EED 5 Unit 8

EED5- TEACHING SCIENCE IN PRIMARY GRADES
UNIT VIII
The World of Chemistry
OVERVIEW
Why does a cake rise in the oven? What are fireworks made from? How
does my stomach digest food? How does gasoline make an engine run? What is
the proper way to describe hot and cold? What creates the shape of a snowflake?
These questions and many more are answered with chemistry. Every activity in
which we are involved daily depends on chemicals in some way. Many argue that
chemistry is uniquely positioned at the crossroad between the biological and
physical Sciences because major technological and biological discoveries always
depend on the understanding of chemistry. A little analysis of even the most
ordinary daily activities, however, reveals that chemistry’s influence is pervasive
in modern society. In this unit, you delve into the world of chemistry by studying
Chemistry as a central science, properties, and state of matter, changes in matter,
classification of matter. May this journey ‘matters’ to you!
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, I am able to:

1. define what Chemistry is;
2. explain why Chemistry is called ‘Central Science’;
3. differentiate the physical properties of matter from chemical properties of
matter;
4. describe the five states of matter;
5. provide examples of each of the classifications of matter; and
6. identify the suitable method of separating mixtures in given mixtures.
UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 136

SETTING UP
Direction: Write down 20 questions that you think, studying Chemistry could answer.
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LECTURE PROPER
WHY STUDY CHEMISTRY?
Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between them.
Chemistry and physics are specializations of physical science. It is a broad science that
touches nearly every aspect of human life. Chemistry tends to focus on the properties of
substances and the interactions between different types of matter, particularly reactions that
involve electrons. Physics tends to focus more on the nuclear part of the atom, as well as the
subatomic realm. They are two sides of the same coin.
Chemistry is an incredibly fascinating field of study. Because it is so fundamental to
our world, chemistry plays a role in everyone's lives and touches almost every aspect of our
existence in some way. Chemistry is essential for meeting our basic needs of food, clothing,
shelter, health, energy, and clean air, water, and soil. Chemical technologies enrich our quality
of life in numerous ways by providing new solutions to problems in health, materials, and
energy usage. Thus, studying chemistry is useful in preparing us for the real world.
Knowledge of the nature of chemicals and chemical processes, therefore, provides

insights into a variety of physical and biological phenomena. Knowing something about
chemistry is worthwhile because it provides an excellent basis for understanding the physical
universe we live in. For better or for worse, everything is chemical!
Here are some of the best reasons to study chemistry.
1. Chemistry helps you to understand the world around you. Why do leaves change
color in the fall? Why are plants green? How is cheese made? What is in soap and how
does it clean? These are all questions that can be answered by applying chemistry.
2. Basic knowledge of chemistry helps you to read and understand product labels.
3. Chemistry can help you make informed decisions. Will a product work as having
advertised or is it a scam? If you understand how chemistry works you'll be able to
separate reasonable expectations from pure fiction.
4. Chemistry is at the heart of cooking. If you understand the chemical reactions
involved in making baked goods rise or neutralizing acidity or thickening sauces,
chances are you'll be a better cook.
5. A command of chemistry can help keep you safe! You'll know which household
chemicals are dangerous to keep together or mix and which can be used safely.
6. Chemistry teaches useful skills. Because it is a science, learning chemistry means
learning how to be objective and how to reason and solve problems.
7. Helps you to understand current events, including news about petroleum, product
recalls pollution, the environment, and technological advances.
8. Makes life's little mysteries a little less... mysterious. Chemistry explains how things
work.
9. Chemistry opens up career options. There are many careers in chemistry, but even if
you're looking for a job in another field, the analytical skills you gained in chemistry

are helpful. Chemistry applies to the food industry, retail sales, transportation, art,
homemaking... any type of work you can name.
10. Chemistry is fun! There are lots of interesting chemistry projects you can do using
common everyday materials. Chemistry projects don't just go boom. They can glow
in the dark, change colors, produces bubbles, and change states.
Chemistry: The Central Science

Why Chemistry is often called the central science?
Medicine that cure diseases, fibers that go into your clothes, common household
products, even the complex substances that make up your body, all are chemicals. The study
of substances and the changes they undergo involve Chemistry.
Chemistry is often called the central science because it’s so important to other fields
of Science like biology, geology, astronomy, physics, medicine, engineering, material science,
and many other areas.
Biology and Botany

All biological bodies are made up of chemical compounds. These compounds engage
in chemical reactions that transport energy, and grow and divide through chemistry to enable
reproduction, respiration, and more. Plants synthesize and use a huge variety of chemical
compounds, many of which form the basis of medicine. The chemistry of animals and plants
is central as well to any understanding of diet, nutrition, and health.
Geology, Geomorphology, and Archeology

Another field that is based on chemistry is geology. Rocks are made up of atoms, and
the chemical composition of stone and soil determine hardness, erosion, and other physical
qualities that shape the landscape. In geology, as well as archeology and many other fields,
the gradual chemical changes that occur in radioactive elements enable carbon-dating
techniques that have revolutionized our understanding of the past.

Medicine and Biochemistry

In the fields of medicine and biochemistry, chemistry plays a central role. Finely-
balanced chemical reactions, such as hormone synthesis and similar processes, regulate the
health of our bodies. Understanding and treating many health issues depends on a chemical
understanding of what is occurring in the body. From bandages to mental health, from
medications to blood plasma, chemistry is critical to medicine and biochemistry.
Astronomy
Modern astronomy would not be possible without a deep understanding of chemistry.
That’s because much of our knowledge of the universe has only been gained through
astronomical spectroscopy, which analyzes the spectrum of celestial objects and matches that
spectrum with elements of the periodic table to determine their composition.
Engineering and Materials Science

Of course, basic engineering and materials science is possible without chemistry. The
same is true of all the other fields of the study discussed here. But chemistry allows more
complete understanding. That’s because every material is made up of atoms, and the
properties of any material are determined by the interaction of those atoms. The fundamental
chemistry of each element determines its strength, surface qualities, combustibility, and
much more.
Physics
Chemistry and physics are interdependent, with neither field being completely
understandable without the other. If there is any science that has a claim to being the central
science other than chemistry, physics would be it.
PROPERTIES AND STATES OF MATTER
Exploring Matter!
Even without studying science, you know a
great deal about the matter because you have made
observations about what you see, feel, and smell in a
world made up of matter. By observing matter
around you, you begin the task of trying to answer
one of the basic chemistry addresses---- what is
matter? In this chapter, you will study the interesting
part of the chemistry which is seeing the many
physical and chemical changes that matter
undergoes. It can be also interesting to try to figure
out what is happening when those changes take
place. Knowing the properties of matter can lead to

a better understanding of how the states of matter rely on its molecule’s arrangement.
Different states of matter can be observed in water. What properties could

be used could to distinguish the different kinds of matter?
The matter is the stuff around you!
What is the matter? The matter is

everything around you. Atoms and
compounds are all made of very small parts of
matter. Those atoms go on to build the things
you see and touch every day. The matter is
defined as anything that has mass and takes up
space (it has volume).
What isn’t matter?
We can see the light from the sun or a fixture in a room. We can feel the warmth from
the sun or heat from the heater but light and heat do not take up space and they have no mass.
Therefore they are not forms of matter . Ideas, thoughts and emotions are not matter either.
Mass
The amount of matter in an object is mass. On Earth, we use the word mass to talk
about how much matter there is in something. (Matter is anything you can touch physically.)
The more matter there is, the more something will weigh. Often, the amount of mass
something has is related to its size, but not always. A balloon blown up bigger than your head
will still have less matter inside it than your head and therefore less mass.

There is a difference between mass and weight. Mass is a measure of the matter in an
object while weight is a measure of gravity’s pull on an object. If we are comparing two
different things to each other on Earth, they are pulled the same by gravity and so the one
with more mass weighs more. But in space, where the pull of gravity is very small, something
can have almost no weight. It still has mattered in it, though, so it still has mass.
Comparison between Mass and Weight
Volume
It is the amount of three-dimensional space occupied by a liquid, solid, or gas. Words
such as big, little, long, or short are used to describe volumes. A marble takes up a small
volume while a star occupies a large volume. Different states of matter will fill volumes in
different ways because of the arrangement of its molecules.
Common units used to express volume include liters, cubic meters, gallons, milliliters,
teaspoons, and ounces, though many other units exist.
Volume examples
1. A student might use a graduated cylinder to measure the volume of a chemical
solution in milliliters.
2. You could buy a quart of milk.
3. Gases are commonly sold in units of volume, such as cubic centimeters, cm 3, or
cubic liters.
Measuring Volume of Liquids, Solids, and Gases

The method for determining the
volume of a solid depends on its shape. Because
many objects are not regularly shaped, their
volume cannot be determined using a volume

formula. The volume of these objects can be

found by water displacement.
Liquids are commonly measured using containers, where the volume is marked or
else is the internal shape of the container. Because gases fill their containers, their volume is
the same as the internal volume of the container. The volume of liquid can be measured by
measuring instruments like cups, graduated cylinders, flasks, and beakers.
Five States of Matter

A state of matter is one of the distinct
forms in which matter can exist. While you have
probably learned about the three states of
matter already (solid, liquid, and gas), did you
know that there are five states of matter that
exist?
Four states of matter are observable in

everyday life but many intermediate states are
known to exist, such as liquid crystal, and some
states only exist under extreme conditions,
such as Bose-Einstein condensates, neutron-
degenerate matter, and quark-gluon plasma, which only occur, respectively, in situations of
extreme cold, extreme density, and extremely high energy.
1) Bose-Einstein condensate is a very odd condition in which all atoms attain the same
quantum-mechanical state. At present, this state is only found within a minute portion of
absolute zero. However, researchers believe the condensates may someday be used to make
atomic lasers or super-accurate clocks.
2) Solids are materials with a defined volume and shape. Resistant to outside forces, they
tend to keep their shape and mass. Examples include bricks, doors, and humans.
3) Liquids, for the most part, are non-compressible materials that take the shape of their
containers and have a free surface. However, they cannot expand indefinitely. Examples
include water, glue, and ink.
4) Gases expand to fill the size and shape of their containers. They tend to have relatively
low-density levels. Examples include oxygen and nitrogen.
5) Plasmas are ionized (electrically charged) gases that possess an equal number of positive
and negative charges, examples include fluorescent lighting and the sun.

Arrangement of molecules
The movement of their molecules greatly affect the states of matter,

therefore increasing energy or temperature, the greater distance of their
molecules
Properties of Matter
All matter can be identified by its properties, its characteristics, and behavior.
Properties can either physical or chemical and intensive and intensive.
1. Physical property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing

the composition of the sample. Physical properties can be used to describe mixtures as well
as pure substances. Because these pure substances have a uniform and unchanging
compositions, they also have consistent and unchanging physical properties.
Examples of Physical Properties of Matter

There are many types of physical properties.
Commonly used examples include density,
color, odor, hardness, and volume. Physical
properties are further classified based on
whether they are extensive or intensive.
Extensive physical properties are those that
are dependent on the amount of the substance
present. Intensive physical properties are
those that do not depend on the amount of the
substance present. This means they will be the
same whether you have one gram or one
thousand kilograms of the substance.

Examples include but are not limited to:
1. Density
2. Malleability
3. Ductility
4. Solubility
5. State
6. Thermal Conductivity
7. Boiling Point
1. Density is the amount of mass in a given volume. A substance is always the same at a
given pressure and temperature regardless of the size of the sample of the substance. The
density of one substance is usually different from that of another substance. Density equals
mass divided by volume.
Density Calculations are done using the formula:
Density=mass/volume
Where:
D = density
m = mass
V = volume
Different liquids have different densities
Solving Density Problems
1. If 96.5 grams of gold has a volume of 5 cm3, what is the density of gold?
D=M/V
Substitute values into formula
Density = 96.5g / 5 cm3
D = 19.3 g /cm3
Finding Mass from Volume and Density
1. If the density of a diamond is 3.5 g/cm3, what would be the mass of a diamond whose
volume is 0.5 cm3?
M=DxV

Mass = 3.5 g/cm3 x 0.5 cm3

M = 1.8 g
Finding Volume from Density and Mass

1. If a 96.5g piece of aluminum has a density of 2.7 g/cm3, what is its volume?
V=M/D
Volume = 96.5g / 2.7 g/cm3
V = 35.7 cm3
Solve the following problem:
1. Calculate the density in g/ml of solution that weighs 120 g.
2. If the density of a diamond is 3.5 g/cm3, what would be the mass of a diamond whose
volume is 0.5 cm3?
Table 2. The density of Common Substances
2. Malleability
A physical property of metals that defines the ability to be hammered pressed or
rolled into thin sheets without breaking. In other words, it is the property of a metal to deform
under compression onto a different form. Examples of malleable Metals
are gold, zinc, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.

Gold and silver are highly

malleable. When a piece of
hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of
a sheet. The property is not seen in non-
metals. Non-malleable metals may break
apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable
metals usually bend and twist in various
shapes.
3. Ductility
The physical property of a material associated with the ability to be hammered thin
or stretched into wire without breaking. A ductile substance can be drawn into a wire. Most
metals are good examples of ductile materials, including gold, silver, copper, erbium,
terbium, and samarium.
A copper, platinum and

tungsten wire
4. Solubility
It is a physical property that describes how easily a substance dissolves. It is a degree

to which a substance dissolves in a solvent to make a solution (usually expressed as grams of
solute per liter of solvent). The solubility of one fluid (liquid or gas) in another may be
complete (totally miscible; e.g., methanol and water) or partial (oil and water dissolve only
slightly). In general, “like dissolves like” (e.g., aromatic hydrocarbons dissolve in each other
but not in water). Some separation methods (absorption, extraction) rely on differences in
solubility, expressed as the distribution coefficient (ratio of a material’s solubility in two
solvents). Generally, the solubility of solids in liquids increases with temperature, and those
of gases decreases with temperature and increase with pressure. A solution in which no more
solute can be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure is said to be saturated.
A lump of sugar dissolve

in water

4. State of Matter
The physical form in which a substance exists at room temperature, such as solid,
liquid, or gas.
5. Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity refers to the amount/speed of heat transmitted through a

material. Heat transfer occurs at a higher rate across materials of high thermal conductivity
than those of low thermal conductivity. Materials of high thermal conductivity are widely
used in heat sink applications and materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal
insulation.
Metals, such as steel, copper, and aluminum are excellent thermal conductors, other
things, such as wood, plastic foam, asbestos, and similar materials are very poor conductors
of heat. Plastic foam is a poor conductor, so a hot drink won’t burn your hand. Liquids,
including water, are fairly good thermal conductors, while air and other gasses are poor
conductors. In gases such as air, much heat is transferred by infra-red radiation rather than
heating the gas directly. This is how many space heaters operate, by radiating infra-red to
heat you directly instead of heating the air surrounding the heater.
Why are copper wires covered

with rubber or plastic?
6. Boiling point
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal
to the pressure of the gas above it. The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature
at which its vapor pressure is equal to one atmosphere (760 torrs).
A liquid boils at a temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the pressure of
the gas above it. The lower the pressure of a gas above a liquid, the lower the temperature at
which the liquid will boil.
7. Viscosity
Viscosity is defined to be the resistance to the deformation of a particular chemical
substance when a force is applied to it. In the example below, one can see two cubes falling
into two different test tubes. The upper substance shows a violent reaction to the dropping
of the cube. The lower substance simply engulfs it slowly without many reactions. The upper
substance has a lower viscosity relative to the lower substance, which has very high viscosity.
One may even think of viscosity in terms of thickness. The substance with more thickness has

a higher viscosity than a substance that is deemed "thin." Water has a lower viscosity than
honey or magma, which have relatively high viscosities.
8. Melting point
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is
the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point, the solid
and liquid phase exist in equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends
on pressure and is usually specified at a standard pressure such as 1 atmosphere or 100 kPa.
Table 2.The freezing point and boiling point of common
Chemical Properties of Matter
Chemical properties are properties

that can be measured or observed only when
matter changes to become an entirely
different kind of matter. For example, the
ability of iron to rust can only be observed
when iron rusts. When it does, it combines
with oxygen to become a different substance
called iron oxide. Iron is very hard and silver
in color, whereas iron oxide is flakey and
reddish-brown. Besides the ability to rust,
other chemical properties
include reactivity and flammability.
1. Combustibility
It is a measure of how easily a substance bursts into flame, through fire or

combustion. This is an important property to consider when a substance is used for
construction or is being stored. It is also important in processes that produce combustible
substances as a by-product.

2. Flammability The ability of

matter to burn is called flammability.
When matter burns, it combines with
oxygen and changes to different
substances. Flammable
substances are those gases, liquids,
and solids that will ignite and
continue to burn in the air if exposed
to a source of ignition.
Many flammable and combustible
liquids and solids are volatile; that is, they evaporate quickly and are continually giving off
vapors. Wood is an example of a flammable matter.
Most flammable substances are household items that can be found at homes such as
rubbing alcohol, nail polish, linseed oil, aerosol cans, nondairy creamer, gasoline, turpentine,
paint thinner, sanitizer, and even flour.
3. Reactivity
Reactivity is the ability of matter to combine chemically with other substances. Some
kinds of matter are extremely reactive; others are extremely unreactive. For example,
potassium is very reactive, even with water. When a pea-sized piece of potassium is added to
a small amount of water, it reacts explosively. In contrast, noble gases such as helium rarely
react with any other substances.
Flammability – Only when wood burns

Combustibility – Only when fireworks explode
Reactivity – Only when iron Oxidizes (rust)
CHANGES IN MATTER
Physical Change and Chemical change (Life is a Constant Change!)

Several changes happen every day. From the moment we wake up and prepare our
meals, changes already take place. Dissolving your coffee, brushing your hair, ironing your
crumpled clothes, these are examples of physical changes. Physical changes are easy to
identify because these are the changes that do not alter the identity of the substance.
If you accidentally burn bread in the oven, it will turn into dark brown. Souring of
your favorite fresh milk in your refrigerator sometimes happens. This eventually changes the
composition of your food and not advisable to eat! A chemical change may take place in your
food but chemical change does not mean harm always. Some are beneficial like the
fermentation of milk into cheese, decaying of organic matter, and even cooking your raw food.
These are only a few of the changes that we encounter every day.

Physical changes only

change the appearance
of a substance, not its
chemical composition.
Physical changes are changes in which

no chemical bonds are broken or formed. This
means that the same types of compounds or
elements that were there at the beginning of the
change are there at the end of the change.
Because the ending materials are the same as
the beginning materials, the properties (such as
color, boiling point, etc) will also be the same.
Physical changes involve moving molecules

around, but not changing them. Some types of physical changes include:
 Changes of state (changes from a solid to a liquid or a gas and vice versa)
 Separation of a mixture
 Physical deformation (cutting, denting, stretching)
 Making solutions (special kinds of mixtures).
As an ice cube melts, its shape changes as it acquires the ability to flow. However, its
composition does not change. Melting is an example of a physical change since some
properties of the material change, but the identity of the matter does not. Physical changes
can further be classified as reversible or irreversible. The melted ice cube may be refrozen,
so melting is a reversible physical change. Physical changes that involve a change of state are
all reversible. Other changes of the state include vaporization (liquid to gas), freezing (liquid
to solid), and condensation (gas to liquid). Dissolving is also a reversible physical change.
When salt is dissolved into water, the salt is said to have entered the aqueous state. The salt
may be regained by boiling off the water, leaving the salt behind.

Chemical Change
Chemical changes occur
when bonds are broken and/or
formed between molecules or atoms.
This means that one substance with a
certain set of properties (such as
melting point, color, taste, etc.) is
turned into a different substance
with different properties. Chemical These dazzling
changes are frequently harder to fireworks result from
reverse than physical changes. chemical changes.
One good example of a chemical change is burning paper. In contrast to the act of
ripping paper, the act of burning paper results in the formation of new chemicals (carbon
dioxide and water, to be exact). Another example of chemical change occurs when water is
formed. Each molecule contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen chemically
bonded.
The combustion of magnesium metal is also chemical change (Magnesium + Oxygen

→ Magnesium Oxide) as is the rusting of iron (Iron + Oxygen → Iron Oxide/ Rust)
Reaction of
magnesium ribbon to
Oxygen
This happens when

iron reacts with
oxygen
Evidences of Chemical Changes
In a chemical change, new substances are formed. When this process occurs, we call
it a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances are
changed into one or more new substances.
During a chemical reaction, you can identify some signs that a chemical change may
have occurred. If you observe two or more of these signs during a change, you most likely
are observing a chemical change.

1. Production of an Odor
Some chemical changes produce new
smells. The chemical change that occurs when an
egg is rotting produces the smell of sulfur. If you
go outdoors after a thunderstorm, you may detect
an unusual odor in the air. The odor is an
indication that lightning has caused a chemical
change in the air.
2. Change in Temperature or Energy
Chemical changes often are accompanied by a change in temperature or the release

and gain of energy by an object. Exothermic reactions give off heat while endothermic
reactions absorb heat. For example, energy is absorbed during the chemical change s
involved in cooking. When you bake a cake or make pancakes, energy is absorbed by a
batter. Energy is released when you burn wood. You may have noticed that the
temperature is higher near logs burning in a campfire.
Energy is absorbed
Energy is released

3. Change in Color
A change in color often indicates a chemical

change. For example, the Statue of Liberty is known
for its green color, but the statue is covered in a layer
of copper which is shiny brown metal. This layer of
copper has gone through a series of chemical reactions
that cause the copper to turn green. Copper also reacts
with sulfur in the air forming copper sulfide, which
further reacts with carbon dioxide in the air and
hydroxide in water to form the layer of patina that
gives the statue its green color.
We can observe a dramatic

change in color when fruit ripens.
4. Formation of bubbles
When an antacid tablet contacts
water, it begins to bubble. The formation of
gas bubbles is another indicator that a
chemical change may have occurred.
5. Formation of a solid
When two liquids are combined, a solid called a precipitate can form. The shells of
animals such as clams and mussels are precipitates. They are the result of a chemical
change involving substances in seawater combining with substances from the creatures.

Precipitate is an6.Light Emission

insoluble solid that is formed by a
chemical reaction of two soluble compounds
6. Light emission
Combustion reactions are notorious for giving off light. For example, phosphorus in
the presence of oxygen burns spontaneously, producing a flame. Other reactions can give
off light without heat. Lightsticks work as the result of a chemical reaction between
hydrogen peroxide and phenyl oxalate ester; when you break the stick, the peroxide mixes
with the ester, producing energy in the form of light
A chemical change within a

firefly releases energy in the
form of light
The Law of Conservation of Mass

During a chemical change, the form of the composition of the matter changes. The particles
within the matter rearrange to form new substances, but they are not destroyed and new
particles are not created. The law of conservation of mass is summarized as follows:
1. The law of conservation of mass states that mass in an isolated system is neither
created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations.
2. According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the products in a chemical
reaction must equal the mass of the reactants.
3. The law of conservation of mass is useful for some calculations and can be used to
solve for unknown masses, such as the amount of gas consumed or produced during
a reaction.

Reactants
Any of the participants present at the start of a chemical reaction. Also, a molecule before
it undergoes a chemical change.
Products
A chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
Burning of magnesium metal
The magnesium ribbon looks as it if lost mass when it was burned. However, if we
could trap and measure the gases given up during burning, we will find that the mass of the
magnesium and the gases is equal to the mass of the original substance.
We can also visualize the chemical reactions as the rearrangement of atoms and
bonds, while the number of atoms involved in a reaction remains unchanged. This
assumption allows us to represent a chemical reaction as a balanced equation, in which the
number of moles of any element involved is the same on both sides of the equation.
History of the Law of the Conservation of Mass
The ancient Greeks first proposed the idea that the total amount of matter in the
universe is constant. However, Antoine Lavoisier described the law of conservation of mass
(or the principle of mass/matter conservation) as a fundamental principle of physics in 1789.

A portrait of Antoine
Lavoisier, the scientist
credited with the discovery of
the law of conservation of
mass.
The Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy
This law was later amended by Einstein in the law of conservation of mass-energy,
which describes the fact that the total mass and energy in a system remain constant. This
amendment incorporates the fact that mass and energy can be converted from one to another.
However, the law of conservation of mass remains a useful concept in chemistry, since the
energy produced or consumed in a typical chemical reaction accounts for a minute amount
of mass.
Energy transformations are processes that convert energy from one type
(e.g., kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical energy) into another. Any type of energy use
must involve some sort of energy transformation.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Observing at the world, you find an overpowering number of different

substances. From the clouds that float in the sky, the rain that falls into your head, to your
flesh and bones. Early philosophers believed that the diversity of substances we see around

us is the result of a combination of just a few simple forms of matter. These fundamental
forms of matter were called elements. Although early Scientists had no scientific evidence for
their belief, the concept of simple elements was appealing to them.
Today, scientists classify matter in several ways that depend on what it is made
of and how it behaves. For example, a matter that has the same composition and properties
throughout is called a substance. Elements such as a bar of gold or copper wire are
substances. When different elements are combined, other substances are formed.
Substance
A chemical substance is a form of matter having a constant chemical composition

and characteristic properties. A chemical substance cannot be separated into its
constituent elements by physical separation methods, There are two types of substances:
Sometimes the word pure is added to

substance, but this is not absolutely
necessary. By definition, any single
substance is pure.

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
1. Elements
Any substance that contains only one kind of an atom is known as an element.
Because atoms cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, elements such as
phosphorus (P) or sulfur (S) cannot be broken down into simpler substances by these
reactions. When water decomposes into a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen through electric
current, hydrogen, and oxygen, on the other hand, cannot be decomposed into simpler
substances. They are therefore the elementary, or simplest, chemical substances - elements.
Elements are groups or combinations of like atoms, while molecules are combinations of like
or different atoms.
Each element is represented by a unique

symbol. The notation for each element can be found
on the periodic table of elements. The periodic table
of elements is a systematic and organized chart to
display elements.
A modern periodic table now is consist of

118 elements arranged in increasing
atomic number
The elements can be divided into three categories that have characteristic properties:
metals, nonmetals, and semimetals. Most elements are metals, which are found on the left
and toward the bottom of the periodic table. A handful of nonmetals are clustered in the
upper right corner of the periodic table. The semimetals can be found along the dividing line
between the metals and the nonmetals.
1. Metals
Except for hydrogen, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during
chemical reactions are called metals. Thus, metals are electropositive elements with
relatively low ionization energies. They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability
to resonate sound and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under
normal conditions except for Mercury.

Gold and Copper are metals. What are the properties that can describe a
metal?
Physical Properties of Metals

1. State: Metals are solids at room temperature except for mercury, which is liquid at
room temperature (Gallium is liquid on hot days).
2. Luster: Metals have the quality of reflecting light from their surface and can be
polished e.g., gold, silver, and copper.
3. Malleability: Metals can withstand hammering and can be made into thin sheets
known as foils. For example, a sugar cube-sized chunk of gold can be pounded into a
thin sheet that will cover a football field.
4. Ductility: Metals can be drawn into wires. For example, 100 g of silver can be drawn
into a thin wire about 200 meters long.
5. Hardness: All metals are hard except sodium and potassium, which are soft and can
be cut with a knife.
6. Valency: Metals typically have 1 to 3 electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms.

7. Conduction: Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons. Silver and
copper are the two best conductors of heat and electricity. Lead is the poorest
conductor of heat. Bismuth, mercury, and iron are also poor conductors
8. Density: Metals have high density and are very heavy. Iridium and osmium have the
highest densities whereas lithium has the lowest density.\
9. Melting and Boiling Points: Metals have high melting and boiling points. Tungsten
has the highest melting and boiling points whereas mercury has the lowest. Sodium
and potassium also have low melting points.
2. Non-metal
A non-metal is simply an element that does not display the properties of a metal.
Physically, a non-metal tends to have a relatively low melting point, boiling point, and density.
A non-metal is typically brittle when solid and usually has poor thermal
conductivity and electrical conductivity. Chemically, non-metals tend to have relatively
high ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity. They gain or share electrons
when they react with other elements and chemical compounds.
The nonmetals are in a minority on the periodic table, mostly located on the right-
hand side of the periodic table. The exception is hydrogen, which behaves as a nonmetal at
room temperature and pressure and is found on the upper left corner of the periodic table.
Under conditions of high pressure, hydrogen is predicted to behave as an alkali metal. Oxygen
and Nitrogen are important non-metals.
Halogens and noble gases are examples of non-metals such as Selenium, Fluorine
Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Argon, Neon, Xenon, etc. Some non-metals may also exist in solid
form like Carbon, Phosphorus, Sulfur.
These are examples of solid non-metals.

What are the important uses of these
elements?
3. Metalloids
Some elements are “none of the above.” They don’t fit neatly into the categories of
metal or non-metal because of their characteristics. A metalloid is an element that has
properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. Metalloids can also
be called semimetals.
On the periodic table, the elements colored yellow, which generally border the stair-
step line, are considered to be metalloids. Notice that aluminum borders the line, but it is
considered to be metal since all of its properties are like those of metals.

Metalloids
Examples of Metalloids
1. Silicon is a typical metalloid. It has a luster like
metal but is brittle like a nonmetal. Silicon is used
extensively in computer chips and other
electronics because its electrical conductivity is in
between that of a metal and a nonmetal.
2. Boron is a versatile element that can be incorporated into some compounds. Borosilicate
glass is extremely resistant to thermal shock. Extreme changes in the temperature of objects
containing borosilicates will not create any damage to the material, unlike other glass
compositions, which would crack or shatter.
Because of their strength, boron filaments are used as light, high-strength materials for
airplanes, golf clubs, and fishing rods. Sodium tetraborate is widely used in fiberglass as
insulation and also is employed in many detergents and cleaners.
3. Arsenic has long played a role in murder mysteries (arsenic poisoning), being used to
commit the foul deed. This use of the material is not very smart since arsenic can be easily
detected on autopsy. We find arsenic in pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides, but the use
of arsenic for these applications is decreasing due to the toxicity of the metal. Its effectiveness
as an insecticide has led arsenic to be used as a wood preservative.
4. Antimony is a brittle, bluish-white metallic material that is a poor conductor of electricity

Used with lead, antimony increases the hardness and strength of the mixture. This material
plays an important role in the fabrication of electronic and semiconductor devices. About
half of the antimony used industrially is employed in the production of batteries, bullets, and
alloys.

Boron Arsenic Antimony
Compounds
A substance that can be broken down into chemically simpler components (because
it has more than one element) is a compound. Compound often has a property that is different
from the elements that make it up. Water is a compound composed of the element’s hydrogen
and oxygen. Today, there are about 118 elements in the known universe. In contrast,
scientists have identified tens of millions of different compounds to date.
Differences between elements and compound
Element Compound
Composed of only one kind of atom Composed of two or more elements
Cannot be further subdivided by a chemical Can be subdivided into elements by
reaction chemical reaction
Sugar, alcohol, water and table salt

are all compounds. Can you identify
the elemental composition of these?

Mixtures
A material composed of two or more
substances is a mixture. In a mixture, the individual
substances maintain their chemical identities. Many
mixtures are obvious combinations of two or more
substances, such as a mixture of sand and water.
However, there also a mixture in which you cannot
simply identify its components like sugar solution.
Such mixtures are called heterogeneous mixtures. In some mixtures, the components
are so intimately combined that they act like a single substance (even though they are not).
Mixtures with a consistent composition throughout are called homogeneous mixtures (or
solutions).
Sugar dissolved in water is an example of a solution. A metal alloy, such as steel, is an
example of a solid solution. Air, a mixture of mainly nitrogen and oxygen, is a gaseous
solution.
Types of Mixtures
1.Homogeneous mixture
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components that make up the

mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. The composition of the mixture is
the same throughout. There is only one phase of matter observed in a homogeneous mixture.
So, you wouldn't observe both a liquid and a gas or a liquid and a solid in a homogeneous
mixture
There are several examples of homogeneous mixtures encountered in everyday life:
 Air
 Sugar water
 Rainwater
 Vodka
 Vinegar
 Dishwashing detergent
 Steel
2.Heterogeneous mixture
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components of the mixture are not
uniform or have localized regions with different properties. Different samples from the
mixture are not identical to each other. There are always two or more phases in a

heterogeneous mixture, where you can identify a region with properties that are distinct from
those of another region, even if they are the same state of matter (e.g., liquid, solid).
Heterogeneous mixtures are more common than homogeneous mixtures. Examples

include:
 Cereal in milk
 Vegetable soup
 Pizza
 Blood
 Gravel
 Ice in soda
 Salad dressing
 Mixed nuts
 Bowl of colored candies
The layers in this blood sample

include plasma, platelets white
blood cell ad red blood cells.
Comparison between mixture and compound
Mixture Compound
May be obtained by mixing substances in any Have elements combines in a constant
proportions ratio by mass
The substance keeps its properties in their mixtures Have completely different properties than
those of their elements
Do not have distinctive properties like density, Compounds have a distinctive property
melting point solubility…
Can be separated into their components by physical Can be decomposed into their components
methods by chemical method
Are not pure substances Are pure substances
Have no certain formula Have a certain formula
Separating Mixtures
Most materials found in nature are in the form of mixtures and a separation process is
used to transform this mixture into two or more distinct products. This is done by considering
that different components of the mixture that may have different properties such as:
 size
 density

 solubility
 electrical charge
 boiling point
Depending on the raw mixture, various processes can be employed to separate the
mixtures. Often, two or more of these processes must be used in combination to obtain the
desired separation. In addition to chemical processes, mechanical processes are sometimes
applied.
Crude oil is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of

hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. Crude oil can be refined to produce
usable products such as gasoline, diesel and various forms of petrochemicals. What method
of separating mixtures can be used to purified this non-renewable fossil fuel?
Methods of separating mixtures
1. Filtration
It is a separation method used to separate pure substances in mixtures comprised of

particles some of which are large enough to be captured with a porous material. Particle size
can vary considerably, given the type of mixture. For instance, stream water is a mixture that
contains naturally occurring biological organisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoans.
Some water filters can filter out bacteria, the length of which is on the order of 1 micron.
Other mixtures, like soil, have relatively large particle sizes, which can be filtered through
something like a coffee filter.
When you brew coffee, you may rely on a coffee filter to keep the grounds from getting
in your drink. If our salty water and sand mixture is poured through a filter, the salty water
would go through, leaving the sand behind.
Filtrate is the liquid or solution that has

passed through a filter, and which has been
separated from the filtride.

2. Chromatography
Chromatography is the separation of a

mixture by passing it in solution or suspension or
as a vapor (as in gas chromatography) through a
medium in which the components move at
different rates. Thin-layer chromatography is a
special type of chromatography used for
separating and identifying mixtures that are or
can be colored especially pigments.
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate

colored chemicals or substances.
3. Evaporation.
A mixture of salt and water can be separated by the process of evaporation. This is
sometimes called crystallization because the solid salt will form crystals as the water
evaporates. If you're short on time, you may want to take advantage of the boiling point of
water, which is much lower than the boiling point of salt. By heating the water to its boiling
point, you are allowing it to change from a liquid to a gas, eventually leaving all of the salt
behind.

Evaporation and crystallization of

sea water.
Sea salt farm in Thailand
4. Distillation
Distillation is an effective method to separate mixtures comprised of two or
more pure liquids. It is used in the purification of all kinds of things from water to crude oil.
Distillation is a purification process where the components of a liquid mixture are vaporized
and then condensed and isolated. In simple distillation, a mixture is heated and the most
volatile component vaporizes at the lowest temperature. The vapor passes through a cooled
tube (a condenser), where it condenses back into its liquid state. The condensate that is
collected is called the distillate.
A distillation set-up
5.Extraction
In chemistry, it is a separation process consisting of the separation of a
substance from a matrix. It includes Liquid-liquid extraction, and Solid-phase extraction.

The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by

partition theory.
A separatory funnel (sep funnel)

is used to separate immiscible liquids
6. Sedimentation and decantation methods are used for the separation of insoluble
substances which are heavier than liquid. Sedimentation is one of the simplest separation
methods. It is a natural process and can be explained as the building up of layers of small
particles like sand or mud.
In the sedimentation process, heavier components of the mixture settle on the

bottom, due to gravity. Decantation is followed by sedimentation.
Weight and sedimentation is

much related.
7. Precipitation

Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution. When the reaction occurs in a
liquid solution, the solid formed is called the precipitate. The chemical that causes the solid
to form is called the 'precipitant'. Without sufficient force of gravity (settling) to bring the
solid particles together, the precipitate remains in suspension. Precipitation may occur if the
concentration of a compound exceeds its solubility (such as when mixing solvents or
changing their temperature). Precipitation may occur rapidly from a supersaturated solution.
Precipitation reactions can be used for

making pigments and removing salts from
water in water treatment
Supernate
It is the name given to the liquid found above a precipitate or sediment. Usually, the
fluid is translucent. The term is best applied to the liquid above a precipitation reaction after
the precipitate has settled out, or to the liquid above the pellet from centrifugation.
REFERENCES
Books
Peria, JN. & Mangansat, NJ. (2014). Discovering The World: A Worktext in
Introduction to Physical Science. College of Education, NEUST. Cabanatuan
City, Nueva Ecija.
Webpage
https://archive.org/stream/CK12Chemistry/CK12 Chemistry_djvu.txt
https://idoc.pub/documents/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological-
2nv8momv8rlk
https://discoveringdesignwithchemistry.files.wordpress.com/2016/09/why-study-
chemistry.docx
https://chemtrix.blogspot.com/2013/05/
https://chemtrix.blogspot.com/2013/05/ten-reason-why-we-study-chemistry.html

ASSESSING LEARNING
Activity 24 Name
CHANGES IN MATTER Course/Section

Rating
I. Direction: Classify if the following possess physical or chemical change. Write P if

physical change and C if chemical change.
_____ 1. Sodium hydroxide dissolves in water.

_____ 2. Hydrochloric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide to produce a
salt, water, and heat.
_____ 3. A pellet of sodium is sliced in two.
_____ 4. Water is heated and changed to steam.
_____ 5. Potassium chlorate decomposes to potassium chloride and oxygen gas.
_____ 6. Iron rusts.
_____ 7. When place in water, a sodium pellet catches on fire as hydrogen gas is
liberated
_____ 8. Evaporation of alcohol.
_____ 9. Ice melting.
_____ 10. Milk sours.
_____ 11. Sugar dissolves in water.
_____ 12. Wood rots.
_____ 13. Pancakes cooking on a griddle.
_____ 14. Grass growing in a lawn.
_____ 15. A tire is inflated with air.
_____ 16. Food is digested in the stomach.
_____ 17. Water is absorbed by a paper towel.
______ 18. Grinding coffee beans
______ 19. Shredding up your homework (please DO NOT do this)
______ 20. Baking chocolate chip cookies.
II. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE. Write true if the statement is correct. If false, change the
underline word to make it correct.
___________ 1. The chemical properties of matter can be observed during chemical
reaction.
___________ 2. The ability of matter to burn is called flammability.

___________ 3. Physical changes involve moving molecules around, but not changing
them.
___________ 4. The ability of a substance to dissolve is called solution.
___________ 5. Exothermic reactions involves absorption of energy.
___________ 6. Rubber and plastics are good conductors.
___________ 7. A copper made into wire has a property of viscosity.
___________ 8. Freezing is the term used to describe the change of a solid to liquid
without the formation of any new kind of matter.
___________ 9. Changes that produce a new kind of matter with different properties
are called chemical change.
___________ 10.The ability of gold to be made into different shapes of jewelry is called
malleability.
III. Thinking critically

1. When you are asked to give the physical properties of a painting, what physical
properties can you suggest?
2. The density of a gild is 19.3 g/cm 3. How might you use the properties of matter to
figure out of these two examples.
Mineral Samples
Sample mass Volume
A 96.5 g 5
B 38.6 4

3.You are told that a sample of matter gives off energy as it changes. Can you conclude what
type of changes occurred? Why or why not?
4. What happen to mass during chemical and physical change?

Activity 25 Name
PROPERTIES OF MATTER Course/Section

Rating
I. Match the physical and chemical properties of matter from Column A to Column B.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
____ 1. The ability to be hammered pressed or rolled
a. thermal conductivity
into thin sheets without breaking
____ 2. It is a degree to which a substance dissolves in b. flammability
a solvent to make a solution c. viscosity
____ 3. It is the ability of matter to combine
chemically with other substances. d. boiling point
____ 4. The ability of matter to burn e. melting point
____ 5. It is the ability of matter to combine
chemically with other substances. f. density
____ 6. The resistance to deformation of a particular g. ductility
chemical substance when a force is applied to it
____ 7. It is a measure of how easily a substance h. solubility
bursts into flame, through fire or combustion. i. malleability
____ 8. The mass of a substance in a given volume.
____ 9. The physical property of a material associated j. reactivity
with the ability to be hammered thin or stretched k. mass
into wire without breaking.
____ 10. This property of matter refers to the
amount/speed of heat transmitted through a
material
II. Answer the following questions.

1. Describe in your own words what the general properties are of solids, liquids, and
gases.

2. What happen to the molecules of matter when there is an increase in temperature?
3. How do can we observe the chemical properties of matter?
4. What you do to water that would change only its physical properties? Are there any
ways you can think of to chemically change water?

III. Identifying Changes

The Water Cycle
The water cycle, also
known as the
hydrologic cycle or the
hydrological cycle,
describes the
continuous movement
of water on, above and
below the surface of
the Earth.
1. Identify the changes that happen in the water cycle.
2. Does chemical change takes place in hydrologic cycle? Explain.

Activity 26 Name
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER Course/Section

Rating
I. Identification. Identify the following with the given statement
___________ 1.It is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a
filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid
___________ 2. The process of separating the components or substances from a liquid

mixture by using selective boiling and condensation is called________
___________ 3. A separation process consisting in the separation of a substance from

a matrix. It includes Liquid-liquid extraction, and Solid phase extraction.
___________ 4. This refers to a mixture where the components of the mixture are not
uniform or have localized regions with different properties.
___________ 5. A mixture of salt and water can be separated by the process of __.
___________ 6. It is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture in which

the mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase and carries it
through a structure holding another material called the stationary
phase.
___________ 7. It is a natural process and can be explained as the building up of layers

of small particles like sand or mud.
___________ 8. It is a method of separating mixtures that involve creation of a solid

from a solution.
___________ 9. The composition of the mixture is the same throughout.
___________ 10. A substance formed when two or more chemical elements are
chemically bonded together.

II. Classify the following as either substance or mixture. If it is a substance, write element
or compound in the appropriate column. If it is a mixture, write heterogeneous or
homogeneous in the appropriate column.
Type of matter Substance Mixture
Chlorine (Cl2)
Water (H2O)
Lucky Charms
Salt water
Nitrogen (N2)
Salt (NaCl)
Rocky road ice cream
Rubbing Alcohol
Pure air
Iron (Fe)
III. Label each substance listed below as an element (E), compound (C),
heterogeneous mixture (He), or homogeneous mixture (Ho)
_____1. Barium (Ba)

_____2. Carbon Monoxide
_____3. Soil
_____4. Kool-Aid
_____5. Brass
_____6. Air
_____7. Vegetable soup
_____8. Carbon (C)
_____9. Baking Soda
_____10. Jelly with fruit
_____11. Gold
_____12. Milk
_____13. Sand
_____14. Orange juice with pulp
_____15. Orange juice without pulp

Activity 27 Name
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER: THINKING

Course/Section
CRITICALLY
Rating
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly but comprehensively.
1.” White gold” used in jewelry, contains two elements, gold and palladium. Two different
samples of white gold differ in the relative amounts of gold and palladium that they contain.
Both are uniform composition throughout. Without knowing any more about the materials
how you classify white gold?
2. What is the difference between a heterogeneous mixture and a homogeneous mixture?

Give an example of each.

3. What method would you use to separate the following mixture. Explain.
a. the components colors of a leaf
b. clean water from muddy water
c. sugar from a sugar solution
d. a mixture of two solid which have widely different solubility in water

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EED5- TEACHING SCIENCE IN PRIMARY GRADES

At the end of this unit, I am able to:

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 136

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 137

WHY STUDY CHEMISTRY?

Knowledge of the nature of chemicals and chemical processes, therefore, provides

Here are some of the best reasons to study chemistry.

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 138

Chemistry: The Central Science

Biology and Botany

Geology, Geomorphology, and Archeology

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 139

Medicine and Biochemistry

Engineering and Materials Science

PROPERTIES AND STATES OF MATTER

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 140

Different states of matter can be observed in water. What properties could

The matter is the stuff around you!

What is the matter? The matter is

What isn’t matter?

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 141

Comparison between Mass and Weight

Measuring Volume of Liquids, Solids, and Gases

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 142

formula. The volume of these objects can be

Five States of Matter

Four states of matter are observable in

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 143

The movement of their molecules greatly affect the states of matter,

1. Physical property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing

Examples of Physical Properties of Matter

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 144

Examples include but are not limited to:

Density Calculations are done using the formula:

Solving Density Problems

Substitute values into formula

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 145

Finding Volume from Density and Mass

Volume = 96.5g / 2.7 g/cm3

Table 2. The density of Common Substances

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 146

Gold and silver are highly

A copper, platinum and

It is a physical property that describes how easily a substance dissolves. It is a degree

A lump of sugar dissolve

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 147

Thermal Conductivity refers to the amount/speed of heat transmitted through a

Why are copper wires covered

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 148

Table 2.The freezing point and boiling point of common

Chemical Properties of Matter

Chemical properties are properties

It is a measure of how easily a substance bursts into flame, through fire or

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 149

2. Flammability The ability of

Flammability – Only when wood burns

Physical Change and Chemical change (Life is a Constant Change!)

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 150

Physical changes only

Physical changes are changes in which

Physical changes involve moving molecules

UNIT VIII: THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY 151

The combustion of magnesium metal is also chemical change (Magnesium + Oxygen