THE NUCLEUS

CHAPTER - 46
1.

M = Amp, f = M/V, mp = 1.007276 u

1/3
15 1/3
27
R = R0A = 1.1 10 A , u = 1.6605402 10 kg
=

A 1.007276 1.6605402 10 27

4 / 3 3.14 R3
14
f in CGS = Specific gravity = 3 10 .
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
9.

= 0.300159 10

18

= 3 10

17

kg/m .

M
M
4 1030
1
1
V

1013 1014
17
v
f
0.6
6
2.4 10
3
V = 4/3 R .
1
1 3 1
3
3

1014 = 4/3 R R = 1014

6
6 4
1 100
3
R =
1012

8
4
4
R = 10 3.17 = 1.585 10 m = 15 km.
Let the mass of particle be xu.
particle contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
2
Binding energy = (2 1.007825 u 1 1.00866 u xu)C = 28.2 MeV (given).
x = 4.0016 u.
7
7
Li + p l + + E ; Li = 7.016u
4
= He = 4.0026u ; p = 1.007276 u
7
E = Li + P 2 = (7.016 + 1.007276)u (2 4.0026)u = 0.018076 u.
0.018076 931 = 16.828 = 16.83 MeV.
2
B = (Zmp + Nmn M)C
Z = 79 ; N = 118 ; mp = 1.007276u ; M = 196.96 u ; mn = 1.008665u
2
B = [(79 1.007276 + 118 1.008665)u Mu]c
= 198.597274 931 196.96 931 = 1524.302094
so, Binding Energy per nucleon = 1524.3 / 197 = 7.737.
238
4
234
a) U 2He + Th
E = [Mu (NHC + MTh)]u = 238.0508 (234.04363 + 4.00260)]u = 4.25487 Mev = 4.255 Mev.
238
234
b) E = U [Th + 2n0 + 2p1]
= {238.0508 [234.64363 + 2(1.008665) + 2(1.007276)]}u
= 0.024712u = 23.0068 = 23.007 MeV.
223
209
14
Ra = 223.018 u ; Pb = 208.981 u ; C = 14.003 u.
223
209
14
Ra Pb + C
223
209
14
m = mass Ra mass ( Pb + C)
= 223.018 (208.981 + 14.003) = 0.034.
Energy = M u = 0.034 931 = 31.65 Me.
1
EZ.N. EZ1, N + P1 EZ.N. EZ1, N + 1H [As hydrogen has no neutrons but protons only]
2
E = (MZ1, N + NH MZ,N)c
f=

E2N = EZ,N1 + 10 n .
2

Energy released = (Initial Mass of nucleus Final mass of nucleus)c = (MZ.N1 + M0 MZN)c .
10. P32 S32 +

0v

10

Energy of antineutrino and -particle

= (31.974 31.972)u = 0.002 u = 0.002 931 = 1.862 MeV = 1.86.

11. In P + e
We know : Half life = 0.6931 / (Where = decay constant).
4
Or = 0.6931 / 1460 = 8.25 10 S
[As half life = 14 min = 14 60 sec].
2
2
Energy = [Mn (MP + Me)]u = [(Mnu Mpu) Mpu]c = [0.00189u 511 KeV/c ]
2
2 2
= [1293159 ev/c 511000 ev/c ]c = 782159 eV = 782 Kev.
46.1

The Nucleus
12.

13.

226
58 Ra

24 222
26 Rn

19
8 O

0
0
19
9 F n 0 v

13
25 Al

25
12
MG 01e 00 v

64

Cu 64Ni e v

Emission of nutrino is along with a positron emission.

a) Energy of positron = 0.650 MeV.
Energy of Nutrino = 0.650 KE of given position = 0.650 0.150 = 0.5 MeV = 500 Kev.
b) Momentum of Nutrino =
14. a)

500 1.6 10 19
3 108

19 K

40

20 Ca40 1e0 0 v 0

19 K

40

18 Ar 40 1e0 0 v 0

19 K

40

1e0 18 Ar 40

19 K

40

20 Ca40 1e0 0 v 0 .

22

103 J = 2.67 10

kg m/s.

b) Q = [Mass of reactants Mass of products]c

2
= [39.964u 39.9626u] = [39.964u 39.9626]uc = (39.964 39.9626) 931 Mev = 1.3034 Mev.
19 K

40

18 Ar 40 1e0 0 v 0
2

Q = (39.9640 39.9624)uc = 1.4890 = 1.49 Mev.

19 K

40

1e 18 Ar

40
2

Qvalue = (39.964 39.9624)uc .

15.

6
3 Li n
8
3 Li

73Li ; 73 Li r 83Li

84Be e v

8
4Be

42He 24He
+

16. C B + + v
mass of C = 11.014u ; mass of B = 11.0093u
Energy liberated = (11.014 11.0093)u = 29.5127 Mev.
For maximum K.E. of the positron energy of v may be assumed as 0.
Maximum K.E. of the positron is 29.5127 Mev.
17. Mass 238Th = 228.028726 u ; 224Ra = 224.020196 u ; = 24He 4.00260u
238

224

Th Ra* +
224
Ra* Ra + v(217 Kev)
224
Now, Mass of Ra* = 224.020196 931 + 0.217 Mev = 208563.0195 Mev.
226Th
224
E( Ra* + )
KE of = E
= 228.028726 931 [208563.0195 + 4.00260 931] = 5.30383 Mev= 5.304 Mev.
12
12
+
18. N C* + e + v
12
12
C* C + v(4.43 Mev)
12
12
+
Net reaction : N C + e + v + v(4.43 Mev)
+
12
12
Energy of (e + v) = N (c + v)
= 12.018613u (12)u 4.43 = 0.018613 u 4.43 = 17.328 4.43 = 12.89 Mev.
Maximum energy of electron (assuming 0 energy for v) = 12.89 Mev.
19. a) t1/2 = 0.693 / [ Decay constant]
t1/2 = 3820 sec = 64 min.
b) Average life = t1/2 / 0.693 = 92 min.
t
c) 0.75 = 1 e In 0.75 = t t = In 0.75 / 0.00018 = 1598.23 sec.
20. a) 198 grams of Ag contains N0 atoms.
224

1 g of Ag contains N0/198 1 g =

6 1023 1 10 6
atoms
198
46.2

The Nucleus
Activity = N =

0.963
0.693 6 1017
N =
disintegrations/day.
t1/ 2
198 2.7

0.693 6 1017
0.693 6 1017
disintegration/sec =
curie = 0.244 Curie.
198 2.7 3600 24
198 2.7 36 24 3.7 1010
A0
0.244

= 0.0405 = 0.040 Curie.

b) A =
7
2t1/ 2
2
2.7
21. t1/2 = 8.0 days ; A0 = 20 Cl
a) t = 4.0 days ; = 0.693/8
=

= 20 10 e( 0.693 / 8)4 = 1.41 10 Ci = 14 Ci

0.693
6
b) =
= 1.0026 10 .
8 24 3600
18 1
22. = 4.9 10 s
1
1
1
238
a) Avg. life of U =

10 18 sec.
4.9 1018 4.9
3
= 6.47 10 years.
0.693
0.693
9

= 4.5 10 years.
b) Half life of uranium =

4.9 1018
A
A
c) A = t / t0 0 2t / t1/ 2 = 22 = 4.
A
2 1/ 2
23. A = 200, A0 = 500, t = 50 min
t
50 60
A = A0 e or
200 = 500 e
4
= 3.05 10 s.
0.693
0.693
= 2272.13 sec = 38 min.
b) t1/2 =

0.000305
5
24. A0 = 4 10 disintegration / sec
6
A = 1 10 dis/sec ; t = 20 hours.
A
A
A = t / t0 2t / t1/ 2 0 2t / t1/ 2 4
A'
2 1/ 2
1/2
t / t1/ 2 = 2 t = t/2 = 20 hours / 2 = 10 hours.

A = A0e

A0
t / t1/ 2

4 106

6
3
= 0.00390625 10 = 3.9 10 dintegrations/sec.
2100 / 10
2
25. t1/2 = 1602 Y ; Ra = 226 g/mole ; Cl = 35.5 g/mole.
1 mole RaCl2 = 226 + 71 = 297 g
297g = 1 mole of Ra.

A =

1
0.1 6.023 1023
22
= 0.02027 10
0.1 mole of Ra =
297
297
11
= 0.693 / t1/2 = 1.371 10 .
11
20
9
9
Activity = N = 1.371 10 2.027 10 = 2.779 10 = 2.8 10 disintegrations/second.
26. t1/2 = 10 hours, A0 = 1 ci
0.1 g =

0.693
t

Activity after 9 hours = A0 e = 1 e 10

th
No. of atoms left after 9 hour, A9 = N9
N9 =

= 0.5359 = 0.536 Ci.

A 9 0.536 10 3.7 1010 3600

10
13
= 28.6176 10 3600 = 103.023 10 .

0.693
t

Activity after 10 hours = A0 e = 1 e

th
No. of atoms left after 10 hour
A10 = N10

0.693
9
10

= 0.5 Ci.

46.3

The Nucleus

A10 0.5 3.7 1010 3600

10
13

= 26.37 10 3600 = 96.103 10 .

0.693 /10
13
13
No.of disintegrations = (103.023 96.103) 10 = 6.92 10 .
27. t1/2 = 14.3 days ; t = 30 days = 1 month
As, the selling rate is decided by the activity, hence A0 = 800 disintegration/sec.
t
[ = 0.693/14.3]
We know, A = A0e
A = 800 0.233669 = 186.935 = 187 rupees.
28. According to the question, the emission rate of rays will drop to half when the + decays to half of its
original amount. And for this the sample would take 270 days.
The required time is 270 days.
+
+
29. a) P n + e + v Hence it is a decay.
b) Let the total no. of atoms be 100 N0.
Carbon
Boron
10 N0
Initially 90 N0
Finally 10 N0
90 N0
N10 =

0.693
t

Now, 10 N0 = 90 N0 e 1/9 = e 20.3 [because t1/2 = 20.3 min]

1 0.693
2.1972 20.3
In
= 64.36 = 64 min.
tt
9
20.3
0.693
23
30. N = 4 10 ; t1/2 = 12.3 years.
dN
0.693
0.693
a) Activity =
n
N
4 1023 dis/year.
dt
t1/ 2
12.3
14

= 7.146 10 dis/sec.
dN
14
b)
7.146 10
dt
14
17
19
No.of decays in next 10 hours = 7.146 10 10 36.. = 257.256 10 = 2.57 10 .
0.693
t

23

6.16

23

= 2.82 10 = No.of atoms remained

c) N = N0 e = 4 10 e 20.3
23
23
No. of atoms disintegrated = (4 2.82) 10 = 1.18 10 .
2
31. Counts received per cm = 50000 Counts/sec.
16
N = N3o of active nucleic = 6 10
2
Total counts radiated from the source = Total surface area 50000 counts/cm
4
4
9
= 4 3.14 1 10 5 10 = 6.28 10 Counts = dN/dt
1 cm2
dN
We know,
N
dt

6.28 109

1m

7
7 1
= 1.0467 10 = 1.05 10 s .
6 1016
32. Half life period can be a single for all the process. It is the time taken for 1/2 of the uranium to convert to
lead.

Or =

No. of atoms of U

238

6 1023 2 103
12
20
=
10 20 = 0.05042 10
238
238

6 1023 0.6 10 3
3.6

1020
206
206
3.6
12
20

Initially total no. of uranium atoms =

10 = 0.06789
235 206
No. of atoms in Pb =

0.693

0.693
9

N = N0 e N = N0 e t / t1/ 2 0.05042 = 0.06789 e 4.4710

0.693t
0.05042
log

0.06789 4.47 109

9

t = 1.92 10 years.
46.4

The Nucleus
33. A0 = 15.3 ; A = 12.3 ; t1/2 = 5730 year
=

0.6931 0.6931 1

yr
T1/ 2
5730

Let the time passed be t,

We know A = A 0 et

0.6931
t 12.3 = 15.3 e.
5730

t = 1804.3 years.
34. The activity when the bottle was manufactured = A0
Activity after 8 years = A 0 e

0.693
8
12.5

Let the time of the mountaineering = t years from the present

A = A0e

0.693
t
12.5

; A = Activity of the bottle found on the mountain.

A = (Activity of the bottle manufactured 8 years before) 1.5%

A0e

0.693
12.5

= A0e

0.693
8
12.5

0.015

0.693
0.6938
t
In[0.015]
12.5
12.5
0.05544 t = 0.44352 + 4.1997 t = 83.75 years.
9 1
35. a) Here we should take R0 at time is t0 = 30 10 s

30 109
i) In(R0/R1) = In
30 109 = 0

30
25

30 109
ii) In(R0/R2) = In
9
16 10

= 0.63

Count rate R(109 s1) 20

30 109
iii) In(R0/R3) = In
9
8 10

= 1.35

10

30 10
iv) In(R0/R4) = In
9
3.8 10

= 2.06

15
5
25

30 109
v) In(R0/R5) = In
2 109 = 2.7

1
b) The decay constant = 0.028 min
c) The half life period = t1/2.
0.693 0.693
= 25 min.

0.028
9
9
36. Given : Half life period t1/2 = 1.30 10 year , A = 160 count/s = 1.30 10 365 86400
0.693
A = N 160 =
N
t1/ 2

t1/2 =

N=

160 1.30 365 86400 109

18
= 9.5 10
0.693
23

6.023 10

No. of present in 40 grams.

6.023 1023 = 40 g 1 =
18

40
6.023 1023

40 9.5 1018

4
= 6.309 10 = 0.00063.
6.023 1023
The relative abundance at 40 k in natural potassium = (2 0.00063 100)% = 0.12%.

9.5 10

present in =

50

75

100

Time t (Minute)

46.5

The Nucleus
7

-1/2

37. a) P + e n + v neutrino [a 4.95 10 s

; b 1]

b)

f = a(z b)

c / = 4.95 10 (79 1) = 4.95 10 78 C/ = (4.95 78) 10

3 108
14903.2 1014

= 2 10

10 = 2 10

14

m = 20 pm.

dN
dN
R R=
dt
dt
Given after time t >> t1/2, the number of active nuclei will become constant.
i.e. (dN/dt)present = R = (dN/dt)decay
R = (dN/dt)decay
R = N [where, = Radioactive decay constant, N = constant number]
Rt1/ 2
0.693
R=
(N) Rt1/2 = 0.693 N N =
.
t1/ 2
0.693

38. Given : Half life period = t1/2, Rate of radio active decay =

39. Let N0 = No. of radioactive particle present at time t = 0

N = No. of radio active particle present at time t.
t
N = N0 e
[ - Radioactive decay constant]
t
t
The no.of particles decay = N0 N = N0 N0e = N0 (1 e )
We know, A0 = N0 ; R = N0 ; N0 = R/
From the above equation
R
t
(substituting the value of N0)
N = N0 (1 e ) = (1 e t )

23
40. n = 1 mole = 6 10 atoms, t1/2 = 14.3 days
t = 70 hours, dN/dt in root after time t = N
0.69370
t

23

23

23

= 6 10 e 14.324 = 6 10 0.868 = 5.209 10 .

23
5.209 1023 0.693 0.010510 dis/hour.
14.324
3600
6
23
17
= 2.9 10 10 dis/sec = 2.9 10 dis/sec.
1ci
Fraction of activity transmitted =
100%
2.9 1017

N = No e

1 3.7 108

11

2.9 1011 100 % = 1.275 10 %.

41. V = 125 cm3 = 0.125 L, P = 500 K pa = 5 atm.

8
T = 300 K, t1/2 = 12.3 years = 3.82 10 sec. Activity = N
5 0.125
23
22
N = n 6.023 10 =
6.023 1023 = 1.5 10 atoms.
8.2 10 2 3 102
0.693
8
9 1
=
= 0.1814 10 = 1.81 10 s
3.82 108
9
22
3
Activity = N = 1.81 10 1.5 10 = 2.7 10 disintegration/sec
=
42.

2.7 1013
3.7 1010

Ci = 729 Ci.

212
83 Bi

208
81
Ti 24He( )

212
83 Bi

212
212
84
Bi 84
P0 e

t1/2 = 1 h. Time elapsed = 1 hour

212
Present = 1 g
at t = 0 Bi
212
at t = 1 Bi
Present = 0.5 g
Probability -decay and -decay are in ratio 7/13.
Tl remained = 0.175 g
P0 remained = 0.325 g
46.6

The Nucleus
108

110

43. Activities of sample containing Ag and Ag isotopes = 8.0 10 disintegration/sec.

8
a) Here we take A = 8 10 dis./sec
i) In (A1/ A 01 ) = In (11.794/8) = 0.389
12

ii) In (A2/ A 02 ) = In(9.1680/8) = 0.1362

10

iii) In (A3/ A 03 ) = In(7.4492/8) = 0.072

iv) In (A4/ A 04 ) = In(6.2684/8) = 0.244

v) In(5.4115/8) = 0.391
vi) In(3.0828/8) = 0.954
vii) In(1.8899/8) = 1.443
viii) In(1.167/8) = 1.93
ix) In(0.7212/8) = 2.406
b) The half life of 110 Ag from this part of the plot is 24.4 s.
110
c) Half life of Ag = 24.4 s.
decay constant = 0.693/24.4 = 0.0284 t = 50 sec,
t
8
0.028450
8
The activity A = A0e = 8 10 e
= 1.93 10
d)

6
4
2

20 40 60 80 100 200 300

2
4

400

500

Time

6
4
2
O

20 40 60 80
108

e) The half life period of Ag from the graph is 144 s.

44. t1/2 = 24 h
tt
24 6
t1/2 = 1 2
= 4.8 h.
t1 t 2 24 6
A0 = 6 rci ; A = 3 rci
A
6 rci
t
A = t / t0 3 rci = t / 4.8h
= 2 t = 4.8 h.
24.8h
2
2 1/ 2
45. Q = qe t / CR ; A = A0e

Energy 1q2 e 2t / cR

Activity
2 CA 0 e t
Since the term is independent of time, so their coefficients can be equated,
2t
2
1
2

= t
or, =
or,
or, R = 2 (Proved)
So,
CR
CR
CR
C
46. R = 100 ; L = 100 mH
After time t, i = i0 (1 e t / Lr )

i i0 (1 e tR / L )

N
N0 et

N = N0 (e )

i/N is constant i.e. independent of time.

Coefficients of t are equal R/L = R/L = 0.693/t1/2

3
4
= t1/2 = 0.693 10 = 6.93 10 sec.
235
23
47. 1 g of I contain 0.007 g U
So, 235 g contains 6.023 10 atoms.
So, 0.7 g contains

6.023 1023
0.007 atom
235

1 atom given 200 Mev. So, 0.7 g contains

6.023 10 23 0.007 200 106 1.6 10 19

8
J = 5.74 10 J.
235

48. Let n atoms disintegrate per second

6
19
Total energy emitted/sec = (n 200 10 1.6 10 ) J = Power
6
300 MW = 300 10 Watt = Power
46.7

The Nucleus
6

300 10 = n 200 10 1.6 10

3
3
n=
1019 =
1019
2 1.6
3.2
6 10

23

19

atoms are present in 238 grams

3
238 3 1019
4
= 3.7 10 g = 3.7 mg.
1019 atoms are present in
3.2
6 1023 3.2
8
49. a) Energy radiated per fission = 2 10 ev
8
7
12
Usable energy = 2 10 25/100 = 5 10 ev = 5 1.6 10
8
8
Total energy needed = 300 10 = 3 10 J/s

3 108

20
= 0.375 10
5 1.6 1012
20
24
No. of fission per day = 0.375 10 3600 24 = 3.24 10 fissions.
24
b) From a No. of atoms disintegrated per day = 3.24 10
23
We have, 6.023 10 atoms for 235 g
235
for 3.24 1024 atom =
3.24 1024 g = 1264 g/day = 1.264 kg/day.
23
6.023 10

No. of fission per second =

50. a)

2
2
1 H 1H

13H 11H

Q value = 2M(12 H) = [M(13 H) M(13 H)]

= [2 2.014102 (3.016049 + 1.007825)]u = 4.0275 Mev = 4.05 Mev.
b)

2
2
1 H 1H

32H n

Q value = 2[M(12 H) M(32 He) Mn ]

= [2 2.014102 (3.016049 + 1.008665)]u = 3.26 Mev = 3.25 Mev.
c)

2
3
1 H 1H

24H n

Q value = [M(12 H) M(13 He) M( 24 He) Mn ]

= (2.014102 + 3.016049) (4.002603 + 1.008665)]u = 17.58 Mev = 17.57 Mev.

Kq1q2
9 109 (2 1.6 1019 )2
=
r
r
23
1.5 KT = 1.5 1.38 10 T

51. PE =

Equating (1) and (2) 1.5 1.38 10

23

(1)
(2)

T=

9 109 10.24 10 38
2 10 15

9 109 10.24 10 38

9
10
= 22.26087 10 K = 2.23 10 K.
2 10 15 1.5 1.38 10 23
4
4
8
Be
52. H + H
2
4.0026 u
M( H)
8
8.0053 u
M( Be)
2
8
Q value = [2 M( H) M( Be)] = (2 4.0026 8.0053) u
= 0.0001 u = 0.0931 Mev = 93.1 Kev.
23
53. In 18 g of N0 of molecule = 6.023 10

T=

6.023 1026
25
= 3.346 10
18
26
% of Deuterium = 3.346 10 99.985
25
Energy of Deuterium = 30.4486 10 = (4.028204 3.016044) 93
5
= 942.32 ev = 1507 10 J = 1507 mJ
In 100 g of N0 of molecule =

46.8