Hypothalamus

Secreted hormone Abbreviatio n Produced by Effect

Thyrotropinreleasing TRH hormone

Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons

Stimulate thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) released from anterior pituitary (primarily)

Dopamine (ProlactinDA or PIH inhibiting hormone) Growth hormonereleasing hormone

Dopamine neurons of the Inhibit prolactin released arcuate nucleus from anterior pituitary

GHRH

Stimulate Growth hormone Neuroendocrine neurons (GH) release from anterior of theArcuate nucleus pituitary

Somatostatin (growth SS, GHIH, hormoneor SRIF inhibiting hormone)

Inhibit Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior Neuroendocrine cells of pituitary thePeriventricular Inhibit thyroid-stimulating nucleus hormone (TSH) release from anterior pituitary Stimulate folliclestimulating hormone Neuroendocrine cells of (FSH) release thePreoptic area from anterior pituitary Stimulate luteinizing hormone (LH) release

Gonadotropi GnRH or n-releasing LHRH hormone

from anterior pituitary Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the Paraventricular Nucleus

Corticotropin CRH or -releasing CRF hormone

Stimulate adrenocorticotro pic hormone (ACTH) release from anterior pituitary

Oxytocin

Magnocellular neurosecretory neurons of Uterine contraction OT or OXT the Supraoptic Lactation (letdown reflex) nucleus and Paraventricu lar nucleus Increases water permeability in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephrons, thus promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume

Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons, Magnocellular Vasopressin ADH or neurosecretory (antidiuretic AVP or VP neurons of hormone) theParaventricular nucleus andSupraoptic nucleus

Pineal body (epiphysis)

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect Antioxidant Monitors the circadian rhythm including inducement of drowsiness and lowering of the middle body temperature sleep

Melatonin

Pinealocytes

cycle

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)]Anterior pituitary lobe

(adenohypophysis)
Secreted hormone Abbrevi From cells ation Effect

Growth hormone GH (somatotropin )

Stimulates growth and cell reproduction Somatotro Stimulates Insulin-like growth factor phs 1 release from liver

Thyroidstimulating TSH hormone (thyrotropin)

Stimulates thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) synthesis and Thyrotroph release from thyroid gland s Stimulates iodine absorption by thyroid gland

Adrenocortic otropic hormone ACTH (corticotropin ) Betaendorphin

Stimulates corticosteroid (glucocorticoid an Corticotro d mineralcorticoid) and androgen synthesis phs and release from adrenocortical cells

Corticotro Inhibits perception of pain phs In females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles in ovary Gonadotro In males: Stimulates maturation phs of seminiferous tubules In males: Stimulates spermatogenesis In males: Stimulates production

Folliclestimulating FSH hormone

of androgen-binding protein from Sertoli cells of the testes In females: Stimulates ovulation In females: Stimulates formation of corpus Gonadotro luteum phs In males: Stimulates testosterone synthesis from Leydig cells (interstitial cells) Stimulates milk synthesis and release Lactotroph from mammary glands s Mediates sexual gratification Melanotro pes in the Pars Stimulates melanin synthesis and release intermedia from skin/hair melanocytes of the Anterior Pituitary

Luteinizing LH hormone

Prolactin

PRL

Melanocytestimulating MSH hormone

Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)

Secreted hormone

Abbreviation

From cells

Effect

Oxytocin

Magnocellular Uterine contraction neurosecretory Lactation (letdown reflex) cells ADH or AVP Parvocellular Increases water permeability in neurosecretory the distal convoluted tubule and

Vasopressin (antidiuretic

hormone)

neurons

collecting duct of nephrons, thus promoting water reabsorption and increasing blood volume

Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not secreted in the posterior lobe, merely stored.

Thyroid
Secreted hormone Abbreviatio From cells n Effect

Triiodothyronine T3

Thyroid epithelial cell

(More potent form of thyroid hormone) Stimulates body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II, thereby promoting protein synthesis (Less active form of thyroid hormone) (Acts as a prohormone to triiodothyronin e) Stimulates body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate Stimulates RNA polymerase I and II, thereby promoting protein synthesis

Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine T4 )

Thyroid epithelial cells

Calcitonin

Parafollicula Stimulates osteoblasts and thus

r cells

bone construction Inhibits Ca2+ release from bone, thereby reducing blood Ca2+

Stomach
Fro Abbreviati m on cell s

Secreted hormone

Effect

Gastrin (Prima rily)

G cell Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells s

Ghrelin

P/D Stimulate appetite, 1 cell secretion of growth hormone from anterior s pituitary gland increased food intake and decreased physical activity. It can be associated with obesity. Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motili D n, vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP), gastric cell inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon s Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine.[1]

Neuropeptide NPY Y

Somatostatin

Histamine

ECL cell stimulate gastric acid secretion s X cell Smooth muscle contraction of stomach[2] s

Endothelin

Duodenum
Secreted hormone From cells Effect

Secretin

S cells

Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas Release of bile from gallbladder hunger suppressant

Cholecystokinin I cells

Liver
Secreted hormone Abbreviati From cells on Effect

Insulin-like growth factor (or IGF

Hepatocyt insulin-like effects

somatomedin) (Primarily)

es

regulate cell growth and development vasoconstriction

Angiotensinogen and angiote nsin

Hepatocyt release es of aldosterone from adren al cortex dipsogen. Hepatocyt stimulates megakaryocyte es s to produce platelets[3]

Thrombopoietin

Pancreas
Secreted hormone Fro m cells

Effect

Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle Insulin (Primaril Islet from blood y) cells intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver Glucagon (Also Islet Primarily) cells increases blood glucose level Inhibit release of insulin[4] Somatostatin Islet Inhibit release of glucagon[4] Suppress the exocrine cells secretory action of pancreas. Pancreatic PP Self regulate the pancreas secretion activities and effect

polypeptide

cells the hepatic glycogen levels.

Kidney
Secreted hormone From cells Effect

Renin (Primarily)

Juxtaglomerula Activates the renin-angiotensin system by r cells producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen

Extraglomerula Erythropoietin (EPO r mesangial Stimulate erythrocyte production ) cells

Calcitriol (1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3)

Active form of vitamin D3 Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestin al tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[3]

Thrombopoietin

Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex
Secreted hormone From cells Effect

zona Stimulates gluconeogenesis Glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol) fasciculata and Stimulates fat breakdown in zona adipose tissue

reticularis cells Inhibits protein synthesis Inhibits glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Inhibits immunological responses (immunosuppressive) Inhibits inflammatory responses (antiinflammatory)

Stimulates active sodium reabsorption in kidneys Stimulates passive water Zona reabsorption in kidneys, thus Mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldoste glomerulosa ce increasing blood rone) lls volume and blood pressure Stimulates potassium and H+ secretion into nephron of kidney and subsequent excretion

In males: Relatively small Zona effect compared to Androgens (including DHEA andte fasciculata and androgens from testes stosterone) Zona In females: masculinizing reticularis cells effects

Adrenal medulla

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Fight-or-flight response:

Adrenaline (epinephrine) (Primarily)

Chromaffin cells

Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate andstroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycoge n in liver, breakdown of lipids in fat cells) Dilate the pupils Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e.g., digestion) Suppress immune system

Fight-or-flight response:

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Chromaffin cells

Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate andstroke volume, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in fat cells) Increase skeletal muscle readiness.

Dopamine

Chromaffin

Increase heart rate and blood

cells Enkephalin Chromaffin cells

pressure Regulate pain

Testes
Secreted hormone From cells Effect

Androgens (chiefly testosterone) Leydig cells

Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength, Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard andaxillary hair.

Estradiol Inhibin

Sertoli cells Sertoli cells

Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[5] Inhibit production of FSH

Ovarian follicle and corpus luteum

Secreted hormone

From cells Support pregnancy:[6]

Effect

Convert endometrium to secretory stage Make cervical mucus thick and impenetrable to sperm. Inhibit immune response, e.g., towards the human embryo Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility[6] Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor.

Other: Granulo Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels [7] Increase core temperature during ovulation sa cells, th Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus) eca cells Anti-inflammatory

Progesterone

Reduce gall-bladder activity[8] Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts Increase resilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, t endon, ligament, and skin Promote healing by regulating collagen Provide nerve function and healing by regulating myelin Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating

effects of estrogen Androstenedione Theca cells Substrate for estrogen Structural:

Promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics Accelerate height growth Accelerate metabolism (burn fat) Reduce muscle mass Stimulate endometrial growth Increase uterine growth Maintain blood vessels and skin Reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation

Protein synthesis: Estrogens (mainly es Granulo tradiol) sa cells

Increase hepatic production of binding proteins

Coagulation:

Increase circulating level of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, antithrombin III, plasmino gen Increase platelet adhesiveness Increase HDL, triglyceride, height growth Decrease LDL, fat deposition

Fluid balance:

Regulate salt (sodium) and water retention Increase growth hormone Increase cortisol, SHBG

Gastrointestinal tract:

Reduce bowel motility Increase cholesterol in bile

Melanin:

Increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin

Cancer:

Support hormone-sensitive breast cancers [9] (Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers.)

Lung function:

Promote lung function by supporting alveoli.[10]

Inhibin

Granulo Inhibit production of FSH from anterior pituitary sa cells

Placenta (when pregnant)

Secreted hormone Abbreviati on From cells Effect

Support pregnancy:[6]

Progesterone (Prim arily)

Inhibit immune response, towards the fetus. Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility[6] Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor. Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids.

Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle-progesterone Estrogens (mainly Es triol) (Also Primarily) Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen promote maintenance of corpus luteum during Syncytiotropho beginning of pregnancy blast Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo. increase production of insulin and IGF-1

Human chorionic gonadotropin

HCG

Human placental lactogen

HPL

Syncytiotropho blast increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate int olerance Fetal Trophobla suppress FSH sts

Inhibin

Uterus (when pregnant)

Secreted hormone Abbreviation From cells Effect

Prolactin

PRL

Decidual cells

milk production in mammary glands

Relaxin

Decidual cells

Unclear in humans and animals

Calcium regulation

Parathyroid
Secreted hormone Abbreviation From cells Effect

Calcium:

Parathyroid hormone

PTH

Parathyroid chief cell

Stimulates Ca2+ release from bone, thereby increasing blood Ca2+ Stimulates osteoclasts, thus breaking down bone Stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney Stimulates activated vitamin D production in kidney

Phosphate:

Stimulates PO3-4 release from bones, thereby increasing blood PO3-4. Inhibits PO3-4 reabsorption in kidney, so more PO3-4 is excreted Overall, small net drop in serum PO3-4.

Skin
Secreted hormone From cells Effect

Calcidiol (25hydroxyvitamin D3)

Inactive form of vitamin D3

Heart
Secreted hormone Abbreviation From cells Effect

Atrial-natriuretic ANP peptide

Reduce blood pressure by: Cardiac myocytes reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats (To a lesser degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by: reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats

Brain natriuretic BNP peptide

Cardiac myocytes

Bone marrow
Secreted hormone From cells Effect

Thrombopoietin ]Adipose tissue

liver and kidney cells

stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[3]

Secreted hormone

From cells

Effect

Leptin (Primarily)

Adipocytes

decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.

Estrogens[11] (mainly Estrone)

Adipocytes