Ageing and Endings B – Science Practical 9

Neuroanatomy – Cranial Nerves

Relations of Cranial Nerves to Brain,
Brain Dura Mater and Cranial Cavity

1 Olfactory (beneath)

2 Optic
3 Oculomotor
culomotor
4 Trochlear
Facial 7
5 Trigeminal (sensory)
Vestibulocochlear 8
5 Trigeminal (motor)
Glossopharyngeal 9
6 Abducens
Vagus 10
12 Hypoglossal
Accessory 11

Emergence from the base of the brain of cranial nerves

1 Olfactory

Optic 2
51 Ophthalmic
Oculomotor 3
52 Maxillary
Abducens 6 53 Mandibular
5 Trigeminal (ganglion)
Trochlear 4
7 Facial
8 Vestibulocochlear

9 Glossopharyngeal
Trigeminal 5
10 Vagus
Accessory 11 12 Hypoglossal

Piercing of dura mater by cranial nerves and cranial cavity exits

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Ageing and Endings B – Science Practical 9
Neuroanatomy – Cranial Nerves
Components of Craniall Nerves

GSA GVA SVA SSA GSE GVE SVE

Special
Somatic Visceral Special Somatic
visceral Visceral motor Branchiomotor
sensory sensory sensory motor
sensory Major effects
Sensory Sensory
Somatosensory
from from ear
Tongue
Preganglionic Muscles derived of lesion
from skin, muscles and
viscera of Taste – balance autonomic from branchial
bone, muscle, extraocular
thorax and and neurons arches
and joints muscles
abdomen hearing
S Extraocular Ciliary muscle; Inferolateral deviation
muscles sphincter of eye and diplopia;
(not LR and pupillae muscle ptosis; dilated pupil
SO); levator and loss of pulillary
III palperbrae reflex; myhydriasis
superioris
muscle
C - Ciliary ganglion
S Superior Inability to depress
oblique adducted eye and
IV muscle diplopia
C -
S Face and head Muscles of Sensory loss to upper
mastication and (1), middle (2) or
tensor tympani lower (3) part of face;
C Trigeminal - loss of corneal reflex
V ganglion (1); jaw weakness
(except and ipsilateral
proprioception) deviation (3);
hyperacusia (3)
S Lateral Medial deviation of
rectus eye, inability to
VI muscle abduct eye, and
C - diplopia
S External ear Anterior Glands of orbit Muscles of facial Facial weakness or
(posterior 2/3 of and nasal cavity; expression; paralysis; dry eye; dry
auricular area) tongue submandibular stapedius muscle mouth; loss of
and sublingual corneal reflex;
VII salivary glands hyperacusia; loss of
C Geniculate Geniculate Submandibular - taste from anterior
ganglion ganglion and 2/3 tongue
pterygopalatine
ganglia
S Hair cells Loss of hearing; loss
of cochlea of balance/equilibrium
and
VIII vestibule
C Spiral and
vestibular
ganglia
S Posterior 1/3 Carotid Posterior Parotid gland Stylopharyngeus Loss of gag reflex;
tongue; walls body and 1/3 muscle dysphgagia; loss of
of pharynx sinus tongue carotid sinus reflex
IX C Superior Inferior ganglion of CNIX Otic ganglion - (bilateral only)
ganglion of
CNIX
S External ear GIT and Palate Viscera Muscles of Dysphagia; weak and
respiratory pharynx, larynx hoarse voice;
tract and upper respiratory stridor
X oesophagus
C Superior vagal Inferior vagal ganglion Ganglia in/near -
ganglion walls of targets
S Sternomastoid Weakness in turning
and trapezius head toward opposite
XI muscles side and shrugging
C - shoulder
S Intrinsic Ipsilateral atrophy
muscles of and deviation of
XII tongue tongue; impaired
C - speech

(S = structures supplied; C = location

l of external cell bodies, if any)

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Ageing and Endings B – Science Practical 9
Neuroanatomy – Cranial Nerves
Distribution of Cranial Nerves

Emergence from Course inside cranial Exit from

Course outside cranial cavity
brainstem cavity cranial cavity
III Interpeduncular fossa • Passes between PCA Superior orbital • Further divides into branches to supply each
and SCeA fissure (common extraoccular muscle supplied and levator
• Pierces dura and tendinous ring) palpedbae superior muscle
passes
asses anteriorly in • Parasympathetic fibres leave inferior rectus
cavernous sinus, where branch to synapse in on postganglionic cells
it divides into superior in ciliary ganglion, which eye to supply
and inferior divisions at sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles
anterior end
IV Dorsal surface of • Passes around side of Superior orbital Travels to superior oblique muscle
midbrain, caudal to cerebral peduncle fissure (common
inferior colliculus • Pierces dura and tendinous ring)
passes
asses anteriorly in
cavernous sinus
V 1 Lateral side of base Pierces dura Passes Superior orbital Divides into branches to supply cornea, upper
of pons (smaller and forms anteriorly in fissure nasal mucosa, and skin of upper eyelid and
motor root more trigeminal cavernous forehead
2 medially and larger ganglion sinus Foramen Divides into branchess to supply nasal cavity
sensory root more rotundum mucosa, upper jaw and teeth, maxillary sinuses,
laterally) and skin of lower eyelid, nose,
nose upper lip and
cheek
3 Passes a Foramen ovale Divides into branches to supply muscles of
short mastication, mucosa of cheek, mucosa and teeth
distance of lower jaw, and skin of temporal region and chin
antero-
laterally
VI Pontomedullary Pierces dura and passes Superior orbital Travels to superior oblique muscle
junction (most anteriorly in cavernous sinus fissure (common
medial) tendinous ring)
VII Pontomedullary Passes a short distance Internal acoustic • Travels to inner ear, where parasympathetic
pa
junction anterolaterally meatus / Facial fibres branch off to synapse on
canal/ pteregopalatine ganglion, from which
Stylomastoid postganglionic fibres supply glands of nose
foramen and orbit
• Passes behind ear in facial canal, where it
gives off a branch to supply tongue and
salivary glands (chorda tympani), and a
branch to supply stapedius muscle
• Passes through stylomastoid foramen to
enter parotid gland, where it divides into
branches to supply muscles of facial
expression
VIII Pontomedullary Passes a short distance Internal acoustic Travels to hair cells of vestibule and cochlea in
junction anterolaterally meatus inner ear
IX Pontomedullary Passes a short distance Jugular foramen (Not covered in this course)
junction (most anterolaterally
lateral) / Lateral side
of olive
X Lateral side of olive Passes a short distance Jugular foramen • Passes through neck in carotid sheath
(rootlets) anterolaterally as rootlets • Gives off branches to pharynx and larynx
collect • Enters thorax
XI Lateral side of caudal Spinal fibres pass in through Jugular foramen • Gives off branches to supply sternomastoid
medulla and C1-5 foramen magnum to unite muscle
(rootlets) with medullary fibres • Crosses side of neck to supply trapezius
muscle
XII Between olive and Passes a short distance Hypo-glossal • Runs down behind ICA for a short distance
pyramid (rootlets) anterolaterally as rootlets canal • Turns forward, crossing lateral surface of
collect ECA to reach side of tongue, where it gives
off branches to supply tongue muscles

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Ageing and Endings B – Science Practical 9
Neuroanatomy – Cranial Nerves
Cavernous Sinus
Cavernous sinus
Dura mater

3 Occulomotor

4 Trochlear

51 Ophthalmic

52 Maxillary

6 Abducens

Internal carotid artery

Cranial nerves within the cavernous sinus (transverse section)

Openings of Cranial Cavity

Cranial nerves Other major structures

Optic canal 2 -
Superior orbital fissure 3, 4, 6, 51 -
Foramen rotundum 52 -
Foramen ovale 53 -
Foramen spinosum - Middle meningeal artery
Foramen lacerum - (Cartilage-filled)
Carotid canal - Internal carotid artery
Internal acoustic meatus 7, 8 -
Jugular foramen 9, 10, 11 Internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal canal 12 -
Foramen magnum 11 (spinal root) • Medulla
• Vertebral arteries
Structures passing through openings of cranial cavity

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