SmarResearch

TechnologySource

HART Fieldbus Profibus Intrinsic Safety Configuration Tools Semiconductors Training Custom Design

Mass Flow Rate

Determination for Multivariable Transmitter
(Application Notes) V 1.0

Visit the SmarResearch technology center at:

Smar

www.smarresearch.com Research Corporation

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Table of Contents

Topic I. II. Symbols and Definitions Necessary Specifications Page Number 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9

III. Parameters IV. Mass Flow Equation V. Determination of Diameters/Diameter Ratio/Velocity of Approach VI. Determination of Expansion Factor VII. Determination of Isentropic Exponent VIII. Determination of Fluid Density IX. Determination of Viscosity X. Determination of Coefficient of Discharge AGA3 Orifice Plates ISO Orifice Plates ASME Orifice Plates Nozzle, ISA 1932, ISO Nozzle, Long Radius Wall Taps, ISO Nozzle, Long Radius Wall Taps, ASME Venturi Nozzle, ISO Venturi, Rough Cast Inlet, ISO Venturi, Rough Cast Inlet, ASME Venturi, Machined Inlet, ISO Venturi, Machined Inlet, ASME Venturi, Welded Inlet, ISO Small Bore Orifice Plate, Flange Taps, ASME Appendix A: Sample of AIChE/DIPPR Database Appendix B: Formulation of Isentropic Exponent of Steam Approximation Appendix C: Formulation of Steam Viscosity Approximation Appendix D: Custom Liquid Calculations Custom Gas Calculations Appendix E: Natural Gas Compressibility Equations Appendix F: Iterative Process Used to Solve for Coefficient of Discharge Appendix G: References

10 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 15 16 18 20 21 22 31 32

Smar

Research Corporation

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Table of Contents

I. Symbols and Definitions Symbol Cd Cp d davg dr D Davg Dc Dr Ev Fc Gi k L1 L2 Mrair Mw Pc Pf Qm R Re Tavg Tc Tf Tr v x Y Zf 1 2 P f f Definition Coefficient of discharge Specific heat at constant pressure Throat diameter at flowing temperature Throat diameter at average temperature Throat diameter at reference temperature Pipe diameter at flowing temperature Pipe diameter at average temperature Derivative of the correlation value of C d Pipe diameter at reference temperature Velocity of approach factor Correlation value of C d Ideal gas relative density Isentropic exponent Upstream tap position Downstream tap position Molecular weight of air Molecular weight Critical pressure Flowing pressure Mass flow rate Universal gas constant Reynolds number Average temperature/Median value of specified temperature range Critical temperature Flowing temperature Reference temperature Specific volume Ratio of differential pressure to flowing pressure Fluid expansion factor Compressibility at flowing conditions Linear coefficient of thermal expansion of primary element Linear coefficient of thermal expansion of pipe Ratio of throat diameter to pipe diameter Differential pressure Absolute viscosity of flowing fluid Density of fluid at flowing temperature

Smar

Research Corporation

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Symbols and Definitions

II. Necessary Specifications Specify Fluid as: a. Gas (from AIChE/DIPPR database) b. Liquid (from AIChE/DIPPR database) c. Steam d. Natural Gas (3 options) 1. Gross Characterization Method Mole fraction of all components 2. Detail Characterization Method #1 Real gas relative density Volumetric gross heating value Mole fraction of carbon dioxide 3. Detail Characterization Method #2 Real gas relative density Mole fraction of carbon dioxide Mole fraction of nitrogen e. Custom Fluid - See Appendix D Specify Primary Element as: a. Orifice, Flange Taps (ISO, ASME, AGA3) b. Orifice, Corner Taps (ISO, ASME) c. Orifice, D & D/2 Taps (ISO, ASME) d. Small Bore Orifice, Flange Taps, ASME e. Nozzle, Long Radius Wall Taps (ISO, ASME) f. Nozzle, ISA 1932, ISO g. Venturi Nozzle, ISO h. Venturi, Rough Cast Inlet (ISO, ASME) i. Venturi, Machined Inlet (ISO,ASME) j. Venturi, Welded Inlet, ISO Specify Pipe/Throat: - Diameters at reference temperature - Materials Specify Operating Range: - Temperature (Tmin , Tmax) - Pressure (P min , Pmax)

Smar

Research Corporation

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Necessary Specifications

III. Parameters

Gas/Liquid Temperature Range: Tf = 300 - 1500 F (-184.4 - 815.6 C) Steam Temperature Range: Tf = Tsat - 1500 F (Tsat - 815.6 C)

Natural Gas Temperature Ranges: Detail Method Tf = -200 - 400 F (-128.9 - 204.4 C) Gross Methods Tf = 32 - 130 F (0- 54.4 C) Absolute Pressure Range: Pf = 0.5 3626 psia Pf = 3.447 - 25000.4 kPa Pf = 0.034 250 bar P = 0 830 inH2O (0 - 206 kPa) x < 0.25

Differential Pressure Range: Pressure Ratio (x = P/P f) Natural Gas Parameters Ideal gas relative density Vol gross heating value: Mole fraction CO2 Mole fraction N2

Gi = 0.554 - 0.87 HV = 477 - 1150 Btu/ft3 (18.7 - 45.1 MJ/m3) xCO2 = 0 - 30 % xN2 = 0 - 50 %

Each primary element provides different parameters for the following: Pipe diameter (D) Throat diameter (d) Diameter ratio ( ) Reynolds number (Re)

IV. Mass Flow Equation

Qm

Ev Cd d Y 2 f P

Cd = coefficient of discharge d = throat diameter at flowing temperature Ev = velocity of approach factor Qm = mass flow rate Y = fluid expansion factor P = differential pressure f = density of fluid at flowing temperature

Smar

Research Corporation

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Parameters/Equation

V. Determination of Diameters/Diameter Ratio/Velocity Approach

d dr 1 1 Tf Tr D Dr 1 2 Tf Tr

d = throat diameter at flowing temperature dr = throat diameter at reference temperature D = pipe diameter at flowing temperature Dr = pipe diameter at reference temperature Tf = flowing temperature Tr = reference temperature 1 = linear coefficient of thermal expansion of primary element 2 = linear coefficient of thermal expansion of pipe
d avg Davg

d avg

dr 1

1 Tavg

Tr

Davg

Dr 1

2 Tavg

Tr

davg = throat diameter at average temperature Davg = pipe diameter at average temperature Tavg = average temperature/median value of specified temperature range
Ev 1 1
4

Ev = velocity of approach factor

VI. Determination of Expansion Factor For Orifice Plates:

Y 1 0.41 0.35 k
4

P Pf

k = isentropic exponent Pf = flowing pressure P = differential pressure Y = fluid expansion factor

For Nozzles or Venturi Tubes:

1 2 k 1 k 2

k.( 1 k

x) 1

1 1
4

4 2

1 x)
k

(1 x

x)

(1

x = P/ P f
Smar

Research Corporation

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Determination of Diameter/Expansion Factor

VII. Determination of Isentropic Exponent For Gas:

k Cp Cp R C Cp A B Tavg sinh C Tavg
2

E D Tavg cosh E Tavg

Cp = specific heat at constant pressure R = universal gas constant A, B, C, D, and E are constants provided by AIChE/DIPPR database

For Liquid: Y = 1 therefore determination of k is not necessary For Steam: k is estimated using the following linear approximation:
k 1.33544 6.24543 . 10
5

Tavg

Data used to formulate this approximation is contained within Appendix B. For Natural Gas: k is estimated according to AGA Report 3 Part 4: k = 1.3

Smar

Research Corporation

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Determination of Isentropic Exponent

VIII. Determination of Fluid Density For Gas:

f Pf M w Zf R Tf

Mw = molecular weight Zf = compressibility at flowing conditions

Zf is calculated using the Redlich-Kwong equations of state:

Zf v v b R . Tf a
1.5

(v

b)

.42748 R R . Tf Pf

Tc Pc

2.5

.08664 R

Tc Pc

a Pf . Tf
.5

b . R . Tf Pf

a .b Pf . Tf
.5

=0

Pc = critical pressure Tc = critical temperature v = specific volume

For Liquid:
f
1

A
T 1 D f

A, B, C, and D are constants provided by AIChE/DIPPR database

For Steam: f is calculated from Tables S-1 through S-5 from the ASME International Steam Tables. Density is equal to the inverse of specific volume (v). For Natural Gas:
f Pf Mrair Gi Zf R Tf

Gi = ideal gas relative density Mrair = molecular weight of air

Zf is calculated using the natural gas compressibility equations from AGA Report 8. These equations are contained in Appendix D.

Smar

Research Corporation

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Determination of Fluid Density

IX. Determination of Viscosity

For Gas:
f 1 A Tf C Tf
B

D Tf
2

f = absolute viscosity of flowing fluid

A, B, C, and D are constants provided by AIChE/DIPPR database.

For Liquid:
A B T f Cln T f D T E f

A, B, C, D, and E are constants provided by AIChE/DIPPR database.

For Steam: f is estimated using the following linear approximation:

7.51661

0.02249 Tf 10

Data used to formulate this approximation is contained within Appendix C. For Natural Gas: f is estimated according to AGA Report 3 Part 4: f = 0.0000069 lbm/ft*sec or 0.010268 cP

Smar

Research Corporation

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Determination of Viscosity

X. Determination of Coefficient of Discharge

***For these primary elements, C d is a function of Reynolds number, and Reynolds number is a function of the unknown mass flow. Therefore, C d can not be directly calculated and it is necessary to guess values for C d and Reynolds number and use an iterative process to find the exact values. A detailed description of this iterative process is contained in Appendix D. AGA3 Orifice Plates: Flange taps 0.05m < D < 1m d > 0.0125m 0.1 < < 0.75 Re > 4000( <0.5) Re > 170,000D 2( >0.5) Corner or D&D/2 taps 0.05m < D < 1m d > 0.0125m 0.1 < < 0.75 Re > 4000( <0.5) Re > 16,000 2( >0.5)

D d

Assume an initial value of 4000 for the Reynolds number to get the following equations:
Cd0 .5961 .0291
2

.229

.0433

.0712 . e

8.5 L 1

.1145 . e

6L 1

.0232
4

L2 1

.014853 1

L2

1.3

1.1

For D < .0711m add following term to C d0:

.003 ( 1 ) 2.8 D .0254

Cd1 Cd2 Cd3 Cd4

.0244 .145
4

0.7

.1177

4.8

.0346

.057 . e

8.5 L 1

.0916 . e

6L 1

4.8

.0113 L2
4

7.232 . 10

L2 1

1.3

1.9

Corner Pressure Taps: L1 = L2 = 0 D and D/2 Pressure Taps: L1 = 1 and L2 = 0.47 Flange Pressure Taps: L1 = L2 = .0254/Davg

Calculate for X:
X 4000 D
2 Cd0 . Ev Yd . 2 f . P

Smar

Research Corporation

10

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Determination of Coefficient of Discharge

Use Cd0-4 and X to solve the following equations:

Fc Dc Cd0 Cd1 X
0.35

Cd2 0.35 Cd2

Cd3 X

0.8

0.35

Cd4 X X
0.35

0.8

0.7 Cd1 X

0.35

1.15 Cd3 X

0.8

0.8 Cd4 X

0.8

Cd(1) = Cd0 - Cd
Cd Cd0 1 Fc Dc Cd0

Recalculate X with new value of C d(1) in place of C d. Use this value of X to recalculate F c , D c, and Cd. Continue repeating this process until Cd < 5x10-6 .

ISO Orifice Plates***: Corner taps 0.05m < D < 1m d > 0.0125m 0.2 < < 0.75 Re > 5,000( <0.45) Re > 10,000( >0.45) If L1 < 0.4333 then:
Cd 0.5959 0.0312
2.1

Flange or D&D/2 taps 0.05m < D < 1m d > 0.0125m 0.2 < < 0.75 Re > 1,260,000 2D( <0.45) Re > 1,260,000 2D( >0.45)

D d

0.184

0.0029

2.5

10

6 .75

Re

0.09 L1 1

0.0337 L2

If L1 > 0.4333 then:

Cd 0.5959 0.0312
2.1

0.184

0.0029

2.5

10

6 .75

Re

0.039 L1 1

0.0337 L2

Corner Pressure Taps: L1 = L2 = 0 D and D/2 Pressure Taps: L1 = 1 and L2 = 0.47 Flange Pressure Taps: L1 = L2 = .0254/Davg

Smar

Research Corporation

11

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Determination Coefficient of Discharge

ASME Orifice Plates***: Flange taps Corner or D&D/2 taps 0.0508m < D < 1m 0.05m < D < 1m d > 0.0125m d > 0.0125m 0.2 < < 0.7 0.2 < < 0.7 If L1 < 0.4333 then:
Cd 0.5959 0.0312
2.1

D d
6 .75 4

0.184

0.0029

2.5

10

Re

0.09 L1 1

0.0337 L2

If L1 > 0.4333 then:

Cd 0.5959 0.0312
2.1

0.184

0.0029

2.5

10

6 .75

Re

0.039 L1 1

0.0337 L2

Corner Pressure Taps: L1 = L2 = 0 D and D/2 Pressure Taps: L1 = 1 and L2 = 0.47 Flange Pressure Taps: L1 = L2 = .0254/Davg

Nozzle, ISA 1932, ISO***: 0.05m < D < 0.5m 0.3 < < 0.8 7x104 < Re < 107( < 0.44) 2x104 < Re < 107( > 0.44)
Cd 0.9900 0.2262
4.1

D d
6 1.15

0.00175

0.0033

4.15

10

Re

Nozzle, Long Radius Wall Taps, ISO***: 0.05m < D < 0.63m 0.2 < < 0.8 104 < Re < 107
Cd 0.9965 0.00653 .
.5 .

D d

10

6 0.5

Re

Nozzle, Long Radius Wall Taps, ASME***: 0.1m < D < 0.75m 0.2 < < 0.8 104 < Re < 6x106
Cd 0.9975
.5 10 0.00653 . . Re 6 0.5

D d

Smar

Research Corporation

12

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Determination of Coefficient of Discharge

Venturi Nozzle, ISO: 0.065m < D < 0.5m d > 0.05m 0.316 < < 0.775 1.5x105 < Re < 2x106
Cd 0.9858 0.196
4.5

d D

Venturi, Rough Cast Inlet, ISO: 0.1m < D < 0.8m 0.3 < < 0.75 2x105 < Re < 2x106 Cd = 0.984 Venturi, Rough Cast Inlet, ASME: 0.1m < D < 1.2m 0.3 < < 0.75 2x105 < Re < 6x106 Cd = 0.984 Venturi, Machined Inlet, ISO: 0.05m < D < 0.25m 0.4 < < 0.75 2x105 < Re < 1x106 Cd = 0.995 Venturi, Machined Inlet, ASME: 0.05m < D < 0.25m 0.3 < < 0.75 2x105 < Re < 2x106 Cd = 0.995
D D D D

Venturi, Welded Inlet, ISO: 0.2m < D < 1.2m 0.4 < < 0.7 2x105 < Re < 2x106 Cd = 0.985
Smar

D
13 MFR-0902

Research Corporation

Mass Flow Rate - Determination of Coefficient of Discharge

Small Bore Orifice Plate, Flange Taps, ASME***: 0.025 < D < 0.04m d > 0.006m 0.15 < < 0.7 Re > 1000
0.468
4

D d
Re
4

Cd

0.598

10

12

0.87

8.1

Smar

Research Corporation

14

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Determination of Coefficient of Discharge

Appendix A Sample of AIChE/DIPPR Database

Gas Database
Fluid Mw Pc Tc A B Cp C D E A Viscosity B C D

Acetic Acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrylonitrile

Liquid Database
Fluid A Density B C D A B Viscosity C D E

Acetic Acid Acetone Acetonitrile Acetylene Acrylonitrile

Smar

Research Corporation

15

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix A

Appendix B Formulation of Isentropic Exponent of Steam Approximation According to the ASME Steam Tables, isentropic exponent is a function of both temperature and pressure. Its value can be found by plotting temperature and pressure on Figure 7 of the ASME Steam Tables and estimating the corresponding isentropic exponent. The complexity of the graph makes it impossible to create a direct formula for the calculation of isentropic exponent. Therefore, assumptions must be made in order to simplify the process. Various software was then analyzed to determine what assumptions could be made. It can be assumed that the isentropic exponent does not vary with changing pressure, therefore it is only a function of temperature. To determine an equation for isentropic exponent as a function of temperature, various values of temperature were inputted into the software. The corresponding values of isentropic exponent were then graphed and a trend line was formulated. The equation of this trend line would provide values of isentropic exponent for all possible values of temperature. The following table is the values of isentropic exponent provided by the software at various temperatures:

Temp
79.5855 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425

k
1.32873 1.32806 1.32713 1.32608 1.32493 1.32368 1.32235 1.32093 1.31945 1.31792 1.31633 1.31471 1.31306 1.31139 1.30971

Temp
450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800

k
1.30801 1.30631 1.30461 1.30291 1.30121 1.29951 1.29783 1.29615 1.29447 1.29281 1.29116 1.28951 1.28787 1.28624 1.28462

Temp
825 850 875 900 925 950 975 1000 1025 1050 1075 1100 1125 1150 1175

k
1.28301 1.28141 1.27982 1.27824 1.27666 1.2751 1.27355 1.272 1.27047 1.26895 1.26744 1.26594 1.26445 1.26298 1.26151

Temp
1200 1225 1250 1275 1300 1325 1350 1375 1400 1425 1450 1475 1500

k
1.26007 1.25863 1.25721 1.2558 1.25441 1.25304 1.25167 1.25033 1.249 1.24769 1.24639 1.24511 1.24385

Smar

Research Corporation

16

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix B

The following graph plots isentropic exponent of steam versus temperature. A linear trend line has been added to provide an equation for the value of k at any T. A linear function was chosen based on its simplicity and its accuracy to Figure 7 of the ASME Steam Tables.

Isentropic Exponent of Steam

1.34 1.33 1.32 1.31 Isentropic Exponent (k) 1.3 1.29 1.28 1.27 1.26 k = -6.24543E-05T + 1.33544 1.25 1.24 1.23 0 200 400 600 800 Temperature (F) 1000 1200 1400 1600

Smar

Research Corporation

17

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix B

Appendix C Formulation of Steam Viscosity Approximation According to the ASME Steam Tables, steam viscosity is a function of both temperature and pressure. Its value can be found by applying temperature and pressure to Table 8 of the ASME Steam Tables. Various software was also analyzed to determine what assumptions could be made. After studying Table 8, it can be assumed that viscosity does not vary with changing pressure. To determine an equation for viscosity as strictly a function of temperature, various values of temperature were inputted into the software, while maintaining a constant pressure. The corresponding values for viscosity were then graphed and a trend line was formulated. The equation of this trend line would provide values for viscosity for all possible values of temperature. The following table is the values of steam viscosity provided by the software at various temperatures and constant pressure:

Temp 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525
Smar

Vis(10-6 lb/ ft-s) 7.2 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.5 9.9 10.2 10.6 11 11.4 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.9

Temp 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875 900 925 950

Vis(10-6 lb/ ft-s)13.7 13.3 13.7 14.1 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.6 16 16.4 16.8 17.2 17.6 17.9 18.3 18.7 19.1 19.5
18

Temp 975 1000 1025 1050 1075 1100 1125 1150 1175 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500

Vis(10-6 lb/ ft-s) 19.9 20.2 20.6 21 21.4 21.7 22.1 22.5 22.9 23.2 24 24.7 25.4 26.1 26.8 27.5

Research Corporation

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix C

The following graph plots steam viscosity versus temperature. A linear trend line has been added to provide an equation for the value of m at any T. A linear function was chosen based on its simplicity and its accuracy to Table 8 of the ASME Steam Tables.

Steam Viscosity
30

25

Viscosity (10^-6 lb/ft-s)

20 Viscosity = (0.01511T + 5.05093)*10 15

-6

10

0 0 200 400 600 800 Temperature (F) 1000 1200 1400 1600

Smar

Research Corporation

19

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix C

Appendix D Custom Liquid Calculations If a liquid is used that is not listed in the database, then the following information must be provided in order to complete the necessary calculations: Critical Temperature (Tc) Viscosity (1) at Temperature (T1) Density (b) at 20 C (68 F) Use the following equation to solve for liquid density:
f Tf T1
1.5

T1 Tf

0.9 Tc 0.9 Tc

The following method for solving liquid viscosity is derived from Figure 2.19 of the Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook: Solve for Y:
Y log 1 1

Solve for T:
4.4 x10
15

3.84 x10

12

3.37 x10

11

9.23 x10 T

3.66 x10

6.46 x10

Calculate T1: T1 = T + Tf - T1 Solve for Y1 :

Y
1

4.4 x10

15

1 6

3.84 x10

12

1 5

3.37 x10

11

1 4

9.23 x10

1 3

3.66 x10

1 2

6.46 x10

Solve for f:
f
1 1

log

Smar

Research Corporation

20

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix D

Appendix D Custom Gas Calculations If a gas is used that is not listed in the database, then the following information must be provided in order to complete the necessary calculations: Critical Temperature (Tc) Isentropic Exponent (k) Molecular Weight (Mw ) Viscosity (1) at Temperature (T1) Compressibility (Z) Use the provided isentropic exponent along with the equations from Section VI to solve for the expansion factor. Use provided molecular weight and compressibility along with the gas equation from Section VIII to solve for the gas density. Use the following equation to solve for the gas viscosity:
Tf T1
1.5

T1 Tf

0.9 Tc 0.9 Tc

Smar

Research Corporation

21

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix D

Appendix E Natural Gas Compressibility Equations There are three methods that can be used to solve for the compressibility factor of natural gas. The detail characterization method requires that the mole fraction of all elements of the natural gas be known. The gross characterization method has two options. One option requires that the real gas relative density, volumetric gross heating value, and the mole fraction of carbon dioxide must be known; while the other option requires that the real gas relative density, mole fraction of carbon dioxide, and mole fraction of nitrogen must be known. Once a method is chosen use the corresponding equations to solve for the compressibility of natural gas: Detail Characterization Method
Z 1 D.B K
3

18 D . C'n T n = 13

58
n

C'n T n = 13

bn

cn kn D

exp

cn D

Z = compressibility factor B = second virial coefficient C`n = coefficients which are functions of composition D = reduced density K = mixture size parameter T = absolute temperature bn, cn, kn, un = constants given in Table 4 (AGA Report 8)
N K = i= 1
5 5 2

N 2

N xi xj Kij
5

xi Ki

Ki Kj

i= 1 j= i

xi = mole fraction of ith component Ki = size parameter of ith component (Table 5) Kij = binary interaction parameter for size (Table 6) N = number of components in the gas mixture
18 B n=1 an T N
n.

N xi xj Eij

3 u n

Ki Kj

B'nij

i= 1 j= 1

an = constant given in Table 4 Eij = second virial coefficient binary energy parameter B`nij = binary characterization coefficient
1

Eij

E'ij Ei Ej

Ei = characteristic energy parameter for ith component (Table 5) E`ij = second virial coefficient energy binary interaction parameter (Table 6)

Smar

Research Corporation

22

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix E

1 g

f n s

B'nij

Gij

gn

Qi Qj

qn

Fi

Fj

fn

Si Sj

sn

Wi Wj

wn

w n

Gij = binary orientation parameter Qi = quadrupole parameter for ith component (Table 5) Fi = high temperature parameter for ith component (Table 5) Si = dipole parameter for ith component (Table 5) Wi = association parameter for ith component (Table 5) gn, qn, fn, sn, wn = constants given in Table 4
Gij G'ij Gi 2 Gj

Gi = orientation parameter for ith component (Table 5) G`ij = binary interaction parameter for orientation (Table 6)
g q n

C'n

an G 1

gn

qn

fn

f n

G = orientation parameter Q = quadrupole parameter F = mixture high temperature parameter U = mixture energy parameter
N G i= 1 N Q i= 1 N F i= 1 N U i= 1 xi Ei
5 2 2

N xi Gi

N xi xj G'ij 1 Gi Gj 1

i= 1 j= i

xi Qi

xi

Fi

N 2

N xi xj Uij
5

Ei Ej

i= 1 j= i

Uij = binary interaction parameter for conformal energy (Table 6)

D K d
3

d = molar density (moles per unit volume) Solve for d using following equation:
18 58
n k n c D n

dRT 1

Bd

D n = 13

C'n T

C'n T n = 13

bn

cn kn D

D e

Smar

Research Corporation

23

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix E

Gross Characterization Method

Z 1 Bmix d Cmix d
2

Z = compressibility factor Bmix = second virial coefficient for the mixture Cmix = third virial coefficient for the mixture d = molar density (moles per unit volume)
N Bmix i= 1 j= 1 N Bij xi xj

Bij = individual component interaction second virial coefficient N = number of components in gas mixture xi , xj , xk = mole fractions of gas components
N Cmix i= 1 j= 1 k= 1 N N Cijk xi xj xk

Cijk = individual component interaction third virial coefficient

Expansions of B mix and C mix are provided on page 30 of AGA Report 8.

Bij b0 b1 T b2 T
2

b0, b1, b2 = constants given in Table 7 T = temperature

Cijk c0 ci T c2 T
2

c 0, c1, c2 = constants given in Table 7

2

BCH

CH

B0

B1 HCH

B2 HCH

CCH

CH

CH

C0

C1 HCH

C2 HCH

HCH = molar gross heating value of the equivalent hydrocarbon

Bi Ci b i0 ci0 b i1 T ci1 T b i2 T ci2 T
2

i = 0, 1, 2 bi0 , bi1 , bi2 , ci0 , c i1 , ci2 = constants given in Table 8

Smar

Research Corporation

24

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix E

BN2

CH

0.72

1.875 x10

( 320

T)

BN2

N2

BCH 2

CH

BCO2

CH

0.865 BCO2

CO2

BCH

2 CH

CN2

CH

CH

( 0.92

0.0013 ( T

270 ) )

CCH

2 CH CH

CN2

N2

N2 1

CN2

N2

CH

( 0.92

0.0013 ( T

270 ) )

CN2

2 N2 N2 1

CCH

CH

CH

CCO2

CH

CH

0.92

CCH

2 CH CH

CCO2

CO2

CO2

CCO2

CO2

CH

0.92

CCO2

2 CO2 CO2

CCH

CH

CH 1

CCO2

N2

CH

1.10 CC02

CO2

CO2

CN2

N2

N2

CCH

3 CH CH

After Bmix and Cmix are calculated, use following equation to solve for d:
P dRT 1 Bmix d Cmix d
2

P = absolute pressure R = gas constant

Use one of the following methods to solve for H CH

Smar

Research Corporation

25

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix E

Method #1 (for determination of H CH) Necessary input: HV = volumetric gross heating value at reference conditions Th , Td, Pd Gr = relative density (specific gravity) of mixture xCO2 = mole fraction of carbon dioxide
HN
0 0 HV. Z . R. Td 1

1.027 x10 Pd

Th

298.15

HN0

= molar ideal gross heating value at 298.15K and 0.101325 MPa Pd = reference pressure for molar density R = gas constant, 8.31451 J/mol-K Td = reference temperature for molar density Th = reference temperature for heating value Z0 = compressibility factor at reference conditions (set Z0=1 for initial iteration)
Gr Z R. Tgr
0 0 air

Mr

Mr = molar mass (molecular weight) of the mixture Gr = relative density at reference conditions Tgr, Pgr Pgr = reference pressure for relative density Tgr = reference temperature for relative density (0)air = mass density of air at reference conditions Tgr, Pgr

0 air

Pgr

Tgr , Pgr

M r ( air ) R. Tgr Pgr Bair Tgr

Mr(air) = molar mass of air, 28.96256 g/mol

4 7 2

Bair Tgr Mr G2 HN

.012527
0

5.91 x10

Tgr

6.62 x10

Tgr

xCH

M rN2 G1

xCO2 M rN2 M rN2

xCO2 M rCO2

xCH = mole fraction of equivalent hydrocarbon G1 = -2.709328 G2 = 0.021062199 MrN2 = molar mass of nitrogen MrCO2 = molar mass of carbon dioxide
xN2 1 xCH xCO2

xN2 = mole fraction of nitrogen

Smar

Research Corporation

26

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix E

HCH

HN

xCH

HCH = molar gross heating value of the equivalent hydrocarbon

Bmix Pgr R. Tgr

0 new

(Z0) new = compressibility factor for next iteration Bmix = second virial coefficient of mixture (calculated from previous equations)

Repeat process, continuously replacing Z0 with (Z0) new, until (Z0/Z0new-1) is less than the convergence criteria (5x10-11 in double precision or 5x10 -7 in single precision)

Smar

Research Corporation

27

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix E

Method #2 (for determination of H CH) Necessary input: Gr = relative density (specific gravity) of mixture xCO2 = mole fraction of carbon dioxide xN2 = mole fraction of nitrogen
xCH 1 xN2 xCO2

xCH = mole fraction of equivalent hydrocarbon

Gr Z R. Tgr
0 0 air

Mr

Pgr

Mr = molar mass (molecular weight) of the mixture Gr = relative density at reference conditions Tgr, Pgr Pgr = reference pressure for relative density R = gas constant, 8.31451 J/mol-K Tgr = reference temperature for relative density Z0 = compressibility factor at reference conditions (set Z0=1 for initial iteration) (0)air = mass density of air at reference conditions Tgr, Pgr

0 air

Tgr , Pgr

M r ( air ) R. Tgr Pgr Bair Tgr

Mr(air) = molar mass of air, 28.96256 g/mol

Bair Tgr Mr .012527 5.91 x10 xN2 M rN2
4

Tgr

6.62 x10

Tgr

M rCH

xCO2 M rCO2 xCH

MrCH = molar mass of equivalent hydrocarbon MrN2 = molar mass of nitrogen MrCO2 = molar mass of carbon dioxide Mr = molar mass of mixture

Smar

Research Corporation

28

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix E

HCH

M rCH G2

G1

HCH = molar gross heating value of the equivalent hydrocarbon G1 = -2.709328 G2 = 0.021062199

0 new

Bmix Pgr R. Tgr

(Z0) new = compressibility factor for next iteration Bmix = second virial coefficient of mixture (calculated from previous equations)

Repeat process, continuously replacing Z0 with (Z0) new, until (Z0/Z0new-1) is less than the convergence criteria (5x10-11 in double precision or 5x10 -7 in single precision)

Smar

Research Corporation

29

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix E

Compressibility Symbols and Definitions Symbol Definition

B Second virial coefficient Bij Individual component interaction second virial coefficient Bmix Second virial coefficient for the mixture B`nij Binary characterization coefficient Cijk Individual component interaction third virial coefficient Cmix Third virial coefficient for the mixture C`n Coefficient as a function of composition d Molar density (moles per unit volume) D Reduced density Ei Characteristic energy parameter for ith component (Table 5) Eij Second virial coefficient binary energy parameter E`ij Second virial coefficient binary interaction parameter (Table 6) F Mixture high temperature parameter Fi High temperature parameter for ith component (Table 5) G Orientation parameter Gi Orientation parameter for ith component (Table 5) Gij Binary orientation parameter G`ij Binary interaction parameter for orientation (Table 6) Gr Relative density (specific value) of mixture HCH Molar gross heating value of the equivalent hydrocarbon HN0 Molar ideal gross heating value at 298.15K and 0.101325 MPa HV Volumetric gross heating value at reference conditions Th, Td, Pd K Mixture size parameter Ki Size parameter of ith component (Table 5) Kij Binary interaction parameter for size (Table 6) Mr Molar mass (molecular weight) of the mixture Mr(air) Molar mass of air, 28.96256 g/mol Mri Molar mass of ith component N Number of components in the gas mixture P Absolute pressure Pd Reference pressure for molar density Pgr Reference pressure for relative density Q Quadrupole parameter Qi Quadrupole parameter for ith component (Table 5) R Gas constant, 8.31451 J/mol-K r0air Mass density of air at reference conditions Tgr, Pgr Si Dipole parameter for ith component (Table 5) T Absolute temperature Td Reference temperature for molar density Tgr Reference temperature for relative density Th Reference temperature for heating value U Mixture energy parameter Uij Binary interaction parameter for conformal energy (Table 6) Wi Association parameter for ith component (Table 5) xi Mole fraction of ith component Z Compressibility factor Z0 Compressibility factor at reference conditions Z0new Compressibility factor for next iteration an, bn, c n, fn, gn, k n, qn, sn, un, wn Constants given in Table 4 b0, b1, b2, c0, c1, c 2 Constants given in Table 7 bi0, bi1, bi2, c i0, c i1, ci2 Constants given in Table 8

Smar

Research Corporation

30

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix E

Appendix F Iterative Process Used to Solve for Coefficient of Discharge 1) Set Re equal to and solve for C d 2) Multiply this value for C d by the invariant A 1 to obtain new value of Re:
A1
2 Ev Yd . 2 f . P

f D

3) Use new value of Re to solve for new value of C d 4) Repeat process until:
A1 A1 Re Cd 1 . 10
4

For example: If a long radius nozzle (ISO) had values: A1 = 100,000 = 0.5
Cd 0.9965
.5 10 0.00653 . . Re 6 0.5

1) at Re = : Cd = 0.9965 2) C d * A 1 = 99,650 Re(1) = 99,650 3) at Re (1) = 99,650 Cd(1) = .9819 4) (A 1 (Re/C d))/A 1 > 1* 10 -4 Repeat from step 2 2) C d(1) * A 1 = 98,190 Re(2) = 98,190 3) at Re (2) = 98,190 Cd(2) = .9818 4) (A 1 (Re/C d))/A 1 = 1 * 10-4 Therefore, C d = .9818

Smar

Research Corporation

31

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix F

Appendix G References AGA 3, Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbons, Part 1: General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines, 3rd ed., American Gas Association, AGA Catalog No. XQ9210, Arlington, VA., 1990. AGA 3, Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbons, Part 2: Specification and Installation Requirements, 4th ed., American Gas Association, AGA Catalog No. XQ0002, Arlington, VA., 2000. AGA 3, Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbons, Part 3: Natural Gas Applications, 3rd ed., American Gas Association, AGA Catalog No. XQ9210, Arlington, VA., 1992. AGA 3, Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbons, Part : Background, Development, Implementation Procedure, and Subroutine Documentation for Empirical Flange-Tapped Discharge Coefficient Equation, 3rd ed., American Gas Association, AGA Catalog No. XQ9211, Arlington, VA., 1992. AGA 8, Compressibility Factors of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Gases, Transmission Measurement Committee Report No. 8, AGA Catalog No. XQ 9212, Arlington, VA., 1992. ASME: ASME International Steam Tables for Industrial Use, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 2000. ASME Standard MFC-14M-2001, Measurement of Fluid Flow Using Small Bore Precision Orifice Meters, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 2001. ASME Standard MFC-3M-1989, Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice, Nozzle, and Venturi , American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1989. GPA Standard 2145-00, Table of Physical Constants for Hydrocarbons and Other Compounds of Interest to the Natural Gas Industry, Gas Producers Association, Tulsa, OK., 2000. ISO Standard 5167-1, Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Pressure Differential Devices, International Standards Organization, Geneva, 1991. Miller, R. W.: Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996.

Smar

Research Corporation

32

MFR-0902

Mass Flow Rate - Appendix G

Smar Research reserves the right to make changes to design and functionality of any product without notice. Smar Research does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product. Smar Research , Technology Source, and the SRC logo are registered trademarks of Smar Research Corporation. The HART, Fieldbus, and Profibus Foundation logos are trademarks of their respective owners.

Smar Research Corporation

4250 Veterans Memorial Highway Holbrook, NY USA 11741 Tel: 631.737.3111 Fax: 631.737.3892 techinfo@SmarResearch.com www.SmarResearch.com

Smar

Research Corporation

33

MFR-0902