Lakshmi Sahithi Pathi

Exp No: 8 Date: 01-11-2021

HEAT TRANSFER IN DROP AND FILM WISE

CONDENSATION
AIM:

To determine the experimental and theoretical heat transfer coefficient for drop wise and
film wise condensation.

INTRODUCTION:

Condensation of vapor is needed in many of the processes, like steam condensers,

refrigeration etc. When vapor comes in contact with surface having temperature lower
than saturation temperature, condensation occurs. When the condensate formed wets the
surface, a film is formed over surface and the condensation is film wise condensation.
When condensate does not wet the surface, drops are formed over the surface and
condensation is drop wise condensation.

APPARATUS:

The apparatus consists of two condensers, which are fitted inside a glass cylinder, which is
clamped between two flanges. Steam from steam generator enters the cylinder through a
separator. Water is circulated through the condensers. One of the condensers is with
natural surface finish to promote film wise condensation and the other is chrome plated to
create drop wise condensation. Water flow is measured by a Rota meter. A digital
temperature indicator measures various temperatures. Steam pressure is measured by a
pressure gauge. Thus, heat transfer coefficients in drop wise and film wise condensation
can be calculated.
SPECIFICATIONS:

Heater: Immersion type, capacity 2kW

Voltmeter: Digital type, Range 0-300v

Ammeter: Digital type, Range 0-20 amps

Dimmer stat: 0-240 V, 2 amps

Temperature Indicator: Digital type, 0-800 °C

Thermocouple Used: Teflon coated, Chromal - Alumal (Ch-Al)

Diameter of copper tube d=16 mm

Length of copper tube L= 160 mm

Maximum Capacity of boiler: 2kg/cm2

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Fill up the water in the steam generator and close the water-filling valve.
2. Start water supply through the condensers.
3. Close the steam control valve, switch on the supply and start the heater.
4. After some time, steam will be generated. Close water flow through one of the
condensers.
5. Open steam control valve and allow steam to enter the cylinder and pressure gauge
will show some reading.
6. Open drain valve and ensure that air in the cylinder is expelled out.
7. Close the drain valve and observe the condensers.
8. Depending upon the condenser in operation, drop wise or film wise condensation will
be observed.
9. Wait for some time for steady state, and note down all the readings.
10. Repeat the procedure for the other condenser.
SYMBOLS:

λ = Latent heat of steam at TS J/kg (Take from temperature tables in steam tables)

ρ = Density of water, Kg / m3

g = Gravitational acceleration, m / sec2

k = Thermal conductivity of water W / mo

μ = Viscosity of water, N.s/m2

L = Length of condenser = 0.16 m

Above values at mean temperature, Tm =(Ts+Tw)/2 °C (from data book)

OBSERVATIONS:

Dropwise

Steam Temperature
Water flow Time
S. No Condensate
rate (LPM) (min) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
(ml)
1 1.5 120 1.36 54 81 45 29 31 122
2 3 120 1.42 65 100 51 29 36 120
3 4.5 120 1.57 65 107 51 29 34 121

Filmwise

Steam Temperature
Water flow Time
S. No Condensate
rate (LPM) (min) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
(ml)
1 1.5 120 2.18 98 52 29 29 46 123
2 3 120 2.07 98 88 51 29 36 123
3 4.5 120 1.58 98 76 50 29 33 119
 Plated condenser temperature -T1

Plain condenser temperature-T2

Glass chamber temperature - T3

Condenser water inlet temperature-T4

Condenser water outlet temperature - T5

Boiler temperature - T6

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

Dropwise:

T 4+ T 5 29+31
Tb = = =30
2 2

At Tb = 30 0C,

kg
ρ=995.18 3
m

w
k =0.619
m⋅ K
μ=0.00078109 pa∗s
KJ
λ=2429.8
Kg
J
c P=4070.2
Kg⋅ k

−3 −3
LPM ×10 × ρ 1.5∗1 0 ∗995.18 0.02488 Kg
mw = = =
60 60 Sec

4 × mw 4∗0.02488
Re = = = 2533.70436
μ × π × D 0.00078109∗3.14∗16∗1 0−3
 μ c p 0.00078109∗4070.2
Pr = = = 5.136
K 0.619

Nu = 0.023×Re0.8 × Pr0.4

= 0.023*2533.70436 0.8*5.1360.4

= 23.38746

Nu × K 23.38746∗0.619 W
hi = = =90.4802 2
L 0.16 m k

2 3
λ ρ g k L 1/4
ho = 0.943×[ ]
( T s −Tw ) μL
3 2 3 0.25
2429.8∗10 ∗995.18 ∗9.81∗0.61 9
=0.943*[ ]
(31−29)∗0.00078109∗0.16

=11536.59 W/m^2.K

1 1 Dⅈ
= +
U Th hi D0 h0
1 1 0.016
= +
U Th 90.48024 0.019∗11536.59
W
U Th =89.8866 2
m k

−6
120 x 10 ∗995.18 −3
ms = =1.464∗1 0 Kg /sec
1.36∗60

KJ
Qs = ms* λ =1.464∗1 0−3 *2429.8 = 3556.012 W
Kg

Qw = mw ×CP × ( T 5−T 4 )

=0.02488*4070.2*(31-29)

= 202.5291 W

Qs +Q w 3556.012+ 202.5291
Q avg = = = 1879.271 W
2 2
 (T ¿ ¿ 3−T 1)−(T 6−T 3) (54−45)−(122−45)
¿
ΔT m = T 3−T = 54−45 =31.678 0C
ln ⁡( 1
) ln ( )
T 6−T 3 122−45

Q avg 1879.271 W
hi = = ¿ 7373.32 2
A i × Δ T m 3.14∗0.016∗0.16∗31.698 m k

Q avg 1879.271 W
ho = = = 6209.111 2
Ao × Δ T m 3.14∗0.019∗0.16∗31.698 m k

1 1 Dⅈ
= +
U exp hi D0 h0
1 1 0.016
= +
U exp 7373.32 0.019∗6209.111

W
U exp =3686.66 2
m k

Filmwise: (S. No. 1)

T 4+ T 5 29+46
Tb = = = 37.5 0C
2 2

At Tb = 37.5 0C,

kg
ρ=992.72 3
m

w
k =0.629
m⋅ K
μ=0.00067159 pa∗s
KJ
λ=2411.9
Kg
J
c P=4067.8
Kg⋅ k
−3 −3
LPM ×10 × ρ 1.5∗1 0 ∗992.72 0.024818 Kg
mw = = =
60 60 Sec

4 × mw 4∗0.024818
Re = = = 2939.53021
μ × π × D 0.00067159∗3.14∗16∗1 0−3
 μ c p 0.00067159∗4067.8
Pr = = = 4.3408
K 0.629

Nu = 0.023×Re0.8 × Pr0.4

= 0.023*2939.530210.8*4.3408 0.4

= 24.625

Nu × K 24.625∗0.629 W
hi = = =96.86147 2
L 0.16 m k

2 3
λ ρ g k L 1/4
ho = 0.943×[ ]
( T s −Tw ) μL
3 2 3 0.25
2411.9∗10 ∗992. 72 ∗9.81∗0.62 9
=0.943*[ ]
( 46−29)∗0.00067159∗0.16

=7082.442 W/m^2.K

1 1 Dⅈ
= +
U Th hi D 0 h0
1 1 0.016
= +
U Th 96.86147 0.019∗7082.442
W
U Th =95.7586 2
m k

−6
120 x 10 ∗992.72 −3
ms = =0.911∗1 0 Kg/sec
2.18∗60

KJ
Qs = ms* λ =0.911∗1 0−3 *2411.9 = 2196.643 W
Kg

Qw = mw ×CP × ( T 5−T 4 )

=0.024818*4067.8*(46-29)

= 1716.229 W

Qs +Qw 2196.643+1716.229
Q avg = = = 1956.436 W
2 2
 (T ¿ ¿ 1−T 3)−(T 6−T 3) (98−29)−(123−29)
¿
ΔT m = T 3−T = 98−29 = 80.85688 0C
ln ⁡( 1
) ln( )
T 6−T 3 123−29

Q avg 1956.436 W
hi = = ¿ 3007.651 2
A i × Δ T m 3.14∗0.016∗0.16∗80.85688 m k

Q avg 1956.436 W
ho = = = 2532.506 2
Ao × Δ T m 3.14∗0.019∗0.16∗80.85688 m k

1 1 Dⅈ
= +
U exp hi D0 h0
1 1 0.016
= +
U exp 3007.325 0.019∗2532.506

W
U exp =1503.676 2
m k

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Operate all the switches and controls gently

2. Never allow steam to enter the cylinder unless the water is flowing through
condenser.
3. Always ensure that the equipment is earthed properly before switching on the
supply.

RESULTS:

Dropwise

S. No. Water flow rate Time (min) Uth (W/m2K) Uexp (W/m2K)
(LPM)
1 1.5 1.36 89.88658 3686.66
2 3 1.42 158.7866 4335.567
3 4.5 1.57 216.7357 4101.13

Avg:
 155.1363 4041.119

Filmwise

S. No. Water flow rate Time (min) Uth (W/m2K) Uexp (W/m2K)
(LPM)
1 1.5 2.18 95.75863 1503.676
2 3 2.07 1610.022 1985.408
3 4.5 1.58 2129.978 2293.727
1278.586 1927.604
Avg:

1. Drop wise condensation:

Experimental average heat transfer coefficient = 4041.119 W/m2K

Theoretical average heat transfer coefficient = 155.1363 W/m2K

2. Film wise condensation:

Experimental average heat transfer coefficient = 1927.604 W/m2K

Theoretical average heat transfer coefficient = 1278.586 W/m2K

INFERENCE:

 In film wise condensation, film of water acts as barrier to heat transfer whereas, in
case of drop wise condensation, there is no barrier to heat transfer hence heat
transfer coefficient in drop wise condensation is much greater than film wise
condensation, and is preferred for condensation.
 Practically, it is difficult to prolong the drop wise condensation and after a period of
condensation the surface becomes wetted by the liquid. Hence slowly film wise
condensation starts so dropwise condensation have a very short span of life.
 Heat transfer coefficient in dropwise condensation is about 10 times of film wise
condensation.