be taken in order to prevent error from
happening. For instance, a clean fully transparent tube could be used. Furthermore, all leakages should
be plugged. Moreover, we can reduce the parallax error when taking reading from manometer by
putting a white paper behind the ruler to make the scale be seen more clearly. Lastly, we should ensure
that the air bubbles in the flexible tube completely null as well as we should make sure all the apparatus
are in good condition before the experiment start in order to obtain a more accurate result.

8.0 Conclusion

In this experiment, we have successfully calculated the coefficient of discharges, C d , the coefficient of
contraction, Cc and coefficient of velocity, C v. Besides, from the Ho vs. Q graph plotted, we can conclude
that the Ho is proportional to Q. Thus, when Ho increase, Q will also increase. Besides, from the result
calculated we also can conclude that the increase in the diameter of orifice will increase the Volume of
fluid discharge as pressure acting on it increased.

9.0 Reference

 Arjun, M. (2013, August 28). ORIFICE DISCHARGE lab report sample.docx.Retrieved May 5, 2019,
fromhttps://www.scribd.com/document/179649354/ORIFICE-DISCHARGE-lab-repor t-sample-docx

Mondatta, R. (n.d.). Flow through an orifice. Retrieved May 5, 2019,

fromhttps://www.academia.edu/8952330/Flow_through_an_orifice

 Vinay, S. (2011, May 21). Flow Through an Orifice. Retrieved May 5, 2019, from
https://www.scribd.com/document/55952589/Flow-Through-an-Orifice

 Khairil , I. (2015, April 7). Experiment 4 - Flow Measurement (2). RetrievedMay 5, 2019,
fromhttps://www.scribd.com/document/261088985/Experiment-4-Flow-Measurement-2

Appendix

10.0 Sample Calculation