Imperial College of Engineering (Affiliated By Rajshahi University)

B.Sc. Eng. Part-IV (Odd Semester)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Course Code: ME 4135 || Course Name: Fluid Machinery
[ N.B. The expression of all the variable, symbols and signs are of usual meanings]

Set -A
Introduction to fluid machinery: Rot dynamic and positive displacement machines; Velocity
diagram and Euler pump
Sample Questions:
1. What do you mean by Fluid Machines? Classify Fluid machines.
2. What do you mean by Turbo-machine? List few examples of Turbo-machines.
3. Express the energy equation of Turbo-machine.
4. Differentiate between Positive displacement machines and Rotodynamic machines.
5. Write down the working principle of Rotodynamic machines with proper sketch.
6. Write down the working principle of Positive displacement machines with necessary sketch.
7. Differentiate Pump, Blower and Compressor.
8. Distinguish between Centrifugal pump and Centrifugal compressor.
9. What do you mean by Cavitation? How can it affect the Positive displacement machines? Also
explain, ‘Is the Cavitation desirable?’, if not then explain how to prevent it.
12. Draw the inlet and exit velocity diagram of Turbo-machine.
13. What does it mean by hydraulic efficiency of Turbo-machine? Derive an expression of it.
How can we maximize hydraulic efficiency of Turbo machine?
2 2 2 2
u2−u1 V r 2−V r 1 P2−P1
14. Prove that for a Turbo-machine: = + +(z 2−z 1) (By neglecting the
2g 2g γ
losses).
15. Derive the Euler’s equation of Pump.

Turbine: Euler turbine equation; Impulse and reaction turbines

Sample Questions:
1. What do you mean by Turbine? Differentiate between Turbine and Pumps.
2. Derive the Euler’s turbine equation. Write down the significance of this equation.
3. Differentiate between Impulse and Reaction Turbine.
4. Write down short notes on the following terms that applied to a Pelton wheels –
(a) Gross Head; (b) Net Head
5. Define and explain the following for a turbine –
(a) Hydraulic efficiency; (b) Mechanical efficiency; (c) Overall efficiency
6. What do you mean by Pelton turbine? Derive an expression for the work done per second by
water on the runner of a Pelton wheel.
7. Derive an expression for maximum efficiency of the Pelton wheel using the relationship
between the jet speed and bucket speed.
 Or,
1
Prove that, maximum hydraulic efficiency of Pelton wheel is (1+ cosφ)
2
8. Discuss the main parts of Pelton turbine.
9. Prove that, the work done per second per unit weight of water in a reaction turbine is
1
¿)
g
10. What do you mean by Draft Tube? Why is it used in Reaction Turbine? Classify different
types of draft tube with their respective sketches.
11. Write short notes on –
(a) Speed ratio; (b) Flow ratio
12. What do you mean by Specific speed of a Turbine? Write down the significance of it.
13. Derive an expression for Specific speed of a Turbine.
Or,
N √P
Prove that, specific speed of any turbine is N s = 5
4
H
14. What do you mean by Degree of Reaction? Write down the general expression of Degree of
reaction and use it to find the value of Degree of Reaction for –
(a) Pelton Turbine; (b) An actual reaction turbine.
cotα
15. Prove that Degree of reaction for an actual reaction turbine will be, R=1−
2(cotα−cotθ)
16. Describe briefly the function of various main components of Pelton turbine with neat
sketches.
17. Write short notes on –
(a) Inward flow reaction turbine; (b) Francis turbine; (c) Axial flow reaction turbine; (d) Kaplan
turbine.

Performance Study of Turbine: Performance and characteristics of turbines.

1. Draw and discuss main characteristics curve of a hydraulic turbine.
2. Draw and discuss operating characteristics curve of a hydraulic turbine.
3. Draw and discuss Constant efficiency curve of a hydraulic turbine.
4. Find the value of Degree of reaction for a Pelton turbine.
5. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 m/s with a jet of water flowing at the rate of
700 lit./s under a head of 30 m. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 160 °. Calculate
the power given by water to runner and the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Assume co-
efficient of velocity as 0.98.
6. A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1 m and is running at 1000 rpm. The net
head on the Pelton wheel is 700 m. If the side clearance angle is 15 ° and discharge through
nozzle is 0.1 m3/s, find – (a) Power available at the Nozzle; (b) Hydraulic efficiency of the
turbine.
7. Two jets strike the buckets of a Pelton wheel, which is having shaft power as 15450 kW. The
diameter of each jet is given as 200 mm. If the net head on the turbine is 400 m, find the overall
efficiency of the turbine. Take Cv = 1.0.

8. A Pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60 m when running at 200 rpm. The Pelton
wheel develops 95.6475 kW shaft power. The velocity of the buckets = 0.45 times the velocity of
the jet, overall efficiency = 85% and Cv = 0.98.
9. An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 1 m and 0.5 m
respectively. The velocity of flow through the runner is constant and is equal to 1.5 m/s. Find –
(a) Discharge through the runner; (b) Width of the turbine at outlet if the width of the turbine at
inlet = 200 mm.
10. An inward flow reaction turbine has an exit diameter of 1 m and its breadth at inlet is 250
mm. If the velocity of flow at inlet is 2 m/s, find the mass of water passing through the turbine
per second. Assume 10% of the area of flow is blocked by blade thickness. If the speed of the
runner is 210 rpm. and guide blades make an angle of 10 ° to the wheel tangent, draw the inlet
velocity triangle and find –
(a) Then runner vane angle at inlet; (b) Velocity of wheel at inlet; (c) The absolute velocity of
water leaving the guide vanes.
11. The internal and external diameters of an outward flow reaction turbine are 2 m and 2.75 m
respectively. The turbine is running at 250 rpm and flow of water through the turbine is 5 m 3/s.
The width of the runner is constant at inlet and outlet and is equal to 250 mm. The head on the
turbine is 150 m. Neglecting thickness of the vanes and taking discharge radial at outlet
determine:
(a) Vane angles at the inlet and outlet; (b) Velocity of flow at inlet and outlet.
12. A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 7357.5 kW shaft power. The net
available head is 5.50 m. Assume that the speed ratio is 2.09 and flow ratio is 0.68, and the
1
overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is rd of the diameter of the runner. Find the
3
diameter of the runner, its speed and its specific speed.

Pump: Centrifugal and axial flow pump, Reciprocating pump

1. What do you mean by Centrifugal pump?
2. Why and when should we choose Centrifugal pump over Reciprocating pump? Write at least 4
reasons of it.
3. Discuss the component parts of Centrifugal pump.
4. Write down the working principle of a single stage Centrifugal pump with necessary sketch.
5. Discuss the classification of Centrifugal pump with necessary sketch.
6. Define the terms: Suction head, Delivery head, Static head and Manometric head
7. What do you mean by manometric efficiency, mechanical efficiency and overall efficiency of
a centrifugal pump?
8. How will you obtain an expression for the minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump?
9. What is the difference between single-stage and multistage pumps? Why do we connect
centrifugal pump in series and parallel? write shortly.
10. Describe multistage pump with (a) impellers in parallel, and (b) impellers in series.
11. Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump. Derive an expression of specific speed.
12. What is priming? Why is it necessary?
13. What do you understand by characteristic curves of a pump? What is the significance of the
characteristic curves?

14. What is cavitation and what are its causes in case of Centrifugal pump?
15. Write down the mathematical expression of Thoma’s cavitation factor and mention each term
of this expression. Also explain the significance of critical cavitation factor.
16. What do you mean by NPSH in centrifugal pump? Derive an expression for NPSH.
17. What do you mean by operating point of a centrifugal pump? Draw and discuss the graph of
centrifugal pump showing operating point.
18. What is a reciprocating pump? Describe the principle and working of a single acting
reciprocating pump with a neat sketch.
19. Describe the principle and working of a double acting reciprocating pump with a neat sketch.
20. Differentiate: (i) Between a single-acting and double-acting reciprocating pump, (ii) Between
a single cylinder and double cylinder reciprocating pump.
21. Define - (a) Slip, (b) Percentage slip and (c) Negative slip of a reciprocating pump.
22. Why negative slip occurs in Reciprocating pump? Discuss it.
23. Define indicator diagram.
24. Derive an expression for the work done per second in case of single-acting reciprocating
pump.
25. Discuss the component parts of a reciprocating pump.

Set - B
Performance Study of Pump: Performance and characteristics of pumps, Compressors, Design
on pumps
Sample Questions:
1. Draw and discuss the operating characteristic curves of a reciprocating pump.
2. Draw and discuss main characteristics curve of a centrifugal pump.
3. Draw and discuss operating characteristics curve of a centrifugal pump.
4. Draw and discuss constant efficiency curve of a centrifugal pump.
5. Draw and discuss constant Head and constant Discharge Curves of a centrifugal pump.
6. A centrifugal pump has the following characteristics:
 Outer diameter of impeller = 800 mm;
 Velocity of whirl of the liquid at the exit from the impeller = 18.39 ms-1
The impeller runs at 550 r.p.m and delivers water at 0.98 m 3s-1 under an effective head of 35 m.
A 500-kW motor is used to drive the pump. Assuming that water enters the impeller vanes
radially at inlet, Determine –
(a) Tangential Velocity at exit
(b) Manometric efficiency
(c) Mechanical efficiency
(d) Overall efficiency

7. A centrifugal pump has an impeller 0.5 m outer diameter and when running at 600 r.p.m.
discharges water at the rate of 8000 litres/minute against a head of 8.5 m. The water enters the
impeller without whirl and shock. The inner diameter is 0.25 m, and the vanes are set back at
outlet at an angle of 45° and the area of flow which is constant from inlet to outlet of the
impeller is 0.06 m2. Determine –
(a) the manometric efficiency of the pump
(b) the vane angle at inlet
(c) the least speed at which the pump commences to work.
8. The diameters of an impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 30 cm and 60 cm
respectively. Determine the minimum starting speed of the pump if it works against a head of 30
m.
10. Find the number of pumps required to take water from a deep well under a total head of 89
m. All the pumps are identical and are running at 800 r.p.m. The specific speed of each pump is
given as 25 while the rated capacity of each pump is 0.16 m3/s.
11. Two geometrically similar pumps are running at the same speed of 1000 r.p.m. One pump
has an impeller diameter of 0.30 metre and lifts water at the rate of 20 litres per second against
a head of 15 metres. Determine the head and impeller diameter of the other pump to deliver half
the discharge.
12. A centrifugal pump rotating at 1000 r.p.m. delivers I60 litresis of water against a head of
30 m. Calculate, Minimum NPSH.
13. A single acting reciprocating pump has a plunger of diameter 250 mm and stroke of 350 mm.
If the speed of the pump is 60 r.p.m. and it delivers 18.5 Lit/s. of water against a suction head of
5 m and a delivery head of 20 m, then answer the following questions:
(a) Coefficient of discharge
(b) The power required to drive the pump
(c) Do you think the suction pipe is too long?
14. A single acting reciprocating pump has piston of diameter 150 mm and stroke of length 250
mm. The piston makes 50 double strokes per minute. The suction and delivery heads are 5 m and
15 m respectively. Find –
(a) discharge capacity of the pump in litres per minute
(b) force required to work the piston during the suction and delivery strokes if the efficiency of
suction and delivery strokes are 60% and 75% respectively
(c) power required to operate the pump
15. A double acting reciprocating pump having piston area 0.1 m 2 has a stroke 0.30 m long. The
pump is discharging 2.4 m3 of water per minute at 45 r.p.m. through a height of 10 m. Find the
slip of the pump and the power required to drive the pump.
16. A double-acting reciprocating pump, running at 40 r.p.m., is discharging 1.0 m 3 of water per
minute. The pump has a stroke of 400 mm. The diameter of the piston is 200 mm. The delivery
and suction head are 20 m and 5 m respectively. Find the slip of the pump and power required to
drive the pump.
17. What do you mean by Compressor? Differentiate between Reciprocating and Centrifugal
compressor.
18. Write down the working principle of single stage reciprocating air compressor with necessary
sketch.
19. Write down the working principle of centrifugal compressor with necessary sketch.

20. Derive the expression of work done in a single stage reciprocating compressor during
isentropic compression.
1
21. Prove that degree of reaction for a centrifugal compressor is R = 1− φ2 . cot α 2
2
22. Write down the working principle of Axial flow compressor with necessary sketch.
23. Compare Centrifugal compressor and Axial flow air compressor.
24.