Lecture 7.

Excretion and Osmoregulation

maintenance of the volume and composition of extracellular fluid removes metabolic wastes from the bloodstream

Osmoregulation

maintenance of proper internal salt and water concentrations in a cell or in the body of a living organism active regulation of internal osmotic pressure

Fig. 30.2

Fig. 30.3

anhydrobiosis, dormant state when habitats dry up

tardigrades or water bears

Animal Nitrogenous Wastes

Excretory Organelle
Contractile vacuole Tiny, spherical, intracellular vacuole found in protozoa Expels excess water gained by osmosis

Excretory Organelle
Contractile vacuole

Excretory Organs
Protonephridia branching network of dead-end tubules found in flatworms, rotifers, some annelids, larval mollusks, and lancelets closed system

Excretory Organs
Metanephridia

Found in annelids, molluscs, and other phyla Made of tubules that are open at both ends Surrounded by a network of blood vessels that assists in reclamation of water and valuable materials such as salts, sugars and amino acids

Excretory Organs
Metanephridia

Excretory Organs
Antennal gland

Found in crustaceans

Excretory Organs
Malpighian tubules

Found in insects

Excretory Organs
Kidneys

Fig. 30.9a

Fig. 30.9b

Nephron

Basic functional unit of the excretory organ in vertebrates

Physiological Processes in the Formation of Urine

Regulation of Excretion

Low homeostatis Antidiuretic hormone (promotes water conservation in liver)

(blood protein)

(from liver)

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), hormone that opposes the RAAS

released by the walls of the atria in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure inhibits the release of renin from the JGA inhibits NaCl reabsorption by the collecting ducts reduces aldosterone release from the adrenal glands these actions lower blood pressure and volume