71056 -

* !

'
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 71056 -

* !

-Yersinia pestis , , .
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 71056 -

* !

smallpox
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 71056 -

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 71056 -

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.2 . .
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 71056 -

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:
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 71056 -

* !

.mRNA mRNA- ,
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 71056 -

* !

-
~ 15nm
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 71056 -

* !

:

S-Layer

.
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 71056 -

* !

flagellae -

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SASPs - small acid soluble spore proteins,

10

 71056 -

* !

" , ,
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4
.
2-.
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-.
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250 , DnaA (DnaB) DNA helicase
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11

 71056 -

* !

:
) - (budding .

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.
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X = n .2n .
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= N0
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12

 71056 -

* !

.
. , "" ,
.

CONTINUOUS CULTURE

, , .
. .

.
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*
*
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:

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- .
." '.
.

VBNC

)(

.
, .
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Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax
Bacillus cereus causes food poisoning

Clostridium tetani causes tetanus

Clostridium botulinum causes botulism
Clostridium perfringens causes food poisoning and gas gangrene

Clostridium difficile causes antibiotic-induced diarrhea

iarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis

13

 71056 -

* !

' 5
.
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.2 .

:

.
o .
, .
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lac " " .
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o ' .' ATP ,
. . - .
. , . ' .
.

14

 71056 -

.2

* !

' , 20 , 0-.
) (

) (
: 20 C
: 15C
: ) 0C (

,
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:




.
.(AFP) Anti freez proteins
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% - Ser, Thr, Asn Gln

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)( , .
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:

ATP NADH

.
) (

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.

pH

pH -
pH .
pH - pH .
pH - /
.

15

 71056 -

.3

* !

pH - ,
.
pH pH - )( ,

.

o :
pH .0.1 - 5.4
.
.
.
. ,
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pH.
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.
: , , , , , , compatible solutes
: ,
.
.
.
, .K+ -.

, .
.
:

, :
, .
.
Dunaliella :
. 0.5-20%

: .
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) ,(A .
o
o

' .

16

 71056 -

.4

* !

) (
- ,
-
-
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:
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,1956 .
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)(V
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17

 71056 -

* !

, '
'.
, ' , , '.
E0 )(
)( .
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- .
.

) ( . 32kj/mole
ATP -
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ATP
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2-:
.1 ' . - , ATP
. .
NADH ' ' , '
) ( . -
ATPase -ATP . .ATPase- .ATP
, ATP '.
.
' .

18

 71056 -

* !

. , . ,
,
. , ,
.
.
, . 38' ATP
.
Fermentation
, -
. . , ATP
.
substrate level phosphorylation ATP

- .oxidative phosphorilation ATP

'.
.1 .
.Streptococcus, Lactobacillus

, , , ,.
P.A -----> Lactic Acid
.2
, ,.
P.A -----> Ethyl alcohol
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E. coli, Enterobacter
ATP ADP ATP
.
.

-
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' . ' '

)( . .

.

.
.
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-' ' . .
,2 , '
) . ' '(.
' .
' .
:
H2S, S, S2O3-, Fe2+
.
1 . ' .NADP+

19

 71056 -

* !

"


50% : , , , ,
....

-

CO2
.
.

. ' .ATP
- ) A -(.
" ) ( , ) ( , .
. .
) "(

:
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.2 )(
:
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:
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ATP

.

,E. coli :
.
: , , , CO2
) (NO3- )(NO2-
/Rhodobacter sp. -.
:
.1
.2 CO2 + H2 +
.3 CO2 +H2S +
.4 CO2 + H2 + O2 -
.5 O2 +
.6 NO3- +
.7 "
' ," ' .

20

 71056 -

* !

, ,
.
)(e- donors
)( e- acceptors

- !
' ' .
3.4.11
' - 7

:
: .
: ) ,( " )(
:
:
) :(syntrophy - ) (
" . , .
:
.
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.
, .
.

" H2
.
H2 - .ATP
2 , ) (
S.
S- organism
- Methanobacterium bryntii ' ' . .
Geobacter metallireducens , )(FeIII
.
' , ' .
) (
.


.
.



. ' ' .

21

 71056 -

* !

.
- , .
.
. , "
. .
) (
) (.
CO2
CO2 ) ( .
" " .
CO2.
, .
CO2 .

:
o CO2
)(
,
CO2
, .
o CO2
" ,
.ATP
,
CO2" ,

.
o CO2
" )
(
,ATP
" ,CO2
CO2"
"
,
.
) ( 2
).(CH4
?
, .
. ' " ' .
- CO2 ," ' . .
methanotrophs :
, Methanogens : .
CO2
.
, ,.

22

 71056 -

* !

. 9-12 , pH .7 5.5
.
CO2.
' , CO2 .
:
" H2 CO2
' ) ( , .
) (.
methanotrophs :
Methanogens :
.
. .
: :MMO / ,
, NADH
.ATP

:
.1 " .
.2- )= " (.

1 .
:
NH3 : NO2 .

-CO2 .

2 :

.
' .ATP
. ' .
.

23

 71056 -

* !

.

Denitrification /
, .

.
90-

. :
Anammox
.
.
. .

.
: .

. "
,
.
: , .
. .

.
) (-2 )(+6
.
:10.4.11

.1 . . CO2 : .
.2 , ' . ' ' ,
) ' (ATP
' .
3 ) 6(:
.1
. , .
" ) 1
2 (.
.2 . .
. .
ATP .
.
.3- - . -
. , , .

24

 71056 -

* !

'
, - ,
.
?
.
.
,
, .
pH- .
) (
.
, . )( .
.
).(k
" .
: .
. , " ,
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)( ,
)( )-( . .

) ( "" : . ,
, .
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)-( . 3 :
, ) -( , .
. .
, .
: .
. " " , "
, -.
NH3 . - -2
. .- " NH3.
- " -
2 , -
2 ? , .
, .
,
.

, , .
, , .

25

 71056 -

* !

GDH ATP GOGAT .ATP ?

ATP-
:GOGAT
:GDH
--? .

. .
" .
. , .
?
.
: , ,
. .
.
.
- :
) N2 ( NH3- 500 , 500 , .
) ( ,
. )( .

. .
) ( .
=.
' .
. . ? .
. ).(ATP

' , .
' , ' , ' .N2

: .
' .N2
-.
' ' . - . .
- , - ) FeMo
( .N2
NIFK- 2- . .
, - ." 20 .
= NifK, .
= NifD, .

Acetylene Reduction Assay

, (C2H2) acetylene /ethylene /

) .(C2H4 .
, , , .

26

 71056 -

* !

1.5.11
?
C:N .
C:N , , , 3 .
.
:
. "
)( " .
" .
.
.
, . ,
)( , .
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.
, .
:
. , .
2 .
.
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FISH . .
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:
, , .
) ( .
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AMNE-2
80% , "
.
, .
16 ATP .
.
. ,
, 20% ,
, .
. ,
, . .
. ,
.
. , , , .
. .
, .
. .
,
.
* ,
)( .
.
, , ,
, - Protein = N x 6.25:

27

 71056 -

* !

: - , . :

GOGAT/GS-.GDH-
. .ATP- NifH,

NifK, NifD- Fe, S .Mo -

.
:
.
. , 3
. .
- , .
- .
.
,
.
. ' ' ' -
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) ( .
, .

, .
2- .
:
.
.
. ,
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) ( .
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: .
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, .
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Nod ,LCO / ,
, .
Nod C Nod B . Nod A . , H ,Q ,P
.
Nod - , .
. .

, - )' -(.
.
' .
" .
) , ( , .
-

28

 71056 -

* !

- 10 -
.

.
"" ) ( "" ) (.
" - "".
: , :
- ) ( .

, .

, .

- .
:
.

) (

) . , - (
. .
. , - ,
.

. 400- .
80% .
-:
:

, .
, ) (
, .
.
Ectomycorrhiza
) (

).(Hartigs net
, .
.
.
:
Endomycorrhiza
. ).(Glomales
) (invagination . .
.
, , .
, .
.
, .
, .
.
:
,
) (,

29

 71056 -

* !

, .
.
.
, , ,
.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a high-tech disease
:

, , .
, , . 2-' :
) , ( ,
, . ,
. ) ( ,
, / .
.
:
.
. .
The gut microbiome

~ 1000 < 90% , 100
2' :
) (firmicutes Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Bacillus
)(Bacterioidetes

) (...

, .
.

.

""
.
) (.
, .
: , .
, .
- Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , .241
, .
100- , .
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
) ,(. ? ) ( , . . : . H2-) CH4-(.
, .
"" ) ( .

30

 71056 -

* !

-
- - , .

, , , .
, , .
, .
.

. , . .

)( )(.
- Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus :
, . .
. ,
. .
.
, .
. , .
, , ,
.
11

.
, .
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" " , ." 55 , -
-- ) (--- ) ( --- ---: , ,, )( , )( ....

, " ) ( , .

- , :2-
.1 - , . . ,
-.
.2 , . ,
, -.
.
-

31

 71056 -

* !

: .
" .
.
: . 2 :
.1 .
.2 , , .
"
.
.
)Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC
.

...
"... , ,
.

, .
. .
- : 16S-
.
- mRNA-" " .
DNA- .DNA- DNA-
.
" - DNA gyrase ) . " (
DNA- . .
.

- , - .
. .
.
. .
) PBP-( , , . .
.

.1 : ; ) (; ) 50%
(
.2

.1 ) .(inactivation : - " - ) '(
.2 . : ) PBP- '(.
)(
.3 . : ' )(
.4 " : /
. .

32

 71056 -

* !

?
.
.1 :, , , , , .
.2 : ,.
.3 :DNA insertion sequences, transposable elements ,
.
3 " :
.1 . .
.2 " ) (
.3

' - 12 -

) /( )(
) - (Disease .
)( .
" ,
) (virulence
?

ID50: Infectious dose for 50% of the test population

)( 50%
LD50: Lethal dose for 50% of the test population

)( 50%

50%
100% .
, .



)(
.

)(Primary infection

) (Secondary infection .

: -

nosus - :nosocomial , komeion -

.
) (
.
15% -
- !
) (Inapparent or subclinical infection
-
,
.
Typhoid Mary :
Salmonella typhi

33

 71056 -

* !

Typhoid mary-
" . .

) ,Tony Labella , 122- ""

(.

2 .

.
23

.North Brother Island -

) - (Acute ) (

) - (Chronic , ,

) - (Latent

) - (Pandemic
) -(Epidemic
) - (Sporadic

/

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: ,.
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o/ .
o , ,
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.
o 2:
,slime layer -.
, , .
.
!

) LPL--(

receptor therapy
Escherichia coli , MS ,.MR-
E-coli ,
E-coli
- .

34

 71056 -

* !

, .
- ) ( ," , -.
, " . :
. (BME) Bacterial mediated endocytosis " .

o , .
o .
Invasins/Internalins :

:
.1 " TTS
.2 "
. ,
.
2:
.1 .
.2 .

" .
(T-DNA) DNA
).(opines-
" .
:

 Transcytocis

, , !
.
.

:
):(Collagenase
ECM
):(Hyaluronidase

, ) ECM .(
, .
) (

:
cell wall-degrading enzymes - CWDE

) (Toxins
) (Virulance factors -
) (Toxin :
) :(Toxigenicity
) :(Toxemia
) :(Toxoid
- ) :(Antitoxin

35

 71056 -

* !

:2-- ,-.
Exotoxins .1 .

, .

LD50

1" Clostridium botulinum 1

: :

1,300

3
.1
.2
.3

:
Cytotoxins
Neurotoxins
Enterotoxins )( -

A-B toxin (Type III) III

A B .B A . , .
type II toxins - II
:
. "
:Leukocidins
:Hemolysins
MRSA
, .
, .
.
:
.
type I toxins - I
Superantigens -

, ,
:
.1
.2 - T , T - ,
. , ,
) (.
Endotoxin

LD50 ) (

:
RTX


.
:
-
) ( , , , ,

36

 71056 -

* !

3 :
" .1" .
.2 :
.
.3

Staphylococcus aureus :
) (SOD, CAT "

.

, , .

- 13
: ).(Krebs
: : ,
) (
. 50% . 10 .
.
: !
. .
, .
. .16S rRNA ,
. .

37