Chapter 11

SOLUTION

11.1 Sol.
σ b + σ c 3.996 + 3.617
σ ab = = = 3.805 A 0
2 2

∈  ∈ 
∈bc / K =  c   b  = 190 × 97 = 135
 K  K 
T = 20 + 273 = 293 K
P = 1 atm
∈bc 1 135
⋅ = = 0.46
K T 293
KT
∴ = 2.18
∈bc
Ω = 1.044
M co = 44 and M air = 29
Substituting these values into the following equation
1 1
 1 1 2  1 1 2
0.0018581.5  +  0.001858 × (293)1.5  + 
D bc =  Mb Mc  =  44 29 
Pσ bc 2 .Ω 2
1 × (3.805) ⋅ (1.044)

11.2. Sol.
From Appendix
D co−o 2 = 0.185 × 10 −4 m 2 / s at 273 K and 1 atm
D co−n 2 = 0.192 × 10 −4 m 2 / s at 288 K and 2 atm

These coefficients can be calculated at given pressure and temperature

389
∴ At 298 K and 2 bar
3/ 2
 298  1
D co−o 2 =  ×   × 0.185 × 10 −4 = 0.105 × 10 −4 m 2 / s
 273  2
3/ 2
 298  1
D co−n 2 =   ×   × 0.192 × 10 − 4 = 0.1× 10 −4 m 2 / s
 273  2
0.2
Yo 2 = = 0.22
1 − 0.1
0.7
Yn 2 = = 0.78
1 − 0.1
1
Yco−mixture = = 0.102 × 10 −4 m 2 / s
0.22 0.78
−4
+
0.105 × 10 0.1× 10 −4

11.3. Sol.
Air will be saturated at the bottom of the test tube at x = 0 then the partial
pressure of water vapour at x = 0 will be saturated pressure of water vapour at 25°C.
(0.0323 bar . from steam tables).

∴ pa1 = pT – pw1 = 1.0303 – 0.0323 = 0.998. This is at x = 0

at x = L = 15 cm (length of the tube)

pa2 = pT – pw2

At the top, air dose not contain any water vapour.

∴ pw2 = 0
∴ pa2 = pT = 1.0303 bar

Now using the following equation

DA M w pT p 
m w ( total) = ⋅ Loge  a 2 
ℜT (x 2 − x1 )  pa1 
2
π  1.5 
A = × 
4  100 

D = 0.256 × 10 −4 m 2 / sec, T = 25 + 273 = 298 M w = 18

390
 p T = 1.0303 bar = 1.0303 × 105 N / m 2 x1 = 0, x 2 = 0.15m
ℜ = 8314 J/mol - K
2
[0.256 × 10 ]× π4  100
−4 1.5 

  1.0303 
m w (total ) = × 18 × 1.0303 × 10 5 Log e  
(8314) × (298) (0.15 − 0)  0.998 

= 2.16 × 10 −10 kg / sec = 2.16 × 10 −10 × 3600 kg / hr = 0.78 × 10 −6 kg / hr

11.4. Sol.
D = 0.256 × 10 −4 m 2 / sec, x1 = 0, x 2 = 6m
pa1 = pT − p w1 = 1.0303 − 0.0323 = 0.998bar
pa 2 = pT − p w 2 = 1.0303 − 0.00 = 0.0303
A = one square metre
M w = 18, ℜ = 8314 J/mol - K, T = 298 .

Using the following equation

DApT M w p
mw = Loge a2
ℜT( x 2 − x1 ) pa2

0.256 × 10 −4 × 1 × 1.0303 × 10 5 × 18  1.0303 

= × Log e  
8314 × 298 (6 − 0)  0.998 

= 0.1022 × 10 −6 kg / m 2 - sec = 3.7 ×10 −4 kg / hr

Total mass flow = mass flow rate × well surface area

π
= 3.7 × 10 −4 × (3)2 = 26.15 × 10 −4 kg / hr
4

11.5. Sol.
ℜ 8314
R (for H 2 ) = = = 4157 Nm/kg - K
M 2

Solubility of H2 at 2 atm
= 0.053 × 2 = 0.106 cm 3 / cm 3 of rubber = 0.106m 3 / m 3 of rubber

391
 p ν = mRT
p υ 2 × 1.03 × 10 5 × 0.106
∴ m= = = 0.0176 kg/m 3 of rubber.
RT 4157 × 298

Therefore the concentration of H2 at inner surface of pipe

(C b1 ) = 0.0176 kg/m 3 of rubber.

The resistance to diffusion of H2 away from the outer-surface is negligible

∴ Cb2 = 0
∆x = R 2 − R 1 = (5 − 2.5) / 100 = 2.5 / 100 m

2πL (R 2 − R 1 ) 2π × 1 × (2.5 / 100 )

A aν = = = 0.227 m 2
Log e (R 2 / R 1 ) Log e (2)

D bc A aυ (C b1 − C b 2 ) 0.7 × 10 −4 × 0.227 (0.0168 - 0.0 )

mb = =
∆x (2.5 / 100)

= 1.07 ×10 −5 kg / hr

11.6. Sol.
Surface area of 1 m2 is considered.
The evaporation of water through air is
given by

DA M w pT  p − pw 2 
mw = = Loge  T 
ℜT ( x 2 − x1 )  pT − p w1  Fig. Prob. 11.6
p ′w1 (partial pressure of water vapour at the surface of water)
Absolute humidity of air is given by
p w2
ω∗ = 0.622
pT − p w 2

2 p w2
= 0.622
1000 1.03 − p w 2

∴ p w 2 = 0.0032 bar

392
p w1 (saturation pressure of water vapour at 25°C)
= 0.0303 bar
D (diffusion coefficient of water into air) = 0.26 × 10-4 m2/s

Now substituting the values in the given equation

0.26 × 10 −4 × 1 18 × 1.03 × 10 5  1.03 − 0.0032 
mw = × Log e  
8314 × 298 1 × 10 −3  1.03 − 0.302 
= 0.52 ×10 −3 kg / sec = 1.87 kg / hr

Total water to be evaporated per m2 area

 1 
= × 1 × 1000 = 1 kg/m 2
 1000 

∴ Time required to evaporate 1 kg/m2

1
= = 0.534 hours
1.87

11.7. Sol.
This problem can be treated as unsteady-state diffusion in a semi-infinite
solid.
Cas − Ca w − wa  x 
∴ = as = erf  
Cas − Cai w as − w ai  2 DT 
Now substituting the given values

0.007 − w a  0.1 × 10 −3 
(a) = erf  
0.007 − 0.002  11 
 2 1 × 10 × 3600 
= erf (0.265) = 0.29 (from Appendix tables)
∴ w a = 0.007 − 0.29 (0.007 - 0.002)
= 0.0070 − 0.0015 = 0.0055 = 0.55% carbon

0.007 − w a  0.4 × 10 −3 
(b) = erf   = erf (1.06) = 0.87
0.007 − 0.002  −11 
 2 1 × 10 × 3600 
∴ w a = 0.007 − 0.87 (0.007 - 0.002 ) = 0.0070 − 0.0043 = 0.0027% carbon

393
11.8. Sol.
Lυ 0.15 × 1.5
Re = = = 13.2 × 10 3 < 50 × 10 3
υ 14.8 × 10 −6

The flow is laminar.

The mass transfer coefficient for laminar flow is given by
h m .L 1 1
= 0.662 (Re ) 2 (Sc ) 3
D
1
3 2 3
−4 1
17.8 × 10 −6
∴ hm =
0.26 × 10
0.15
× 0.662 (
13.2 × 10 )  −4


 0.26 × 10 
= 0.011 m/s = 0.011× 3600 = 40 m/hr

At 20°C and 40% R.H

p υ1 = p υs1 × R.H. = 0.025 × 0.4 = 0.01 bar
p a1 = p t − p υ1 = 1.033 − 0.01 = 1.023 bar

At 15°C and saturated condition

p υ2 = p υs 2 = 0.0175 bar
p a2 = p t − p υ2 = 1.033 − 0.0175 = 1.0155 bar

The mass transfer is given by

 
 pt 
Mass of water = h m   (p υ2 − p υ1 )
  p a1 + p a 2  
 ℜ.Tm  
  2 

 
 1.03 × 10 5 
= 40   (0.0175 − 0.01) × 10 5
  1.023 + 1.0155  5
 8314 (17.5 + 273)   × 10 

 2 

= 0.126 × 10 −6 kg - mol/m 2 - sec = 0.452 ×10 −3 kg - mol/m 2 - hr.

394
11.9. Sol.

The local mass transfer coefficients for

laminar and turbulent flows are given by

D 1 1
h mxL = 0.332 ⋅ (Re x ) 2 (Sc )3
x
D 1
h mxL = 0.0288 ⋅ (Re x )0.8 (Sc ) 3
x
Fig. Prob. 11.9
An average mass transfer coefficient is given by
1 
Le L
h ma =  ∫ h maL ⋅ dx + ∫ h mxL ⋅ dx 
L  0 Le 

Substituting the value of hmxL and hmxt in the above equation and completing an
integration we get
1 1 
{ }
D (Sc ) 3 0.664 (Re c ) 2 + 0.036 (Re L )0.8 − (Re t )0.8 
h ma =  
L
ρL c υ ρLυ
where Re c = and Re L =
µ µ
where Lc and L are shown in Fig. Prob. 11.9

(b) Take ν = 1.48 × 10 −5 m 2 / s

D = 1.26 × 10 −5 m 2 / s for alcohol

And vapour pressure of alcohol at 16°C = 4000 Pa

ν 1.48 × 10 −5
Sc = = = 1.17
D 1.26 × 10 −5
Lυ 6 ×1
Re t = = − 5
= 4 × 10 5 > 3 × 10 5
ν 1.48 × 10
Lcυ Lc × 6
∴ Re c = 3 × 10 5 = =
ν 1.48 × 10 −5

395
∴ L c = 0.74 m

Now substituting the values in the above equation

1  1
0.8 
−5
1.26 × 10 (1.17 ) 3 0.664 3 × 10(5 2
)
+ (0.036)  4 × 10 5

( )
0.8
(
− 3 × 10 5 ) 


h ma =
1
= 0.008 m/s

The concentration of ethyl alcohol vapour just above the liquid surface is given by

p 4000 4000 4000

C as = ρ as = = = kg - mol/m 3 = = 1.66 kg - mol/m 3
RT  ℜ  ℜT 8.314 × 289
 T
M

The mass of alcohol evaporated is given by

m = h m × A(C as − C A∞ ) = 0.008 × 1 × (1.66 − 0) = 1.328 × 10 −2 kg - mol/s

= 1.328 × 10 -2 × 3600 = 47.8 kg - mol/hr

11.10. Sol.
µ 2 × 10 −5
Sc (Schmidt number ) = = = 0.68
ρD 1.15 × 0.256 × 10 −4
(a) For flat plate
ρLu m 1.15 × 0.5 × 30
Re = = −5
= 8.6 × 10 5
µ 2 × 10
hm
∴ Jm = (Sc )2 / 3 = 0.0296 (Re )−0.2
um

(0.0296) (8.6 × 10 5 )
−0.2
× 30
∴ hm = 2/3
= 0.075 m/s
(0.68)

(b) For sphere

ρd u m 1.15 × 0.05 × 30
Re = = − 5
= 8.6 ×10 4
µ 2 × 10

396
∴ Sh =
h md
D
[
= 2 1 + 0.276 (Re )0.6 (Sc )0.33 ]
0.256 × 10 −4
× 2 1 + 0.276 8.6 ×10 4
( ) (0.68)0.33  = 0.063 m/s
0.5
∴ hm =
0.05  

11.11. Sol.
p υ1 = p υs1 × R.H. = 0.025 × 0.55 = 0.014 bar
Where pυs1 is the saturation pressure of water vapour at 20°C
p s2 = p υs 2 × R.H. = 0.085 × 0.95 = 0.081 bar

υa1 (specific volume of air at inlet)

R a T1 287 × 293
= = 5
= 0.835 m 3 / kg
p υ1 (1.03 − 0.014) × 10
υυ1 (specific volume of water vapour at inlent)

R υ T1 462 × 293
= = 5
= 96.25 m 3 / kg
p υ1 0.014 × 10
R T 287 × 315
υa 2 = a 2 = 5
= 0.95 m 3 / kg
pa2 (1.03 − 0.081) × 10

υυ2 (specific volume of water vapour at outlet)

R T 462 × 315
= υ 2 = 5
= 17.91 m3 / kg
p υ2 0.081 × 10

ω1 (water vapour per kg of dry air entering the tower)

0.835
= = 0.00868 kg/kg of dry air
96.25

ω2 (water vapour per kg of dry air leaving the tower)

0.93
= = 0.053 kg/kg of dry of air
17.91

Heat of water and air entering into the tower = Heat of water and air leaving the
tower
= m a × c pa (20 − 0) + m a θ1 h fg1 + m w c pw (45 − 0 )

397
 = m a c pa (42 − 0) + m a ω 2 h fg2 + [m w − m a (ω 2 − ω1 )] (25 − 0)

= m a × 1 × 20 + m a × 0.00868 × 2530 + ma × 4.2 × 45

= m a × 1 × 42 + m a × 0.053 × 2580 + [100 × 10 3 − m a (0.053 − 0.00868)] × 25

Solving the above equation, we get

ma = 80,000 kg/hr

∴ A mount of water vapour carried with air

= 80,000 (0.053 – 0.00868) = 3545.6 kg/hr

11.12. Sol.

We can find the specific humidity of air by using an equation

ω 2 − ω1 c pa
= 2
(Le)2 3
T1 − T2 (h fg )

( )2 are the saturated specific humidity and latent heat at T2 (17°C)

ω 2 and h fg
Mυ p υ2
ω2 = ⋅
M a p t − p υ2

Where p υ is the saturation pressure of water vapour at 17°C

18 0.02
∴ ω2 = × = 0.0123 kg/kg of dry air
29 1.03 − 0.02
23
0.0123 − ω1 1  0.74 
∴ =  
26 − 17 2460  0.60 
∴ ω1 = 0.01 kg/kg of dry air

398
11.13. Sol
µ 2 × 10 −5
Sc (Schmidt number ) = = = 0.68
ρD 1.14 × 0.256 × 10 −4
Sc 0.68
Le (Lewis number) = = = 0.97
Pr 0.70

The specific humidity (ω 2 ) is given by

ω 2 −ω1 c pa
= (Le)2 3
T1 − T2 (h fg ) 2

0.024 − ω1 1006
∴ = (0.97 )2 3
44 − 28 2435 × 1000
∴ ω1 = 0.018 kg/kg of dry air

Now we can use the following equation for finding p υ1

M p M p υ1
ω1 = υ ⋅ υ1 = υ ⋅
Ma pa M a p t − p υ1
18 p υ1
∴ 0.018 = ×
29 (101325 − p υ1 )
∴ p υ1 = 2790 N/m 2

The relative humidity of air is given by

p
φ1 = υ1
p υs1

Where p υs1 is the saturation pressure of water vapour at 28°C

2790
= = 0.305 = 30.5%
9100

11.14. Sol.
First we will find Re for the given length
UL 3 × 0.3
∴ Re = = − 6
= 0.6 × 10 5
ν 15 × 10

As Re < 5 × 105 the flow over the plate is laminar

399
 The average mass transfer coefficient can be calculated by using the following
equation
h L 1 1
Sh = d = 0.664 (Re ) 3 (Sc ) 2
D

ν 15 × 10 −6 × 3600
Sh = = = 0.36
D 0.15
1 1
h d × 0.3
∴
0.15
(
= 0.664 6 × 10 4 )
2 (0.36)3

∴ h d = 57.4m 2 / hr.

The mass flow rate per m2 hour can be calculated by the equation as given below
h
m w = d (Pw1 − Pw 2 ) (1)
RT

Where Pw1 is the partial pressure of water vapour over the water surface itself
and it is the saturation pressure at the water surface temperature and Pw2 is the partial
pressure of water
∴ Pw1 = 0.0174 bar
Pw2 = 0.008 bar given

Substituting these values in the equation (1) ; we get

57.4
mw = (0.0171 − 0.008) × 10 5 = 0.653 kg/m 2 - hr
287 × (15 + 273)

The area of the tray is 0.3 × 0.5 = 0.15 m 2

∴ Amount of water evaporated from the surface of the tray per hour is given by
= 0.15 × 0.653 = 0.098 kg/hr

11.15. Sol.
Under steady state condition the heat required to evaporate the mass of water
mw which is going with the air must be equal to heat given by air to the thermometer
by convection

∴ hA (Ta − Tw ) = m w h fg (1)

Where h = Heat transfer coefficient

400
 A = Surface area from which the water is evaporated
m w = Mass of water evaporated per hour
h fg = Latent heat of water vapour
Ta = Temperature of air
Tw = Temperature measured by thermometer
But m w = h d A(C w1 − C w 2 ) (2)
C w1 = Concentration of water vapour in the moving air
C w 2 = Concentration of water vapour in the moving air

Using the equation (1) and (2) we get

h (Ta − Tw ) = h d (C w1 − C w 2 ) h fg
h C w1 − C w 2
∴ = ⋅ h fg
hd (Ta − Tw )

h
Substituting the value of we get
hd
2
 α  3 C − Cw2
ρc p   = w1 ⋅ h fg (3)
D Ta − Tw

Now we will the properties of air at 20°C from table

ρ = 1.105 kg/m3 , cp = 1000 J/kg-K
hfg = 2460 kJ/kg , α = 7.7 × 10-2 m2/hr

As air is dry (given data in the problem)

∴ Cw2 = 0
P ⋅ M w1
C w1 = w1
ℜTw

Pw1 is the pressure of water vapour corresponding to the saturation condition at

the temperature measured by the thermometer
∴ Pw1 = 0.0238 bar - ab at 20 o C from steam table
0.0238 × 10 5 × 18
∴ C w1 = = 0.0176 kg/m 3
8314 × (20 + 273)

Substituting the values in equation (3) we get

401
 Ta − Tw =
(0.0176 − 0.0) 2460 = 47.5 o C
2
 7.7 × 10 −2  3
1.105 × 1 ×  
 0.12 
 

∴ Ta = 47.5 + 20 = 67.5 o C

Actually we have to calculate taking the properties of air the properties of air at
mean temperature of
(20 + 67.57 ) = 44 o C

∴ Air properties at 44 o C from table

ρ = 1.11 kg/m 3 c p = 1000 J/kg - K
ν = 1.975 × 10 −6 m 2 / sec

The value of D should be calculated at 44 o C but it is not necessary as the value

α
of   remains more or less constant
D
1.205
∴ Ta − Tw = 47.5 × = 51.5o C
1.11
∴ Ta = 51.5 + 20 = 71.5o C (Actually)

11.16. Sol.

(i) Flow along the length of the pool:

Sc = ν D = 15 × 10 −6 0.256 × 10 −4 = 0.586
Re = UL ν = 1.5 × 25 15 ×10 −6 = 2.5 × 10 6 a turbulent flow

D  
hD =  (
 0.037 2.5 × 10
-6 0.8
)− 870  − (0.586 )1 3 
L   
= 0.0034 m/s
(ii) Flow along the width of the pool:
Re = UL / ν = 1.5 × 4.5 / 15 × 10 −6

= 4.5 ×105 a laminar flow.

402
 hD =
D 0.664 4.5 × 10 5
( )
0.5
(0.586)1 3 
L  
= 0.0032 m/s

11.17. Sol.

The combustion equation is C + O 2 → CO 2 , i.e there will be an equimolal

counter-diffusion between O2 and CO2
Since a fairly large blanket of carbon dioxide surrounds the carbon particle the
partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the surface of the carbon particle will be 1 bar
and the partial pressure of oxygen will be zero. Similarly the partial pressure of
carbon dioxide far outside will be zero and the partial pressure of oxygen will be 1
bar.
NA 1 dp A
= −D
A R o T dx
NA D dp A
or =−
4πr 2 R o T dx

Separating the variables and integrating, we get

∞ 0
N AR oT
4πD ∫ dr / r 2 = − ∫ dp A
r = r1 1

N A R oT 1 4π × 1 × 10 −4 × 10 5 × 2 × 10 −3
or p A1 = ⋅ and N CO 2 =
4πD r1 8314 × 1100

= 2.748 × 10 −8 kgmol / s

Since 1 mol of carbon will produce 1 mol of CO2

the rate of burning of carbon will be
= 2.748 × 10 −8 × 12 = 3.298 × 10 −7 kg / s

403
11.18. Sol.
The partial pressure of water vapour at the water surface is equal to the
saturation pressure corresponding to 25°C = 0.03169 bar
(i) When the air is dry the partial pressure of water vapour is zero.

&w =
m
( )
D 1 × 10 5 × 18 × π × (0.75)2
Ln [(1 − 0.0 ) / (1 − 0.03169)]
8314 × 298 × (10)

if D = 0.256 × 10 −4 m 2 / s , m
& w = 1.236 × 10 −7 kg / s

(ii) When the humidity is 0.5 partial pressure of water vapour would be:

0.5 × 0.03169 = 0.0158 bar

and

&w =
m
( )
0.256 × 10 −4 1 × 10 5 × 18 × π × (0.75)2
Ln [(1 − 0.0158) / (1 − 0.03169 )]
8314 × 298 × 10

= 5.33 × 10 −8 kg / s

404