BO MON TOAN NG DUNG - HBK

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PHNG PHAP TNH HK HE (SV)

CHNG 4
TNH GAN UNG AO HAM & TCH PHAN

TS. NGUYEN QUOC LAN (8/2010)

XAP X AO HAM
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Xap

ao ham
cap 1

f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 )
x
Tien: f ( x0 )
, h > 0 0 x0 + h
h
x0 h x0
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 h)
/
Lui: f ( x0 )
,h>0
h
/

f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 h) x0 h
Hng tam: f ( x0 )
2h
/

x0 x0 + h

Xap x ao ham f bang cong thc hng tam tot hn tien, lui
Xap x f(x0): f

//

f ( x0 + h ) 2 f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 h )
( x0 )
,h>0
2
h
x0 h x0 x0 + h

AP DUNG AO HAM TIEN: S O EULER

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Xet phng trnh vi phan cap 1 + ieu kien au (bai toan Cosi)

y / ( x ) = 5 y ( x ) + 5 x 2 + 2 x , x 0

1
(
0
)
=
y

3
Vi bc chia h = 0.5 & cong thc xap x ao ham tien, hay
tnh xap x nghiem y tai x = 0.5, x = 1.
iem chia:

x0 = 0

Ket qua tm c:

x1 = 0.5

y (0.5 ) = 0.5
y (1.0 ) = 1.875

x2 = 1.

AP DUNG AO HAM CAP 2: SAI PHAN HU HAN

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Bai toan bien tuyen tnh cap 2 (khac bai toan Cosi)

y" = p ( x ) y '+ q ( x ) y + r ( x ),

y (a ) = , y (b ) =

a xb

y // ( x ) = ( x + 1) y / ( x ) + 2 y ( x ) + 1 x 2 , 0 x 1
VD: Xet
y (0 ) = 1, y (1) = 0
Tnh gia tr nghiem y tai x = 0.5 vi bc chia h = 0.5 &
cong thc hng tam xap x ao ham y, y
iem chia:

x0 = 0

y (0 ) = y 0 = 1

x1 = 0.5
y (0.5 ) = y1 = ?

x2 = 1
y (1) = y 2 = 0

CONG THC XAP X TCH PHAN

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Xap

Hnh thang: I

tch phan
b

I = f ( x )dx
a

ba
[ f (a) + f (b)]
2
a

ba

b + a
f
(
a
)
+
4
f
f
(
b
)
+
Simpson: I

6
2
a

a+b
2

VD: Tnh chnh xac roi xap x cac tch phan sau bang cong
thc hnh thang va Simpson. Nhan xet
1

a/

3
x
dx
0

b/ x 4 dx
0

c/ e x dx
0

CONG THC HNH THANG CHIA NHO

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Giam h: Chia [a, b] n oan bang nhau, o dai h = (b a)/n

(n+1) iem chia: x0 = a < x1 = a + h < x2 = a + 2h < < xn = b
2 iem au, cuoi:
he so 1; Cac iem

h
a

x1

x n 1 b

x2

Cong thc hnh thang:

con lai: He so 2

n 1
h

f ( x ) dx f ( x0 ) + 2 f ( xk ) + f ( xn )
2

k =1

M 2 (b a )h 2
Sai so cong thc hnh thang:
, M 2 = max f
[a ,b ]
12

//

(x )

V DU
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

sin x
, x 0 Tnh tch phan sau vi

Xet f ( x ) = x
1,
x = 0 c/t hnh thang, h = 0.2
Giai: h = 0.2 5 oan nho
0

0 .2

0 .4

4
h
I S = f ( x0 ) + 2
2
k =1

0 .6

f ( xk ) + f ( x5 )

I = f ( x ) dx
0

0 .8

1 .0

.2
2 sin (.2 ) 2 sin (.4 ) 2 sin (.6 ) 2 sin (.8 )

(
)
(
)
0
+
+
+
+
+
1
f
f

2
.2
.4
.6
.8
1

sin x
" Chnh xac" :
dx 0.94608
x
0

TM SO OAN CHIA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tm so oan chia n e xap x vi sai so 10-6

tch phan sau bang cong thc hnh thang:

dx
0x+4

I=

2
1
//
: Ham dng va giam
f ( x) =
Giai: f ( x ) =
3
x+4
(x + 4)
1
Hnh thang: M 2 = max f ( x ) = f (0 ) =
x[0 , 2 ]
32
//

//

2 2 1
= 10 6
anh gia sai so:
12 n 32

Thc te: Cong thc Simpson chia nho (gii han) n = 10.