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2013

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https://www.dropbox.com/sh/mz70rwd75bgwe5v/S0Pb3NmfRL

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2 5..................................................................
3 12...................................................................................
- 4 15...........................................................
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7 28...............................................................................
8 34..........................................................................
- 9 42..........................................................................
10 47................................................................................
-11 ' 51.................................................................
12 56....................................................................

2
1
50% ".
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DNA . 50% , .


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.

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Cocus

Rods

Sprilium

5
Diplocucus

- Streptococus

Tetracocus

Staphilococus


) (

) (

,
.

.1
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- NAG N .
, -.

6
. MAG N-acetylmuramic acid - ,
.

, " G .M



: D

) DAP (
.

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, 5 : .

7

.

G ,UDP .UDP-M

M , .
, .

Bactoprenol
nol . Bactopre
M - , ,
.G
,.


, ,
. ,G-M .
-
.
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D-ala , DAP ) ( ,"
D-ala.


D-ala D-ala .
, , .

8


, .


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,
.DAP

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-- .LPS

,LPS .

LPS , .
, , , .

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9

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. , , .

11
3
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. .3

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, .
20 , 30 , 60
)?(.

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.1972

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12

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uniporter .1
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.

13
.2
.

,ATP : . .


A , B
, .
A .


, .

Group Translocation .3 +
,
.

, , , .G-6p

ABC ATP binding casette.4


. .
, . 20
.

14
) ( , .

, ATP , ,
.

15
- 4
:

- .1
ATP .2
.3

16
17
.

- :

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18

:

- Na2HPO4, KH2PO4 .
NaCl , .
NH4Cl .

, ,
.

) ( .


,.

3 :

.1
. ,
.
.2
.3

.
,
, .

19
.

, .

, .


,
- , .

, .

,ATP
.CO2

E. coli
E. coli 2000 .


, .,
, , .


, .



,
.

, ,
.


, ,ATP
.

20


, . ,
.

21
5
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22
"
.

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, .

Lag Phase
:

: : , ,ATP ,.
, , ,
. , .

, LAG , .
LAG , .

LAG:

23
LAG I .

LAG II , .DNA ,OD


.

Exponential Phase
, .

Static Phase
, , .
, , ,
, .

, , .

Death Phase
. . ,
.


. .
, , .

24
Shift up
. :


' :,
DNA RNA , .


, .
+ RNA ,
.

DNA ,
.

DNA , , .

.
.

teady state growth S


, , ,DNA .

,SS
.

XAV X/N

25

.


) (E. coli ,
.
,
. , ,
, .


,
. ,
.

Yield
,
, .

.
, ,
.

26

,
SS . :

Turbidostat .1
.

. ,
.

Chemostat .2

. ,
.

27
6
:

.1
DNA .2
.3

. ,
.

, .

OD .

.1
.
.

.2
, .
.

Baby Machine .3
,SS , .
, . ,
, .
.

:


DNA
DNA .

, -.

, .RNA , , .

DNA ,
. , .
28

G .

I . . .1
C ) 40'(. .2
D ) 20( .3

.Ori .

29
7

,20

,
,
,
.


, "" .
20 ,
"".

-.

. " , R.

, , ):para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA

PABA , ) .
(.

:
.1 PABA .
:

, , ,PABA ,
.

30
?

, .
, ,
.

, , .

:
.1
, . .2
. .3


, ,
, .

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.

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.
".
, .

.1945

, :

31
R:

?
.

?
).(G,M
M 5 , .D-ALA
, D-Ala , ,
) (DAP .

.D-Ala D-Ala
, .

,
.

32

. :


Rifampicin, Chloroquine .1
Tetracyclines; Chloramphenicol .2
Polyenes; Polymyxin .3
sulfa drugs .4
Penicillin; Vancomycin .5


, .
, .

AMPs -
, .

,AMPs , .

, , .

,
.

OD

33

MIC - Minimal Inhibitory Concentration


MLC - Minimal Lethal Concentration



.

:MIC

,
:

,
, :

, , . , .

, , .
, .

34

. 1
" .
.

, ,
.

.2
.

.3/
.

lactamase .1

.2 .

.1
/ . .2

) . ( .1
) , ( .2
) . , , .3
(


.1
, R .

.
: .

.2
.

: "" . ,
.

35
.3
,
.
, , .

.4 -

: ) (.
" .

, .1
.
.2
." ,
, .


, .

FDA :

Phase 1 - )( .

Phase 2 - )( .

Phase 3 - - .

36
8
.

E. Coli . .
. e. Coli , .
Thermotoga maritima )(70C
Lactococcus lactis
Helicobacter pylori )(pH 2-3


, 20
:

, . .1
. .2
" . .3
" , . .4

.LD50 50%
.


1013 , 1014 , ! 10

" " : , , ) (.
. 400 500 , .
.
" " .

" ".

, :3

.1
.2
.3

37
:2

.1
.2


, .

, , " " ,
.
, .

:
. .
. .
.

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.


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.

/ , , .1
.
invasion/ . .2
: .3
, , . .a
. .b


. ,
.
, .

, , .
, ""
.

. ,
.

38

) pili .(fibramine pili , .

, e. coli Type I fibramine ,D-manose


. .

,
, cilia .

invasion /
,
.
. .

Collagenase

Hyaluronidase

) Streptococcus pyogens ( Hyaluronidase


.


" , .
.

,LPS .
, , ,
.

" , .


.
.
.50%

5- ,B ,A1 .A2
A2 A1 .B
39
. , " ,
' .ER

, : ER A1
.adenylyn cyclase AC

cAMP AMP. cAMP AC


.

cAMP " .G G
.
.GTP
,AC .cAMP

" GTPase .G
, GTP ,GDP
.AC

,AC GTP GDP


, cAMP !
cAMP
.
-Cl :
+Na o
o
, .

, , .
. .

,
.


)(BTX
BTX " , ,
.

BTX
.

.

.
.

:BTX


. .
40

" ) .Clostridium tetani , (.

, .

3 :

.1
.2
) (. .3

.1
.

, .
. PH , .
, .

3 :

.1
,LPS) : ,
,'(.
" . ,
.

.2
" , .a

, . .b
Streptococcus pyogenes , . "
.
.3
" .a
PH .b
.c
cAMP ' , . .d

.2
, . .1
. .2
.3

41

.
Staphylococcus aureus , .protein A
,
.
.4
, .
:
"
.

.
)(.
) (.

,SPI-1
.
SPI-1 )""(
).Type III secretion system (TTSS

.type I, type II -
III .


.M. Tuberculosis

, .
. , 24.

.
, .

, . ,
.

42

- 1
" ) ( .
3000.

" ' . ,
'.

2

'
.
'
.

- 3 Tubercle formation


,
.


, , .

4 Tubercle
,
. , .

43

Tubercle ) .
(

44
- 5 Tubercle -

,
.

Tubercle , ,

.

M. Tuberculosis
.Acid-fast

M. Tuberculosis:

'

'

M. Tuberculosis ' , " cAMP.

45
- 9


.
.fruiting bodies
, , ,
.

, .

. Biofilms
.

- .



.1
: . , .

.2
, :
,UV , .
.


, .

, , ,
, .
.

CF
- CF , .CFTR

. , .

CF ,
.

,
.

, .

46

,
.
, , .

Cell microscopy flow


.

, , .
, .

pseusomonas
:3

.1
.2
.3

.1

, .
" .

, ," )
(.

, , . ,
.twitching motility -

.2
:

, .EPS

EPS 3 :

.1
eDNA .2
.3

EPS .
EPS .


,EPS -.
, .

" , .


.
, .

47

, EPS .
.

.3
, .

, .

,
.

bioluminescence
. " .

quorum sensing
V. fischeri .

) , ( luxA :
.and LuxB

,
490.

, ATP.
= .ATP

.
.


.
, . , .

, .
.

95% .

" .

, . ?
48
, , ,
.

. 1 , ,
" .

. 2 "" .
.AHL -

AHL ?
:

- FMN .1
.2

LUX
.FMN

AHL , .

, E. coli .

I,R
:

- LuxI
I AHL

R I
R .
.AHL

Lux I .AHL AHL . .1


, R ,TF LuxR . .2
,LuxR ,AHL , . .3

LuxR , AHL , ,
.

. .autoinducer

49
?QS
QS .

, .

50
QS
,
,
.

I,R .

.
" .
.two components system

QS , .:

EPS .1
.2
DNA .3
.4
.5

QS
QS , .CF

51
10
:

.1
.2
.3


DNA RNA " .Rna polimerase

) 2w (core .

, core .

.DNA
,
.

E. coli 6 ,
.

70 .


, " "
-10 -35 .

32
HSP's heat shock proteins

HPS :

.1' .
52
.2 .

Dnak , .ATP
.HSP70 , .32

'
-GroESL .HPS60 ATP
.


. , .ATP

' , ' .

32
Dnak , 32 .FtsH

: .HSP

, Dnak .32

32 .HSP

53
SOS respone
SOS ,UV .DNA

SOS ,
" .LexA

, DNA .

RecA . , DNA .
, LexA ,
:SOS

-SulA .1
UmuD,UmuC .DNA Polimerase V .2
V error prone ,
.
.

SOS
.1 DNA

DNA , ,RecA LexA .

.2 SOS

SulA V , .

" .ATP


. .

. .

- INDUCER .

- .

54

" .trpR
, , .

, , .

DNA ,trpE .4-8

, .mRNA


, a .

mRNA .stem & Loop

14 , .

, 3-4 .3-4 ,1-2 :


, .

, ,1 .2-3
,3-4 , .


, .

Riboswitch
'5 mRNA .

' , - RBS
.

: . ', .

55
-11 '
?
- , .

-.

:



) (

:


) (

:
RNA : DNA .1

.2

: . .3

.4


, '.

56
, ,
.


RNA .DNA
) .
.(DNA

caspid -
, .
DNA/RNA , .

, .


, .
, .

, .


, .

57
.1 , .

.2 , ,
.
, .

, .

, , ,
.


" budding .
"
.

'
' :

.1'

'
.

.2' )(

'
,

' . , , , ,
" .

58
'
' .1
. .2
.
DNA '
,' , . .3
' .4
" .5

'
.1

.2

.3
DNA/RNA , " .
DNA , 2-3
.
.

.4
DNA ' , '
.
' .

" " .5
' ,
)""(.

.6
, , .


Plauqe assay
' , "" . '
.

One step growth

" .

" .
, .

' .

.
.

59
,
.

' .
, .

PFU , .

Burst size . '


.

Burst time

Eclipse '
.

'
' .

60
12

, .
, .

. .1
. .2
. .3

" '
" '.

.1
.2

'
, ' , ' ,
, DNA '.

' , ,
,DNA ) DNA( .

' , DNA
.

' , .

, . , ' .

'
' , ' DNA , .
DNA DNA , .

, DNA.

' , DNA .

, DNA
DNA . '.

Ivory's Bomb Shell


" ' .' , ,
.

, -
, .
, , .

.
61

' , .
. , ),DNA, RNA
(.

,DNA , .

DNA .
) . E. coli , (.

, ) ( ,
, .


.E.coli ,
,
.

,
.

" , . ,
.

, ,
, .
.

.
,
3
. ,
) 1 ( ,
.

, ) ( ,
.

E. coli .

, :

62
. , .

, . ,
, .


, .
) , , ( , ,
.

, . , .

, , .

, !

Donor . .

- +F . , .

- -F .

63

.F plasmid

DNA ,
.Ori , DNA )(.Theta replication
, ,Ori .

Tra genes
.
).Mpf (mating pair formation system

mpf F Pilus

F pilus
, .DNA DNA
.

, " H .traA

' .


" .

, ! Ori

OriT origin of transfer .


.rolling cycle

OriV ).(

64
Rolling cycle
. .1
OriT" .TraY .2
:Tra .3
TraI . '5 , .relaxome
,TraD ATPase .
" .
DNA plimerase . .4
.5
. .6

, .+F

- IS
.IS

, , ,OriT
, .

, . ,
, .

, , .

, , DNA.

,
.

, , .
65
,

- +F , , .

HFR F , ,
.

HFR
,Tra genes OriT !
, , ,-F
.

'F
," ,DNA .'F ,
" HFR .tra

.
. ,-F .HFR
, ,
,.

, ..e. coli

50 , . E.
oli . c

66
R
, F . ,
pBR322 ,OriT Tra ,
.oriT

.
, " " F
, .

,
, .

, , " ".
, , 7 , ,
8 , .
.curing

curing" -
:

) ( , . .1
, . .2

, curing . , ,
. .

67

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