'

'

2010

3 .................... ................................ ................................ ................................
5 ................. ................................ ................................
7 ........................................ ................................ ................................
8 ..................................... ................................ ................................
12 ...................................... ................................ ................................
13 ......................................... ................................
17 .............................. ................................ ................................
19 ................................. ................................ ................................
22 ............ ................................ ................................
28 ....................................... ................................ MICROBAL GROWTH -
36 ................................. ................................ ................................
40 ....................................... ................................ ................................
' 48 ......................... ................................ ................................
56 ............................. ................................ ................................
, 63 .................... ................................ ................................
65 ..................................... ................................ ................................
67 .............................. ................................ ................................

2

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3
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5
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6

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,

. .
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.
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.
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tetrads
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staphylococci .sarcinae
,
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,
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( .)
,

.

7


,
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.

.
20-80
,
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.
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. -,
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,
.
- .
.

:
( )NAG ( .)NAM NAM
4-5 .
, . , ,
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8
 , ,
.
?

.Sacculos
Bacillus"
Sacculos- ,NAG ,NAM,
L-alanine (D-alanine
()
.
,Diaminopimelic acid .D-Glutamic acid -
NAM- ,NAG- -
)Phospoenolpyruvate( PEP
( -O) .
.L-lysine
( .)cross linkage
,
D-Ala
DAP ( ,
) . D-Ala , L-lys
interbrige .Gly
- .D-Ala- D-Ala

9
 ,
. ( ).

-lactam
-lactam , .
D-Ala -D-Ala -
- . -lactam -
.
(.(Penecillin Binding Protein
Bactoprenol -
NAM NAG -
. .bactopernol -
, . -
. .
() .

10
 UDP .1 NAM - NAG - [ NAG- ( UDP-
) UDP-NAM -" ].
.2 UDP-NAM - ,Pentapeptid
. ATP- tRNA-.
.3 NAM pentapeptide - UDP
.
.4 NAG NAM - .
glycyl-tRNA
- .
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( -) . -
.
.6 " "
.
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NAM .
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.
.
( ) .
.
( .
) . :
Lipoteichoic acid .1 , .
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.

.
40-70% - .
,
.
.

, .
,

.

11

.

: .
:
.1 ( , ).
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,pores .
,
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-.
Acid Fast Staining
: .Mycobacterium
( mycolic acid ) .
. mycolic acids -
. ?
:
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mycolic acid
.
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.
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:
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Non-acid fast cells o .

( Negative Staining )
, - . .
.

12


.
.
, ( ,)LPS .
() , .
Braun's lipoprotein
.
, Adhesion protein .
, ,
. .

(
) .
. adhesion sites
(
) , ,
.
, ' .

- .

13

(LPS) Lipopolysaccharides
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)polysaccharide .O
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40- ,

" .
,
(
).
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"
,KDO
.
A
, 10-16 - .
. , A
,1 A -
.
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A ( ) , " .A

- Toxoid
() . ("
) "

-
.

(
.) Bti:
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( ) . .
( ) ,
. .

1 - - . -
.
14


. 1
( 600-700) ,
.
-lactam . .
sheet .
,
E-coli .
, .
LB

, . ,
LB .
( ) , ' .
.
osmotic lysis
,2 ,
, ( " ) .
. "
. NAM( NAG NAG,(NAM
. ,
.
.

. ( ),
- ( -) .
NAM ,NAG- .
.
Plasmolysis
,
, . ,
" .
.

2 - , -,
-.

15
 ? :
,
.
EDTA ,
.
.
, .
( , ).
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.
(') . ,
"" .
(" ," , , ,Protein -Binding ,
, ,
).
exoenzymes ,
,
( . .)

.
.1 ' 37 , .
.2 ' 15 .Osmotic lysis -
.
.3 .
.4 - ()
.
, .
- , , .
,
. .
,. ' ,
, . , ,
- .

16


,
. DNA

.
:
.1 .
.2 \ .
.3 .
.4 ().
.5 .
Molecular Stains
, , , .
. .
(
.Green Flouresent Protein (GFP) -

, ,
.
.
. .
.

:
.1
.

.
.2 .
.3
, (
, ).

17

,
.
.
bilayer-
. , -
. ,
12-18 . "
.
. .
. -
. ,
. ,
.

( , ,' ') . , .
. E-coli
. :
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) . '
.
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'
,
' .
'
' ' .
.
,
' .

- , " .
- , -
.
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. : .
25 75 : , . Fluid mosaic model
,
. .

18
 , , ,
, ' . ,
- .
, - .
, ,
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. " ,
.


.
.
.

. 55

.
., ,
.

. .
.
-
. .

, .
. .
, .
7 .
.

, ( permease ) .
, , .
. , .

,
.
, ,
,

19
 - - . ,
. -
( ,) .
( <) .
Uniporter ::Channel Proteins -

. ATP
- PMF-Proton -
.Motive Force
:
antiporter , ,PMF
,
.
symporter ,
. .

Group Translocation
- . (
)...-6- ,

6 .
ATP Binding Cassette -ABC transporters
, . ATP
. ,
( )
- ( ) .
20
 - 4-5 .
, ATP ( )
,ATP . - .

, , ,
. .
.

21


-
. . .
.

ATP

. .

Oxygenic Anoxygenic

,
,
. ( . ) ,
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.

.
. . .

22
 ? ?
,
. , .
, ( ) .ATP-
, , ,
- , .
,
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, , , ,,
'.
.
( )
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, .
.
-
. . .
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- , (.)Fe3+ Fe2+
-
. . .
- ( .) ..

-
. , . .
, - ,
() , (
) , .
- . - .
- .
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.
- .
.
23

, ,' ' . ,
.
, ,
. '
( 98.5%!) , .

. . ,M9 .LB
.
M9 .
( ) .
PKa pH NaCl .
( NH4Cl . ) .
. , , , .
,
. . ,
, M9 ,
, , .

24

-

.E

E

E

\

.
- .
- .
.
()E.coli
ATP
(
)
, ,
-
. CO2

.



.

( PMF) .
,
ATP

25
 .
E.coli
4000 , 50% 2000 ,
,ATP .

- .
. " ," .Assembly -

, . ,
( .)Fermentation
, .
: , , , -).
()N
.
(:)NH3

. , Litotrophic oxidation
- .

26
 " .
,
.
Rock Eaters
.
- .
-Sulfur bacteria - .
.
.Fe3+ Fe2
- , .
ATP" .
:NHDPH Fe3+ Fe2- NADP+ .PMF

. ,

. ,
. .
.
Oxygenic
. ,
NADPH . .
,
. .
Bacteriorohdopsin
, - ( ).
:
.
, ,
. " -"
.

27
 Microbal Growth -
" " , .
- .
- .
Coenocytic : .
. ( .. )
. .
" . ,
, .
. :

.
.
.
" , , "
. .

() ,
. .

FACS


CFU

, .
, ,"
.

(avgb.acteria A#) =A ..
C : ,
V
.
: .

28

, . ,
,
.
: , .
: .

"
-
.
.
.
,
.

-Colony Forming Units -CFU - (
) . .
- .
.
: , .
: .

- , . .
- " ,
. -
.

,
( ) .
-
.
.
: , .
: .

29

,
. . "
change in mass or cell number
Growth Rate .
time
. -
. .2n

( ) ,
- .
.
, , .
.

Lag phase
. :
,ATP , '.
. "" .
" \\ ' .
, .
, , - '
.
Lag- .
- .
, , . lag - :
-Lag I
-Lag II , OD - .
30
 Exponential phase
, ,' ,
.
.


.
- , .

-G -t ,-n , -C0 , -Cn , .
t t
G G
C n
) 3.3 log( n
C0
Cn C0 *2n

dN
change in number of cells per time N t
dt
represents the specific growth rate-the absolute growth rate per number of cells present.
2
N t N 0e t ln

average generation time
. < , < .
.
,
. , - .

31
 OD - . :E-coli

-Lag I .1 - .
-Lag II .2 , ,
," ' , .
.3 - .
.4 - , .
" ( - (I, C & D

, , .
.5 . -
.
.6 , ,
( )I -
.
.
.7 - - .
, -
-OD , .
.
.8 -
. - ,
.

32
 ,
.
,
, RNA .DNA
.
RNA DNA , .
16 .
.
shift up
,

, DNA ,RNA ,
. C- D -
, "
shift up "
. (
,)B ",
" , shift up . ,
.
.

." :1957 ,
" . ,
( - ,
")* . .
. DNA'.
-Steady state growth
. ,
. .

-X .
-N .
' X-
.N-
Xav - X .N
,
.

33
 -
,
,
., -
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
.
,
- .
,
( ).

-Yield
, , -
. -
.

- .
,
- - .
- ,
.

, . -
, - .

34
 Steady State ?


- .

-
.turbidostat
-
(
) . .
. -
.
,
.
. " . .
. .
- Chemostat
.
- .
,
.

Turbidostat :Chemostat
.1 Turbidostat .
.2 .
.3 .

35

:
.1 - .
.2 .DNA
.3 - .

( .)
-A
.
-B
, .
.

,
. -
.
OD

OD .
- .
.
- : " , ' .
. " ,
.
- .
membrane elution .
-BABY MACHINE o - ?

. ( ) ,
- .
.

36
 ?
.
,
.
" " ".
" .
:
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.
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.
.2 -C - " 40( .)
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- .
, I .
- -
E.Coli 20 60 .
.
. C D -
, I .

37
 E.Coli 70:
( 70) ,
" . .

30:

38
 DNA - .
. - "
" , "" ? ( )Mi ORI . : ORI
.

39



.
.

,
. 20
.
Sahachiro Hata .
1935 .

, " ' , , 30
. " .
,
. ,
, .
- .
,
. , .

- ,
.
-Therapeutic Dose .
-Toxic Dose .
-Therapeutic index - (
- ).

40

- .1
-.
.2 - .

, -
. '
- .

.

- .
, .
( OD) .


. -
.OD

, .
.
. .
50-60 2000
. ,
.

.1 .
.2
.
.3 -

.
.4 - ,
.
( ) -
. .
.

41
 Meta-genomics
( ) .
, , .E.Coli - ,
. , .
" . ,
, .

. ,
. .
- ,
. - .
. " .
.
?
-Minimal inhibitor concentration -MIC
-.
-Minimal lethal concentration MLC .
2 4 .MIC -
- .
MICMLC -

, 16-20 .
.MIC -
, .LB
- . ,
MLC - .
Disk diffusion test
, ,
. .

.1 - -
.
.2 - - . .
.3 - - - .
.4 - .
.
.

42
 A+TAT
.
- ( )AT
.
,
. ,

.

.
.
. .
- .
, . -
.
- - , .
. .
- - .
, .
( Vmax Km).
.
. , ,
( ) - . ,
.
- - . ,
, - . ,
, .
- 90% ""
( )
(
).

-
.
MIC ( ).

43

Telithromycin: Antipneumococcal Activity
.
. . .
MIC - 24( . .)

,
-X( .
, - , - ) . 4
CFU .
24 ( .)CFU -
OD - ,
.
, .

MIC - .
, , .

.1 - ,
.
.2.
.3 - ,.
.4 - - .
.5 - .

44

()Sulfa-drugs
- .
(
).
,PABA -
.

\
- .
.interbridge-

.
- .
, Cross-link - ' .

, ,
. -
.


"
.mRNA .


, () 30 S
tRNA - . .

, .50S -
.
, .
( )
, 30S -
tRNA . .

" . .
, . .

45

" -
' . .
.
?
. - .
.

.1 .
.2 .
.3 ( MIC - ,
, ').
( ,)

.
( .
" " .

.1 .
.2 .
.3 . .
.4 - .
.5 -
.

.1 ( )
.2 .

. .

. -
.

.
- .

, .

46

-lactam

. ,
Hollings -
.
( )murein hudrolases

.

. .
- , ( ."

).
.
.
.
-enhancer"
.
.
'.
?
- (! .)
-.
. ..

47
 '
' .
?
-.
,
.

- .
0.1-0.4.
.
?
.
, .
?
,
, " " ,
.
,
, () , ,
, .

, . DNA RNA
. ( .)capsid
. ,pH - , ,.
" . .
RNA ,DNA DNA
, RNA
.
, .
- .
-
. ( )
. .
- +.
' , ,
. ,
- .

48
 TMV - ,
RNA "
, RNA
.
,
.
.
.

()Bacteria ()Viruses
()DNA ()RNA /DNA
2-0.5
300-20
(

)


(
( ) )

. ( )
. .
.

. . .

, .
:
.1
(
) , -
.
.2
,


.
.
, .
.
.

49
 : " ,budding - -
- . -
- .

-'
,
. ':
.1' () ' " .
.2 () - , '
. '
. '.
' .

' '

'
.1-' .
.2 ' .'
, '
. , ' . ,
,early genes . ,"
" ' .

50
 ' . ,late genes
. , , ' .
- - '( .
' ' ).

' T
T2 DNA- ,
- . ,
.

' .
' , .
.
( ).
.
'.
' - , '.
'.

- .

51
 'One Step Growth-

' ,
. ?
.
' . Plaque assay
' , .
' . '
.'
' , " ' . PFU- Plaque
PFU( forming units + Infected Centers-' ) .
PFU- PFU
. ' '
, .
Burst time .
Burst size ' - ' ' .
, '
. ' .

. -
PFU

-IC

- ' .

52
 One Step Growth -
-Latent Phase PFU -
OD " -
OD .
-Eclipsed .Eclipsed - '
. , "
' , .
Latent
'.
PFU -Rise Phase - .
-Plateau Phase . PFU .
"" ( ) ( .
.) ..
' , eclipsed .
- .eclipsed
' '
( )Y ( .)X
',
'
(
). ECLIPSE- '
,
.
( )
' ,
( ) . '
.
. , ' 100
' , 100' - .

' ( ' - )
E.coli ,
. .
' - .
. Burst time -
, latent - " . -
' . '.
53

( ) Latent period - Burst time - .
' .
. ' '
. ' .
' . .
. .DNA

' - ( ' .)P1
'
' ( , ') ' " ,
48Kbp .sticky ends " . -
, . '
( " ) . ' ' -
. . CRO : ,
CI .

" "
CI

CI OR3 OR2 OR1 CRO

( CI ) OR1 OR2 - .OR3 - CI-

OR1 OR2 - CRO .
OR3 .CI
.
' . ' -
. ORI .
' ,' - Gal ,Bio -
Attachment sites - .
.
' , .' " , "
. - .
' .
" .
-stress ( )
UV ' - -
rolling circle . RecA .,
- - ,
54
 . , ' . early genes -
( .cos - '
- .)

,
wild type - ., His-
His+ .
- , , .
.

- ' -P1" " ' (

) . ' ,rolling circle -
" " ' - ' ' .
" ' .
55


, " .
-R plasmids ,R Factor - .
:
.1
.2
.3.
- .
.
. , ,
,
.
R1 plasmid
, .


. .
Col plasmid

.E.Coli .
-
' .
,
.
"

( DNA ) " .
. -
( ) .
,
.
.
" -
.
-
. , E.Coli ,
.

56
 - , ! ,
.
?
( Pilus)
Pilus
.
F+ ""
- F ,
. F -
.F+ F+ F-
. .rolling circle -
Pilus F .
, ,
.F+

Hfr Conjugation- High frequent of recombination

. F
- F+ ( Hfr -) . , Hfr . F-
Hfr , .F- -
rolling cycle- .F ,
90-100 . . -
F , ( ) . ,

57
 ,F- ( )
- .F+

, E.Coli . .,
.
( ) . , 8 , -
. E.Coli - 100 -.

58
 'F
F . , (
) , ' .F , F-
.F' -

DNA . ,
-DNA
.competent cell
- "

. ,
.
- ,
.,
DNA binding protein
" - " . , competent
specific proteins " .
. " ()stable transformation
(.)unsuccessful transformation

" -
,
.
30-60 . ,
".

59

' . ' ,
- ( )Virulent bacteriophages
(.)Temperate bacteriophage
' " ,"
- ( ) . ,
' . , '
- ' ( .)prophage ( )
.
:
.1 - ' ," '
, " . '
" ' " .
' - "
.

.2 - ' . '
' . '
.'
' " . '
" :
.I -" '.
.II ' .

60

, .
.
, .
, .
( .) ..

,
. ,

.
.wt
' F . .
- ( ).

Cross Feeding
, .
. - .

B A - , .
C - .

61
 sup . -
( ).
() 2 Y B , 3 Y A
. 1 - .Y, A,B .

62
 ,
.
. :
.
.
.
- .
- .
o .
.
o
.
." "" .

, .
.
,DNA DNA . ,
107.1011

( , ,
').
( )
( )
.
,
.
.

.

-
.
- -
. .
-Negative (not direct) selection - ,

63
 M9 , -
- .
() " .
-
.

( ) .
( ) .
. - -
.
.

= . " (
) . .mRNA
mRNA " - ,
- .
.
- , mRNA ,"
. ,
.
: .
( ) .
mRNA .
.
" -
.
, mRNA -.
,- .

64

3- " ( ):
Lac Z B-glacozidase
- .
-Lac Y Premease , (
) . .
-Lac A .
-Lac I - - (!) .

- ( +).
, - .
( )
.
- cAMP+ CAP ,CAP site
.
cAMP CAP -
" .CAP -"
( ) .
65
 cAMP+CAP
" ( ) ) ) leaky
.promoter

( )Lac Y - .
, .
.-glacozidase
-
- .
, .
- .
.

- .
() .
, 90- - "
.. " ,
cAMP .CAP -
"
"
.

. .
- .

. ,
, -
( ) .
. cAMP -
,cAMP + CAP , cAMP - . "
. .
.
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, .
,mRNA .mRNA
( ) .
. . mRNA
66


.
:
.1 - , .
, " - .
.
.2 - - " ".
, .
( ) .TRPR
A,B,C,D,E A B - ,
leader - .Trp-Trp -
- -mRNA leader -
tRNA .Trp tRNA stem and loop 2 ,3-
" 4 . Trp tRNA -
.
- ( 1 )Trp tRNA .
3 4- stem and loop - - -"
.

67