Mutation

Sudden heritable changes in genetic material is called as mutation. Mutation study includes:

1. change in genetic material 2. the process by which the changes occurs

Broad sense definition of mutation: 1. Sudden changes in genotype of an organism. 2. Sudden heritable changes in chromosome structure and its no. Narrow sense definition: Changes in individual base pair or gene includes substitution, duplication of individual base pair. Advantages of mutation: 1. Mutation is the source of genetic variation. 2. Some level of mutation is essential to provide adaptation in new environment.

3.

without mutation all gene exist in one form & allele does not exist.

Classification of mutation
Spontaneous mutation Mutation without known cause Generally it found during DNA replication B. Induce mutation Mutation with cause. It is resulting from exposure of organism to mutagenic agents. Mutagens are: Ionizing radiation(X rays, UV) Chemicals (nitrous acid, ethidium bromide, ethylnitrosourea, Benzene)
A.

Germinal mutation: occurs in germ cells Somatic mutation: occurs in somatic cell eg. Sickle cell anaemia Forward mutation: from wild type to mutant type Reverse/ Backward mutation: from mutant type to wild type If mutant convert in to original wild type is called as true backward mutation Supressor mutation: if IInd mutation is supress by Ist mutation

Molecular basis of Mutation