TNG QUAN GSM

1. Cu Trc C Bn Mng GSM

Sau nhu chn la th y l hnh mnh ng nht v cu trc mng GSM, rt trc quan v thc t, chc nng tng quan ca cc thnh phn nh sau:

1.1. in thoi (Mobile Station-MS) c cha SIM : l thit b m ngi dng tng tc mt cch
trc tip nhiu nht - SIM : Gip nh mng phn bit cc thu bao vi nhau, Mobile Station = Sim + Mobile Equipment. Sim c xem nh l 1 database, n ko ch cha thng tin lin quan n thu bao m cn nhu thng tin khc na.

Administrative data (phn ny d hiu roi nha ace) PIN/PIN2 (m/v) Personal identification number; requested at every powerup (PIN or PIN2) PUK/PUK2 (m/f) PIN unblocking key; required to unlock a SIM SIM service table (m/f) List of the optional functionality of the SIM Last dialed number) (o/v) Redial Charging meter (o/v) Charges and time increments can be set Language (m/v) Determines the language for prompts by the mobile station Security related data Algorithm A3 and A8 Required for authentication and to determine Kc Key Ki (m/f) Individual value; known only on SIM and the HLR Key Kc (m/v) Result of A8, Ki, and random number (RAND) CKSN (m/v) Ciphering key sequence number Phn ny lin quan n bo mt. Trn thc t khi mt MS mun attach vo mng lc ban u cng nh khi mn thc hin cuc gi th phi tri qua cc phase kim tra: Authentication, Ciphering v check IMEI. Check IMEI th c th hiu l kim tra tnh hp php ca thit b (MS ca mnh) nhng chc nng ny VN cc operator ko s dung. Authentication th kim tra tnh hp php ca user trn c s d liu ca n. Ciphering l bc m ha d liu khi truyn v tt nhin cn phi thng nht loi thut ton gia MS v mng. Cc parameter ny nhm phc v cho cc phase ny. Sau ny khi i vo tng phase kt ni th mnh s gii thch k hn nu c c hi Subscriber data IMSI (m/f) International mobile subscriber identity MSISDN (o/f) Mobile subscriber ISDN; directory number of a subscriber Access control class(es) For control of network access MSISDN: l ci s in thoi ca mnh , c dng rng ri cho cc mng khc mn tm kim gi IMSI th nh danh ca thu bao ch ring trong mng ca mnh, cc i tn nhu ln cng bo mt Access control class: ci ni potay hehe Roaming data TMSI (m/v) Temporary mobile subscriber identity Value of T3212 (m/v) For location updating Location updating status Is a location update required? LAI (m/v) Location area information Network color codes(NCCs) of restricted PLMNs (m/v) TMSI th 1 nh danh ring trong mng nhng n khc IMSI ch n c thay i lin tc v cp pht lin tc mi khi c pht sinh dch v t thu bao nh cp nht v tr, gi. V thng trao i th TMSI c dng thng xuyn trn mng, hn ch dng IMSI tng thm bo mt. Cc gi tr v cp nht v tr: th nh chng ta bt, mng GSM l mng t bo, c chia thnh nhu cell v nh mng qun l theo tng khu vc. Gi tr timer cp nht nh thi v tr, m v tr, m mng. PLMN data

NCC, mobile country code (MCC), and mobile network code (MNC) of the home PLMN (m/f) Absolute radio frequency channel numbers (ARFCNs) Ci ny th cc parameter lin quan ti mng di ng m mnh ang dng, ngoi ra cn c tp tn s ca mng ny s dng na T ra sim cng lm th linh tinh phi ko ace, sau ny khi i vo tng phase c th th s thy r hn. - in thoi: ci ny mnh ko quan tm lm nn ace thng cm

2. BSS ( Basic Station Subsystem )

u tin trc khi i vo phn BTS th mnh s gii thiu s qua v cc thnh phn c bn trong mng. - BTS : d hiu l cc "anten" b b nm trn sn thng cc ta nh m ta d dng thy c khi i ln. Nhim v chnh ca n l lin quan n giao din v tuyn, cung cp kt ni gia MS v nh mng. - BSC : BTS c kt ni ti BSC qua giao din Abis, c xem nh 1 tng i chuyn mch trong khu vc nh. Qun l ti nguyn, iu khin BTS trong vng n qun l. - MSC : Theo cch qun l phn cp nn cc tng i con BSC s c qun l bi tng i cp cao hn l MSC qua giao din A, nhim v chuyn mch, qun l ti nguyn, tnh cc, ... - HLR/AUC : l c s d liu lu ton b thng tin ca thu bao, AUC l module xc thc thu bao trn HLR - VLR : trn thc t l 1 module trn MSC, l 1 c s d liu tm thi, ch lu tr cc thng tin ca thu bao trong khu vc ca MSC qun l. Khi 1 MS di chuyn qua vng MSC khc th d liu cng c thay i qua VLR khc --> ngi ta thng vit l MSC/VLR l nh vy - EIR : l thnh phn ko bt buc, dng check IMEI ca in thoi. Nh mng VN ko s dng tnh nng ny. - PCU : l 1 card trn BSC, n thc hin chc nng x l, chuyn mch gi cho mng GPRS, giao tip vi SGSN - SGSN : c th xem tng t nh MSC nhng n dng cho mng chuyn mch gi GPRS - GSGSN : l gateway ca mng GPRS, cng giao tip vi mng gi khc nh internet - GMSC : ko c trn hnh nhng mnh mn nhc qua l c chc nng gateway ca mng GSM i ra mng ngoi nh mng PLMN ca nh mng khc hoc mng in thoi c nh. C th xem GMSC v GSGSN c chc nng chung tng t nhau.

2.1. BTS ( Base Transceiver Station )

S khi chung ca nhu loi BTS khc nhau:

 y mnh s cng m x con BTS Ultrasite ca Nokia lm r hn BTS l thit b truyn tn hiu qua 2 giao din: - V tuyn: ti MS - Abis: ti BSC qua ng dy E1 = 2M hoc T1 = 1.5M

1. Ngun : convert t dng AC sang DC cho BTS 2. Dual baseband : - S l s tn hiu, m ha, qun l cc alarm cc b - S dng software t card BOIA (s 3) - Thit lp timing t card BOIA - H tr x l hopping theo kiu RF v BB -> ci ny s m 1 thread ring v hopping - 1 card baseband tng ng vi 2 TRX (s 5) 3. Card BOIA : thng g ny l trung tm x l ca BTS - iu khin nhit , xung ng h, x l alarm, software download, cu hnh - iu khin bo hiu vi BSC - Giao din vi ngi s dng cu hnh v qun l -> gn ci dy serial t PC qua 4. Transmission card : - Giao tip ti BSC qua giao din Abis hay cn gi l qua ng E1, hay T1 5. Tranceiver hay cn gi l TRX : - Khuch i cng sut - X l truyn v nhn - iu ch GMSK - 1 TRX v c bn h tr 8 thu (8 Timeslot) bao cng lc -> gn nhu th tng dung lng thu bao, trn hnh l 12 TRX 6. Duplexer hoc RTC l b phn dng combine nhu tn hiu ra s lng anten t, dy mu en l ni ln anten a 7. Ngc vi hp tn hiu s 6 th y l b phn tch tn hiu ri truyn ti TRX x l

2.2. Giao din v tuyn

- Sau phn MS v BTS th hm nay chng ta bn v giao din v tuyn, theo c nhn mnh thy th hiu c giao din v tuyn th gn nh hiu c nguyn tc hot ng chung ca mng GSM Giao din v tuyn hay cn gi l Um dng kt ni MS vi mng. Theo GSM 900 th ngi ta s dng Uplink:890 - 915 Mhz = 25 Mhz -> truyn t hng MS ln BTS Downlink: 935 - 960 Mhz = 25 Mhz -> t BTS xung MS - y ta thy Uplink dng di tn thp hn so vi downlink l do vn nng lng. Suy hao (hay tn hao) l mt hm ph thuc tn s. Tn s cng cao th suy hao cng ln . My di ng c cng sut pht nh v nu c cng sut ln th li ngn pin nhiu hn, do vy trong thng tin di ng ng ln lun bng thp tiu hao nh hn, yu cu v cng sut pht ca my di ng, cn ng xung lun bng cao (my pht trm gc d bo m cng sut pht ln hn v cp ngun d hn). Ngoi ra, tn s cng cao, bc sng cng nh, tn hiu cng d b che chn hn, do nu ng ln c tn s thp (bc sng ln) th tn hiu t b che chn hn mt cht.

- Mi uplink/downlink nh vy chi lm 124 knh tn s, cc knh ny cch nhau 200Khz. - Vy th ngi ta s dng cc tn s ny nh th no kt ni ti hng ngn thu bao ????? GSM s dng phng php truy nhp TDMA/FDMA

- Cc thu bao s truyn trn cc tn s khc nhau, v trong mi tn s ny s c phn chia theo thi gian nhm tng s thu bao c th ln. Mi carrier = 8 Timeslot nh hnh v. Nh vy ni n knh thoi cho 1 thu bao = f? + TS?. - Trn thc t th cc nh mng phi chia s nhau di tn ny, c ngha l mi operator nh viettel, vina hay mobi s qun l 1 s lng tn s hn ch no ch ko dng mt mnh ht ton b. Vi s lng tn s hn ch nh vy, gi s 1 mng s hu 10 tn s, m 1 tn s c bn h tr 8 thu bao --> max user = 10 x 8 = 80 thu bao <--- nh th ny th ba qu ng hok. V vy m hnh mng

GSM hay tt c cc mng di ng ni chung c phn chia theo t bo (cell) v s dng bin php ti s dng tn s nh sau.

- Ngi ta chia mi khu vc a l l 1 cell v c th xem nh 1 cell ny s gn 1 thng BTS, thng BTS ny s ch nhn nhim v v giao din v tuyn trong cell ny m thi. V vy i ngoi ng s thy s lng BTS xut hin rt nhiu trn cc ngi nh. - Ty theo khu vc ng dn c hay ko m ngi ta plan l cell ny rng hay nh nh hnh trn. Ta thy khu vc thnh th vi mt thu bao ln th cell nh, cn nng thn th cell ln. Nu tng tng 1 nh mng vi phm vi c t nc VN ch 1 cell (ngha l ko chia cell) th nh v d pha tran ta thy ch phc v c 80 thu bao. Nhng nu cng chia nh cng nhu cell v mi cell ny s dng ton b 10 tn s (ti s dng tn s) th ta c th thy c s lng thu bao s tng ln ng k. 80 thu bao by gi c th hiu l trong 1 cell phm vi rt nh. Bn cnh cn vn cng sut ri cht lng tn hiu th mng di ng 1 cell l hon ton ko kh thi. - Khi s dng bin php chia cell v ti s dng tn s th trnh nhiu ngi ta phi chia 1 nhm cell thnh cc cluster sao cho cc cell ln cn ko trng tn s ca nhau.

V d v li ch ti s dng tn s: Nh mng c cp 7.2 Mhz = 35 carrier x 200 Khz + 1 carrier bo v bn ngoi ---> c c 35 tn s 1 tn s = 8 TS = 8 thu bao Nu mng ch phn chia theo 1 cell -> Max user = 35 x 8 = 280 thu bao Nu mng phn chia 70 cell vi h s cluster l 7 --> (70/7) x 35 x 8 = 10 x 280 = 2800 thu bao ( gp 10 ln) Nu 700 cell --> 28000 thu bao

Tm li:
- u im: + Tng s thu bao phc v + Vn cng sut - Nhc: + Trin khai mng li tn km + Nhiu cell ln cn + Cng nhu cell th handover cng xy ra nhu -> tng xc sut rt cuc gi (HANDOVER nn c 1 thread ring qu) Nh ni trn l 1 cell s l 1 BTS, v thc t ta c th quan st c khi i rng rng l 1 BTS ny s chia lm 3 sector nh.

Cu hnh cho 1 BTS hot ng trn thc t s c tn dng nh sau: 2+2+2, 4+4+4 hoc ommi2, ommi4 ... 2+2+2 ngha l 3 sector v 1 sector s c 2 TRX cards ( 1 TRX = 1 freq = 8 ts = 8 thu bao <--- c li phn BTS trn) Tng t vi 4+4+4 Cn Ommi2 th c hiu nh cu hnh theo kiu Umbrella, ko chia ra thnh cc sector m pht dng ta trn ra v dng 2 TRX cho cell ny. Cu hnh ny thng c p dng cho vng nng thn vi thu bao t. Nh cp phn trn, GSM s dng phng thc truy nhp TDMA/FDMA nh hnh sau

Nh vy ta c 1 BTS cu hnh 2+2+2 = 6 TRX = 6 Freq s nh hnh sau:

- Sau khi cc hardware trn BTS sn sng (y cc card v c cu hnh, ngi ta thng dng thut ng l commisionning) th s c ni ti BSC qua dy E1/T1. Chng ta s dng 1 phn mm kt ni ti BSC v khai bo s tn ti BTS ny trn BSC. - Lu y, mnh ch a ra nhng cu hnh c bn v ch thuc v thit b Nokia m mnh bt. Trn thc t c nhu loi cu hnh v c th c s khc nhau gia nokia, huwai, sony erricson... - Tr li vic cu hnh BTS trn BSC, ng trn BSC chng ta s dng cc lnh khai bo cho BTS ny 1 ID, Name v cc thng s khc. Lc ny BTS s c gi l BCF (mnh cng ch hu v sao m ti Nokia n i cch gi nh vy na) cn cc sector th ti n gi l cell (!). Nh vy y ta s thy xut hin 2 khi nim v Cell. Cell vt l = ci BTS thc s ca mnh. Cell logic = 1 sector trong 1 BCF. - Trong 1 sector ngi ta thng dng timeslot u tin TS0 ca TRX u tin dng truyn cc bo hiu gia MS v BTS. Th bo hiu l g? - to 1 cuc gi t MS1 ti MS2 th ban u cc MS v netwokr phi thit lp kt ni bng cch gi cc thng tin qua li vi nhau, nhng thng tin ny c gi l bo hiu. Cn sau khi thit lp c kt ni tc l in thoi bn kia chung v ta bt u bm phm nghe th lc ny bo hiu s tm thi kt thc nhng cho d liu thoi. Th ta c th hiu l nhng thng tin khng phi l tn hiu thoi v gip nh mng vi MS thit lp kt ni cng nh trao i thng tin iu khin gi l bo hiu. - Timeslot c th mang 2 loi thng tin: + Signal (bo hiu) --> thng nm Timeslot 0 ca TRX u tin + Thoi -> Timeslot cn li. Mi cuc gi s truyn d liu thoi trn 1 TS c s ging nhau trn c uplink v downlink.

Nh hnh trn, ta thy khung uplink v khung downlink truyn khng ng thi v thi gian cch nhau ny bng thi gian truyn 3 timeslot. L do trnh vic MS va nhn thng tin v truyn thng tin i mt cch ng thi. Thi gian ngh ny MS dng tnh ton, x l, o cht lng sng trong cell cng nh cell ln cn. - Mt timeslot trong 1 tn s ngi ta gi l 1 knh vt l, v da vo chc nng ca timeslot ny l truyn bo hiu hay d liu thoi th ngi ta gi bng cc tn khc nhau gi l knh logic. V d nh ta xy 1 con ng mi trong thnh ph th con ng hin hu ny gi l knh vt l, trong nm u tin ta s dng ng ny ch dnh ring cho xe gn my th con ng lc ny gi l ng dnh ring cho xe gn my, nm tip theo ta mn ng ny ch cho ngi i b th vn l con ng nha nhng lc ny li gi l ng dnh ring cho ngi i b. Nh vy tn gi con ng ty theo chc nng v mc ch th gi l knh logic. Cc knh logic trong GSM nh sau

- Traffic channel (TCH) knh truyn d liu thoi, chia ra 2 loi theo tc l fullrate v halfrate. Tc halfrate c s dng tng s lng thu bao ln v tt nhin cht lng thoi s gim xung. Lc ny 1TS s c dnh cho 2 thu bao. Ch cc timeslot ny phn chia theo thi gian v truyn theo khung = 8 TS nn 2 user phi ln lt s dng so le cc khung nn tc bit s gim cn 1 na -> cht lng thp. - Signal channel: bo hiu iu khin gia MS v mng. Cc bn lu l cc khi nim ny chng ta ang ni trn giao din v tuyn hey. Khng vi ba nhy qua giao din dy Abis th li nhm lung tung c ln. Nh trn c ni th tt c cc knh bo hiu ny thng c cu hnh trn duy nht 1 knh vt l l TS0 ca TRX u tin trong sector v tt nhin chng cng phi c truyn ln lt tng t nh thng knh thoi (TCH) truyn halfrate. my TS cn li nhng cho knh thoi (TCH). + Nhm knh BROADCAST --> thng tin qung b t nh mng FCCH: Ch dng downlink. Truyn thng tin gip MS ng b tn s SCH: downlink. Gip MS ng b khung, thng tin v trm BTS BCCH: downlink. Cung cp cc thng tin chung v mng, v cell m MS ang ng + Nhm knh COMMON CONTROL --> dng chung cho tt c cc thu bao PCH: downlink. Tm gi MS2 RACH: uplink. MS gi thng tin yu cu dch v ln cho mng (yu cu thit lp cuc gi chng hn) AGCH: downlink. Tr li cho knh RACH, cp cho MS thng tin knh SDCCH hoc TCH m n c quyn s dng + Nhm knh DEDICATED CONTROL --> c s dng ring cho mi thu bao SDCCH: uplink & downlink. Thit lp kt ni gia MS v mng: IMSI attach, check IMEI, authentication, ciphering, location update ... SACCH: uplink & downlink. Dng truyn bo hiu khi ang trong cuc gi v lc ny SDCCH c gii phng nn SACCH c dng nh 1 knh kt hp vi TCH. Thng tin trn knh ny thng l tin nhn, o cng sut. FACCH: uplink & downlink. Ging nh knh SACCH nhng thng tin FACCH thng mang tnh cht cp bch nh handover chng hn. Handover mnh xin ni qua l qu trnh chuyn t cell phc v ny sang cell phc v khc m ko lm drop cuc gi. Khi cn handover th phi truyn bo hiu nn TCH lc ny tr thnh FACCH ngay tc th p ng nhu cu v sau tr li lm TCH. Cn SACCH th ko cn gp nn n i t TCH theo chu k.

Hm nay mnh xin ni v cch mapping gia knh vt l vi knh logic, hay ni nm na l ci cch ngi ta s dng knh vt l nh th no. Nhc li 1 ln na, d liu chng ta s truyn theo khung TDMA = 8 timeslot. Cc khung c ln lt c truyn t MS ln mng v ngc li. m bo cho vic truyn cc bo hiu mt cch hiu qu v y th ngi ta qun l cc khung ny theo kiu phn cp. - Bo hiu 51 frame TDMA = 1 Multiframe <-- ch yu quan tm thng ny trc 26 Multiframe = 1 superframe 2048 superframe = 1 hyperframe - Thoi 26 frame TDMA = 1 Multiframe <-- ch yu quan tm thng ny trc 51 Multiframe = 1 superframe 2048 superframe = 1 hyperframe Vy th ngi ta chia nh vy lm ci ba g v hiu qu im qui no ? Gi s trong sector ta cu hnh (c nhu cch combine khc nhau nghen) - TS0 = FCH + SCH + BCCH + CBCH + SDCCH + SACCH b sung CBCH l knh trong nhm BROADCAST, downlink, truyn tin nhn ti thu bao nh: thi tit, kt qu banh, t vn tm lum ta la g . - TS1 = SDCCH + SACCH - TS2 -> TS7 = TCH Downlink lc ny:

V Uplink:

Gi ta thy rng 51 frame bo hiu v 26 frame thoi dng nh l 1 chu k truyn bo hiu ca n. Sau khi nm c hot ng cc knh logic gm thoi v bo hiu. Phn tip chng ta s tm hiu trong 1 timeslot s c nhng bit g, n c m ha nh th no v tc truyn ra sao. Bt u t in thoi nh. Chng ta ni vo micro, lm rung mt mng rung c ni vi nam chm c cc cun dy ng m ni chung n s cho ra 1 tn s tng ng vi ging ni ca ta . Tn hiu lc ny c gi l tn hiu tng t (analog). GSM l li truyn d liu s (digital) nn tn hiu ny phi qua b chuyn i ADC. Nh chng ta bt ging ni ta nm trong khong 300khz - 3400khz nn tn hiu s c qua 1 b lc Theo nh l Nyquist (ci ny quen ny) th tn s ly mu >= 2 Fmax. Suy ra Fm >= 2 x 3.4 khz Ngi ta chn Fm = 8Khz -> 8000 mu / giy Mi mu c lng t ha = 13 bit. Suy ra tc bit (bit rate) = 13bit x 8000 = 104 kbps

Vi tc 104kbps th tng i ln nn ngi ta ngh cch gim tc bit ny xung nhng vn m bo cht lng thoi c th nghe tt c. D liu (lc ny l s) c i qua b m ha thoi (speech encoder) c tn l LPC/RPE. Ch l d liu vn ang c x l trong MS nghe. B ny hot ng kh phc tp nn mnh ch ni qua thi (tht s ch bt b ny n hot ng c th nh th no) hehe Trong b LPC, 160 mu (mi mu 13 bit) t b ADC c lu vo b nh tm x l, mi mu mt 125us -> 160 mu = 20ms. Lc ny mi khi audio 20ms = 2080 bit. LPC/RPE c kh nng m phng c quan pht m ca con ngi, n phn tch d liu v loi b nhng bit d tha trong khi d liu (ma, b encoder ny nh vi). V kt qu tht ngc nhin l khi audio 20ms = 2080 bit ny c gim xung cn 260 bit (!). 20ms = 260 bit -> bit rate = 260/20 = 13kbps <<< 104kbps.

260 bit ny c chia thnh 2 lp da theo quan trng trong vic ti to li tn hiu thoi. Lp I l lp quan trng hn v c chia thnh 2 lp con.

Lp Ia ny c bo v bi m vng (cyclic code) <-- ci ny ace t tm hiu, mnh c m ko hiu lm hehe Sau lp Ib c chn thm 4 bit gi tr (0000) cn thit khi i qua b convolutional coding.

189 bit lp I ny s c qua b convolutional coding, c 1 bit i vo s cho ra 2 bit. 1 bit to thm ny nhm d phng --> output = 189 x 2 = 378 bit.

Tng cng ta s c 456 bit c m ha 1 cch k lng. Nhng mn tng kh nng an ton ngi ta tip tc chia 456 bit ny thnh 8 sub-block = 8 x 57 bit. Cc sub-block ca block 456 bit ny c xo trn qua li vi nhau v c mi 2 sub-block = 57 + 57 = 114 bit c truyn trn 1 timeslot. K thut ny gi l xen r (interleaving). Mc ch th ging nh mng internet chuyn mch gi ca ta, nu c mt mt th ch 1 phn ca tn hiu.

Cui cng trong 1 timeslot gm cc bit

- 3 bit Tail u + 3 bit Tail cui - 2 x 57 bit d liu thoi c m ha v xen r - 28 bit chui hun luyn - 8.25 bit bo v Tng cng = 3 + 3 + 57 + 57 + 28 + 8.25 = 156.25 bit/ 1 timeslot giao din v tuyn Gi th d liu c c gii phng ra khi MS roi . Trc khi bt u phn tip theo mnh xin nh chnh li bi c, do copy ko nn a 1 hnh b sai ln. Sorry mi ngi nha

28 bit ny = 26 bit Training Sequence thi + 1 bit Steal Flag u + 1 bit Steal Flag cui Nh vy ta c format ng ca n phi nh th ny

Mt ln na xin li mi ngi nha ! Nh vy thoi s c qua cc bc nh sau (trong hnh ny vn b sai nhng mnh ko tm c hnh no hp c)

Sau bc ny Burst ----> Ciphering -----> GMSK ------> anten Ciphering l 1 dng m ha d liu tng tnh bo mt khi truyn, c nhiu kiu ciphering v nh mng s ch th cho MS dng kiu m ha ciphering no. Cc bn cn phn bit vi phn Speech Coding bi c vi Ciphering. Speeching coding phn trn nhm bo v cc bt thoi, gip phc hi khi c li v ni chung l nhm m bo cht lng thoi u nhn. Cn ciphering l dng m ha bo mt. GMSK th iu ch s, cc bn c th tm sch ni thm v phn ny. Mnh ch xin ni qua loa t (tht s cng ko hiu su phn ny hehe, chm gi t). Ta thy d liu ta hin ti l dng s 101010101.. nh vy th lm sao truyn ra c ngoi khng kh. Th iu ch s c th hiu nm na l s dng tn hiu tng t quy nh cho cc bt s, v mt vt l th sng truyn trong khng kh l tn hiu tng t. Sau iu ch s th ti Anten khuch i ri bn i. Tt c cc bc ny nu map qua bn m hnh OSI th nm tng vt l ht. Nh vy ta thy thoi

nhy v c x l tng vt l ri bn ra ngoi lun. Ch tn hiu bo hiu (signalling) mi i theo m hnh OSI nh sau.

y l m hnh bo hiu t MS -> BTS -> BSC -> MSC. Phn ny s c ni pha sau khi i v phn tch tng lp. Lu l bo hiu s i qua m hnh nh vy cn thoi th c th coi l i thng ti lp vt l ri i ra anten lun. Tr li vi cc Burst ca GSM. Th cu hi t ra l trong 1TS = 156.25 bit = 0.577 ms c gi l 1 cum d liu hay l 1 Burst, vy bo hiu v thoi th burst ging nhau hay khc nhau, c bao nhiu loi burst c s dng trong GSM. C tng cng 5 burst vi nh dng khc nhau cho nhu mc ch s dng khc nhau - NORMAL BURST: y l burst dng cho knh thoi (tt nhin, trn mi phn tch m) v hu ht tt c cc knh bo hiu, ch tr 1 s t trng hp t na s bt lin .

+ Tail bits: 3 bit u v 3 bit gn cui, nh du u burst v cui burst. Chnh xc th y l thi gian khi ng v tt nng lng dnh cho vic truyn 1 burst. V thi gian ny = thi gian truyn 3 bit nn c 1 s ti liu s ni cc bit ny gi tr lun = 0. + Coded Data: 2 x 57 bit, c th l d liu thoi nh bi trn phn tch hoc d liu bo hiu + Stealing bit: 1 + 1 bit. Tr li vi kin thc a khung th i vi 26 khung TCH th gia lun c 1 khung dnh cho d liu bo hiu SACCH. Khung ny nhm mc ch khi ta ang tr chuyn th t ca ta lun o cng sut cng nh cht lng tn hiu v gi ln mng th lc ny 2 bit stealing flag s bt ln 1. Bn cnh Stealing Flag cng bt ln 1 khi mn bin TCH thnh FACCH trong trng hp khn cp 1 truyn bo hiu (v d handover chng hn). SACCH l nh k, cn FACCH l khn cp. + Training Sequence Code hay cn gi tt l TSC. Nh hnh ta thy n ni l dng trong trng hp tn hiu b hiu ng a ng v c 8 kiu trong GSM. Ci ny tht s mnh cng ch hiu nh vy cn c th n khc phc hiu ng a ng nh th no th ko r. Bn no bt c th pt ln nha. + Guard bit: l bt bo v, trnh chng lp gia 2 khung lin tip nhau. Nh th ny, ng l cc khung c ng b thi gian v m bo truyn trn TS n c cp. V d nh MS1 chy TS1, MS2 chy TS2. Nhng trn thc t lun c s tng i no nn trnh vic chng TS ngi ta phi 1 on bit ny, mang ting c gi l bit nhng thc t th y l thi gian ngh, ko truyn tn hiu v thi gian ny ngi to bng thi gian truyn 8.25 bit. Ch y ko phi bt tn hiu g c. - SYNCHRONIZATION BURST:

+ Dng cho knh SCH ng b gia MS v mng + Tail, Guard bit th ging cm Normal + SCH data y l s khung hin ti (Frame Number) trong 1 Hyper Frame, nh n MS s bt mnh thi im ca Frame no, Timeslot no. Ngoi ra SCH data cn c thng tin v trm BTS n ng nhn. + Extended Trainning Sequence: n ging nhau vi tt c BTS, iu ny gip MS c th phn bit y l h thng GSM nu c 1 ngun pht cng tn s ny. - ACCESS BURST

+ Dng trn knh RACH. u tin MS lng nghe FCH iu chnh tn s, tip lng nghe SCH ng b khung TDMA vi mng, tip na lng nghe BCCH bt ton b thng tin v mng. Sau n s gi yu cu ln mng qua knh RACH v sa dung cm ACCESS BURST ny. + Data y l l do MS thit lp kt ni trn mng: attach v mng, cp nht v tr, thit lp cuc gi ... + Guard time y rt di > 68 bit. Ci ny s lin quan n 1 khi nim l Timing Advance (TA) Access Burst

C 68.25 guard time, v trong trng hp khi MS mi attach v mng hoc mi handover qua cell khc chng hn th khong cch gia MS v BTS l cha xc nh c nn khi truyn s khng ng b v c kh nng chng ln ln TS rt cao.

Trn thc t, mc d cc MS c ng b khung TDMA vi nh mng nhng do khong cch mi MS ti BTS l khc nhau nn cc MS xa hn phi pht trc 1 khong thi gian. Khong thi gian ny ph thuc vo khong cch xa hay gn, cng xa cng pht trc. V d c nhm hn tp trung i chi ti cng ng a trng Khoa Hc lc 4h. Bn A bn cnh trng th ng 4h i cng kp lc. Bn B bn Bc Sng Hng th phi i lc 3h30 th mi qua ti trng kp 4h. Bn C ngoi Sa th i trc c ting mi ti kp 4h. Tng t nh vy, cc MS pht tn hiu trc 1 khong thi gian kp lc vi TS trong khung TDMA gi l timing advance. Vy vi 68.25 guard bit ny th khong cch ti a cho php MS ng b c l bao nhiu ? Ta c 1 TS = 156.25 bit = 0.577 ms --> tc truyn 1 bit mt = 0.577 / 156.25 = 0.00369 ms = 3.69 us (micro second) --> thi gian truyn 68.25 bit = 68.25bit x 3.69us = 252 us Sng truyn vi vn tc nh sng v = 3.10exp8 m/s Khong cch ti a l S = v x t = 3.10exp8 x 252 us = 75.6 Km Lu y mnh ch ni v cu hnh c bn thi nghen, v vi mt s BTS c nhng feature m rng cho php m khong cch phc v ln >100km. Tr li 75.6 km, vy khong cch ti a cho BTS lc ny l 75.6 km m MS vn ng b c l ng ko. SAI Chng ta phn tch k thm t na

Gi s ta c 1 MS v tr cch BTS khong cch 75.6 km th lc ny BTS gi burst Syn trn knh SCH cho MS thng bo v Frame number v BSIC (ci ny l thng tin v trm BTS). Th thi gian s mt 252 us

Lc ny MS mi bt u gi cm ACCESS theo knh RACH ln BTS, v n cng mt thi gian 252us n c BTS

Vy tng cng thi gian ng b b tr ln ti 504us ch ko phi 252us u nha S bit b tr s = 68.25 x 2 = 136.5 bit Vy khong cch ti a phc v cho BTS m bo ng b c l = 75.6 / 2 = 37.8 km Trong GSM, ngi ta ly chun l 35km. V sao 35km m ko phi 37.8km p con ? Nh ta bt timing advance (TA) l thi gian yu cu MS truyn sm hn c th ng b khung TDMA c. v TA do h thng BSS ch th xung cho MS sau khi nhn c ACCESS burst. V lc ny n tnh c tr v khong cc ca MS so vi BTS roi. N tnh nh sau. BSS = BTS + BSC nghen p con.

BSS da vo thi gian tr khi n nhn bit u tin ca dy Synch trong cm ACCESS m MS gi ln. Nh tnh ton trn 1 bit = 3.69 us

Trong BSS n s lu gi tr TA cho mi thng MS, c 1 bit tr TA tng ln 1. V quy nh BSS gi tr TA MAX l 63 tng ng tr 63 bit (khc 68.25 bit) nn khong cch chnh xc chun y l 35 km ch ko phi 37.8 km. TA rt quan trng v nh ta thy Normal Burst ch 8.25 guard bit nn nu mt ng b th kh nng chng lp TS l rt cao. Gi tr li vi a khung 26 TCH, lun c knh SACCH gia a khung mc ch ngoi cng sut, cht lng tn hiu th cn qun l TA khi ang gi t MS lun ng b vi mng c. Vy l xong phn ACCESS Burst v Timing Advance - FREQUENCY CORRECTION BURST

+ Dng knh FCCH, gip MS c th iu chnh bt chnh xc tn s ca knh BCCH + Tail v guard nh normal burst + Data = 142 bit ton gi tr 0. Vi dy bit ton 0 th khi a v b Mod/Demod GMSK th s cho ta 1 tn hiu tng t c tn s + 67.7 Khz so vi BCCH. Mnh ch bt nh vy thi, chc phi c li

GMSK mi hiu r c - DUMMY BURST

, ace no bt th pt ln nha.

+ Mt loi dnh cho bo hiu nh trn, c dng trong cc Idle TS trong 51 khung bo hiu (ko hiu v sao c IDLE TS na) + Mt loi c cu trc nh Normal Burst nhng ko mang thng tin, dng trong ch truyn DTX khi ang thoi DTX = discontinoulsy transmit DTX l 1 feature. Khi trong cuc thoi nu tn hiu thoi ko ln, gi s ta im lng chng hn th MS s truyn bng nhng burst Dummy ny vi cng sut rt nh tit kim pin cho MS.