Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece uncovered at Klisoura Cave 1

doi:10.1006/jasc.2000.0599, available online at http://www.idealibrary.
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The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece: The Excavations in Klisoura Cave

Margarita Koumouzelis
Ephory for Palaeolanthropology and Speleology, Athens, Greece
Boleslaw Ginter and Janusz K. Kozlowski Maciej Pawlikowski
Institute of Archaeology, Jagellonian University, Krakow, Poland University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland
Ofer Bar-Yosef*
Harvard University, Dept. of Anthropology, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
Rosa Maria Albert

University of Barcelona, Faculty of Geography and History, Barcelona, Spain
Maria Litynska-Zajac
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow, Poland
Ewa Stworzewicz, Piotr Wojtal, Grzegorz Lipecki, Teresa Tomek and Zbigniew M. Bochenski Anna Pazdur
Silesian Technical University, Radiocarbon Laboratory, Gliwice, Poland (Received 15 March 2000, revised manuscript accepted 13 June 2000)
Institute of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, Polish Academy of Science, Krako w, Poland
A new Greek sequence of early Upper Palaeolithic, Aurignacian, Epigravettian, and Mesolithic assemblages, which differs from the sequences of Franchthi and Kephalari caves, was uncovered during the excavations in Cave 1 in Klisoura Gorge (Western Peloponnese). This is the first case of Middle Palaeolithic deposits immediately covered by an early Upper Palaeolithic assemblage. The long Middle Palaeolithic in this site underlies a long sequence of Upper Palaeolithic layers. Most interesting is the Early Upper Palaeolithic industry which contains numerous arched backed blades and other lithics demonstrating morphological affinities to the Italian Uluzzian, a resemblance that raises questions concerning the potential makers of this industry. Above it, several Aurignacian levels dated from 24 to 34 ka were exposed. This is the first well-dated sequence of Aurignacian occupations in Greece in which a number of basin-like hearth structures were exposed, lined with a clay that had been brought in and specially prepared. The Aurignacian sequence is covered by Epigravettian layers. The unconformity between the Epigravettian and the underlying Aurignacian corresponds to the Last Glacial Maximum. A Mesolithic layer caps the prehistoric sequence.
_ 2001 Academic Press
Keywords: GREECE, EARLY UPPER PALAEOLITHIC, AURIGNACIAN, EPIGRAVETTIAN, MESOLITHIC.

*Author for correspondence.
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03054403/01/050515+25 $35.00/0 _ 2001 Academic Press
Introduction
he territory of Greece played an important role
in the first spread of Neolithic farmers into
Europe. On the eastern coast of Greece, in Thessaly and Argolid, the first Neolithic villages appeared as a result of maritime navigation from southwest Anatolia through the Aegean Islands (Runnels & Van Andel, 1982; Van Andel & Runnels, 1995). This scenario is less probable for the spread of the first modern humans, for whom a more convenient, terrestrial route existed; from northwest Anatolia to Thrace through the Bosphorus, which, during the Interpleniglacial, was easier to cross as the sea level was 50 m below the present (Van Andel & Shackleton, 1982; Van Andel & Tzedakis, 1996). Therefore, during the colonization of the first modern humans who came from the Near East to Europe through the northeastern Balkans, most of Greece was located south of the main route from Anatolia to the Danube Basin. Until recently, only sparse information was available concerning the transition from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic in Greece. The main prehistoric sequences, based on the excavations carried out in the 1960s and 1980s in western Greece (mainly in Epirus), lack Interpleniglacial strata, and the Mousterian is directly superimposed by the Gravettian and/or the Epigravettian (Bailey & Gamble, 1990). The same situation exists in Thessaly (Kyparissi-Apostolika, 1999). Human remains from the Interpleniglacial are also absent from the Greek sites, with the exception of the skeletal remains from Apidima Cave in the southern Peloponnese, which, unfortunately were not published fully with their recorded geochronological and archaeological context. Currently, the new excavations of a long Middle Upper Palaeolithic sequence at Klisoura, Cave 1 (eastern Peloponnese), provide an important sequence, not only for understanding the origin of the Upper Palaeolithic in this region, but particularly, in the European context, as supportive evidence for a second possible route in the spread of modern populations into Europe. This route seems to follow a similar trajectory to the later diffusion of the Early Neolithic groups with impresso pottery over the Northern Mediterranean. During Neolithic times, this diffusion began in Greece with the Presesklo-Magoulitsa culturesand continued along the eastern Adriatic coast to Italy and the western Mediterranean countries. This route could also have been important during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition, particularly due to the regression of the Mediterranean Sea, which greatly diminished the Adriatic Sea, leaving only a shallow gulf during OIS4 and OIS3. Given the environmental conditions around 50 30 ka , one would expect to see cultural evolution in southern Greece resembling that of the central Mediterranean rather than the northeastern Balkans and Danube Basin. In fact, the sequence of the archaeological occupations in Klisoura, Cave 1from the Late Mousterian through the Early Upper Palaeolithic with arched-backed blades, the Aurignacian, and the Epigravettianis closer to that of Italy than to the
well-known sequences from the northeastern Balkans. In the latter region, the Mousterian was succeeded by the so-called transitional industries. These were based on blade technology and considered as stemming from the Levallois tradition, thus resembling the Near Eastern Emiran on one hand and the Bohunician in Central Europe on the other. They were followed by a Pre-Aurignacian industry or the Bachokirian, and later by the typical Aurignacian (Kozlowski, 1992). In the following pages we describe the results of the excavations at Klisoura Cave 1 and provide detailed information concerning each of the uncovered assemblages.
Klisoura Gorge and its Caves

Klisoura Gorge, through which flows the Baratiotis River, is the main communication route between the Argive Plain and the Berbati valley (Figure 1). The gorge is 25 to 3 km long and up to 500 m wide, and cuts deep into Triassic limestones. Karstic phenomena are responsible for the formation of a large number of caves and rock shelters in this region, 30 of which have been recorded (Koumouzelis et al., 1996). Six contain lithics and sherds spread on the surface, while others are filled with well-preserved sediments of unknown age. At the foot of the limestone cliffs, where the valley widens, the alluvial fans are covered with flowstones or topped with cemented layers. The youngest of these layers produced a radiocarbon date from carbonates of 22,550_60 (Gd-3792), indicating that the deposition of alluvial cones preceded the Last Glacial Maximum and was probably associated with Interpleniglacial temperate conditions. The last major phase of sediment accumulation is represented by the Late Glacial colluvium that also covers the terraces of the lower rock shelters and caves, including the terrace in front of Klisoura Cave 1.
Excavation of Cave 1
Cave 1 in Klisoura Gorge is located in the immediate vicinity of Findspot 201, which was discovered during the Berbati-Limnes Archaeological Survey in 1988 1990 (Runnels, 1996: figs 5, 8, 9). Mesolithic artifacts were collected on the surface of this site. In 1993, test trenches were dug in Caves 4 and 7, while systematic excavations began in the terrace in front of Cave 1 in 1994 (Figure 2). These field operations were conducted as a joint project of the Ephory for Palaeoanthropology and Speleology in Athens and the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagellonian University in Krakow, Poland (Koumouzelis et al., 1996).
516 M. Koumouzelis et al.
The first report, published after two field seasons (1993, 1994), was based on a 1 m deep section of a trench dug at the dripline in Cave 1 (trench A). The layers were subdivided into two ensembles: the Holocene (layers 16) and the Late Pleistocene (layers 6a, 7, 7a, 7b). The upper ensemble contained Mesolithic flake industries, whereas the lower one yielded Aurignacian-type flake industries. In 19951996, the
trench was lengthened to 3 m and reached a depth of about 21 m, allowing the establishment of a detailed stratigraphic sequence. The larger section of the trench exposed the lenticular nature of numerous layers, which wedge in the direction of the cave entrance, and the erosional surfaces that modified the top of several layers. It became necessary to modify the numbering system and add Roman numerals to the Arabic numbers previously used to label layers. In addition, the results obtained during investigations in 1994 and 1995 helped fill the gap observed between the Holocene layers containing Mesolithic finds and the Late Pleistocene layers with Aurignacian objects. Several series of layers are now visible in the exposed stratigraphy in Cave 1 (see Figure 3). (1) Layers 1 and 2 contain the Classical and Bronze Age finds. (2) Layers 3 to 6 contain a Mesolithic industry, discussed in detail in the first report (Koumouzelis et al., 1996). (3) Layers IIa and IIb contain Epigravettian finds, which do not occur in the northern part of the trench, where a Mesolithic assemblage directly covers the Late Aurignacian. (4) Layer 6a, III, and III_ are uppermost Aurignacian layers and contain some microlithic backed bladelets. (5) Layers IIIb, IIIc, 7, 7a, IIIeIIIg, and IV contain a sequence of Upper, Middle and Early Aurignacian assemblages. (6) Layer V contains an Early Upper Palaeolithic industry with arched backed blades. Investigations in Cave 1 will be continued, as a long Middle Palaeolithic sequence has been found below Layer V. This sequence was identified in 1997, in a small trial trench. In the following pages, the preliminary results of our investigations are presented, with particular emphasis on the Aurignacian layers. As noted above, Cave 1 yielded a first-time discovery in Greecea sequence of several assemblages of this culture, sandwiched between Epigravettian and EUP with arched backed blades. Unfortunately, probably due to erosion, there are two important gaps in this stratigraphy; between the Mesolithic and the Epigravettian (corresponding to the Final Palaeolithic occupations in Caves 4 and 7 in Klisoura Gorge), and between the Epigravettian and the Aurignacian (corresponding to the LGM period).
Cave Sediments
In addition to classical methods based on grain size and morphology analysis, which have revealed no significant change in the profile, the cave sediments were investigated using the method of absorption
Alpheios Peneios ACHAJA PELOPONNESE Elaiochori River Klisoura Cave 1 Kephalari ARGOLID
Franchthi BOEOTIA Sedi ATHENS Aegean Sea MELOS Figure 1. Index map.
The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece 517
spectroscopy in infra-red radiation. The objective of the examination was to determine the proportion of autogenic (calcite [factor 1] and aragonite [factor 2]), allogenic (quartz and pieces of flints that do not occur in local limestones [factor 3], and clay minerals [factor 4]) and anthropogenic minerals (apatite [factor 5] and nitrates [factor 6]). Analysis of 45 samples obtained from the cave sediments was carried out by Todd A. Surovell from the Department of Anthropology of the University of Arizona in Tucson. The Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis was performed with aMiddle ProspectIR. The proportions of the absorption bands intensity have been described as coefficients: the coefficient of factors 1 to 3 describes the proportion of calcite crystallization to the intensity of detritic material (size of quartz absorption band) washed into the cave; the coefficient of factors 1 to 5 refers to the proportion of calcite crystallization in the cave (size of the calcite absorption band) to the intensity of human occupation of the cave; the coefficient of factors 3+4 to 5 describes the intensity of the detritic material washed into the cave (the sum of the size of absorption bands of clay materials and quartz) in relation to the intensity of human occupation (the size of apatite absorption band). The calculated coefficient values are presented as a diagram in Figure 4. The coefficient of factors 1 to 3 indicates that with the exception of layer VII, possibly layer V and the floor of layer IV (Early Upper Palaeolithic), and of layer 5 (Mesolithic), calcite crystallization predominates over the washing in of allochthonous detritic material throughout the caves occupation. Calcite crystallization reaches its maximum value in layer IIIg. This can be interpreted as an indication of relatively humid and warm conditions during the formation of the whole profile. The higher ratio of quartz and clay minerals in the lower portion of sediments indicates an increase in washing in, due to greater rainfall. The lowest proportion of carbonate crystallization to anthropogenic indices was recorded in the Early Upper
C 6m N ?? B
114.22 A 114.16 114 113.17 112.91 113
R2 111 110 109
110.11 109.84 113 112
0 Figure 2. Map of Klisoura Cave l with location of trench A.
Palaeolithic layers (VII, floor of layer IV), in the Aurignacian levels in the floor of layer IIIe_, at the boundary of IIIe_ and IIIe, in the top of III_ and in the Mesolithic (layer 5). The smallest values for washed in clay minerals and quartz in relation to the anthropogenic indices were recorded at the boundary of layers IIIe_ and IIIe, in layer IIIc, in the top of III_ and in layer 5. On the basis
B4 B3 B2 B1 2 1 6 6a 100 150 IIIf VII IIIf IIIf IV IIIc IIb IIb IIa III III' IIIb IIIe IIIe' IV V VI I Figure 3. Stratigraphic section of trench A (Western Wall). 0 5 Ratio carbonates (calcite):quartz Factor: 1/3 VII V IV lower IV upper IIIg lower IIIg upper III III H17 2 IIIe/ H5 IIIe IIId IIIc IIIb III' III' III III III IIa 6 III IIb IId Ratio carbonates (calcite):apatite (anthropic) 1/5 Ratio quartz + clay minerals:apatite 3 + 4/5 4624682468
Mesolithic Hiatus Epigravettian/Mesolithic Epigravettian Hiatus Aurignacian/Epigravettian Late Aurignacian EUP (with arched blades) AURIGNACIAN Figure 4. Coefficients based on mineralogical characteristics of sediments (FTIR-method).
of the above data, it can be said that the most intensive human occupation occurs at the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic under conditions of more intensive slope wash (layers VIIbottom IV). Other episodes of intensive human occupation occurred in the Middle Aurignacian (layers IIIe_, IIIe), and particularly at the boundary Upper/Uppermost Aurignacian (III, III_) and in the Mesolithic (layer 5). The cultural hiatuses between the Uppermost Aurignacian and the Epigravettian (III/IIb) and between the Epigravettian and the Mesolithic (IIa/6, 5) are not marked by a drop in anthropogenic indices. These hiatuses are marked only by a slight increase in calcite crystallization and a greater importance of the sedimentation of quartz and clay minerals in relation to apatite. Because similar oscillations also exist during the Aurignacian, it is likely that they correspond to sedimentation breaks or erosional events.
Radiocarbon and Stable Isotope Analysis

Laboratory methods Radiocarbon age determinations were carried out in Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory (see Table 1 and Figure 5) using the total carbonate and organic matter present in samples. The 14C activity measurements were performed with proportional counters filled with CO2. Samples were treated with 8% HCl and evolving CO2 was trapped. The remaindersmall fragments of organic matter in solutionwas washed, dried, and combusted to CO2. Both CO2 products were purified and stored for at least four weeks to allow for complete Rn-222 decay. Measurements of stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios (_13C and _18O) were made at the UMCS Mass Spectrometry Laboratory in Lublin. The results are listed in Table 2. Evaluation of radiocarbon data In only six samples was the amount of organic fraction sufficient to allow radiocarbon concentration measurements. In four organic fractions the weight of pure carbon was c. 15 g (see Table 1, dating results: Gd-10201 240_110 , Gd-10562 32,400_600 , Gd-10714 >31,100 , Gd-10715 >30,800 ), and the range of the radiocarbon dates not too wide (two open data for c. 30,000 ). The weight of pure carbon in two samples was c. 03 g. Results of radiocarbon dating of these samples have relatively high margins of error (Gd-9688 22,500_1000 and Gd-9889 28,900_3,000 ). The conventional radiocarbon dates of carbonate fractions listed in Table 1 are apparent ages, which obviously do not correspond to true ages. Theoretical considerations, based on the geochemical processes involved in the formation of secondary carbonate
(Salomons & Mook, 1986), and numerous

Table 1. Klisoura Cave 1radiocarbon dates Layer Hearth Sample no. Years on carbonate fraction _13C [PDB] Sample no. Years on organic fraction and shells* _13C [PDB] Mesolithic (6) Gd-10685 9150_220 _170 Interface IIa/IIb Epigravettian Gd-3872 14,280_ 90 _170 Interface 6/III Gd-3791 16,130_ 40 _228 IIIUppermost Aurignacian 10a Gd-3881 17,220_ 60 _2288 IIIUppermost Aurignacian 5 Gd-7641 19,400_100 _2288 IIIUppermost Aurignacian 11 Gd-3877 21,720_ 90 _200 6aUppermost Aurignacian Gd-7994 *23,800_ 400 _982 Gd-7996 *27,200_ 500 _1007 IIIbUpper Aurignacian Gd-10701 15,490_410 _2188 IIIcUpper Aurignacian Gd-12036 13,400_140 _2288 7aUpper Aurignacian 5 Gd-11193 24,220_190 _2288 Gd-10258 20,060_200 _2383 IIIe topMiddle Aurignacian Gd-12035 26,230_140 _2640 IIIeMiddle Aurignacian 17 Gd-3878 25,770_130 _2383 IIIeMiddle Aurignacian 18 Gd-3879 26,770_150 _220 IIIgLower Aurignacian 14a Gd-7882 28,270_340 _2383 Gd-11300 26,950_220 _2192 Gd-7893 31,400_1000 _250 Gd-7883 27,410_290 _2192 IIIg/IIIe_Lower Aurignacian 23 Gd-7880 25,480_230 _2268 Gd-7892 34,700_1600 _250 IVLower Aurignacian 27 Gd-10567 29,950_460 _2268 Gd-10562 32,400_ 600 _25 IVLower Aurignacian 31 Gd-7879 21,330_150 2268 Gd-12034 17,280_190 _1466 Gd-9688 22,500_1000 _25 VEarly Upper Palaeolithic Gd-7878 17,430_100 _2187 VEarly Upper Palaeolithic 42 Gd-12037 26,250_310 _1871 Gd-10714 >31,100 _25 VEarly Upper Palaeolithic 53 Gd-12027 27,100_600 _1664 Gd-10715 >30,800 _25
experimental data (Pazdur, 1988; Pazdur et al., 1995) lead to the conclusion that all carbonates are depleted in radiocarbon with respect to the contemporary biosphere at the moment of sedimentation. Because of this, the radiocarbon age of the carbonate fraction (TC) in the sample is older than its true age (T). The discrepancy between TC and T is the so-called reservoir age TR. The most frequently observed values of TR for fresh-water carbonates range from c. 500 years to c. 5500 years (Pazdur, 1988). The actual observed value of TR of a certain sediment is determined by the chemistry of the system, and within a well defined class
14C
age of carbonate fractions (s) Stratigraphic unit V IV IIIe, g IIb, c, 7a III, 6a 6-IIa, IIb 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 Age in Radiocarbon Years BP (s) 14C age of organic fractions Figure 5. Radiocarbon dates on carbonate and organic fractions, by stratigraphic unit. See text for details of relevant units. Note: (S)=dates
from landsnails. Table 2. Results of stable isotopes analysis in carbonate fraction of the samples from KLC1 . . ./97 series Sample Depth [m] _13C [PDB] _18O [PDB] Layer KLC1/S1 123_003 2321_003 1223_009 IIIe, hearth 17a KLC1/S2 103_003 2383_004 1408_008 IIIe_, hearth 14a KLC1/S3 123_003 2192_003 1175_009 IIIg, hearth 22 KLC1/S4 138_003 2199_005 1172_007 IIIg bottom, hearth 23 KLC1/S5 158_003 2268_005 1400_009 IIIg, hearth 27 KLC1/S6 163_003 2290_004 1289_012 IV bottom, hearth 47 KLC1/S7 173_003 2187_005 1220_009 V, hearth 43 KLC1/S8 218_003 2014_004 906_010 VIII, hearth 57 KLC1/S9 223_003 1979_006 929_007 IX, flowstone KLC1/S10 238_003 2057_008 1168_006 IXa, flowstone KLC1/SA 033_003 1700_004 851_004 IIa KLC1/SB 083_003 2188_003 1144_006 IIIb KLC1/SC 078_003 2288_002 1288_006 IIIc KLC1/SD 093_003 2640_003 1599_008 IIIe top KLC1/1(S) 088_003 982_005 046_009 6a, sq.D1 KLC1/2(S) 103_003 1007_003 084_005 6a, sq. A1 KLC1/3 158_003 1466_002 454_005 IV, hearth 31 KLC1/4 178_003 1871_004 883_008 V, hearth 42 KLC1/5 183_003 1644_003 584_003 V, hearth 53 (S)=Terrestrial shell.
of carbonate sediments, such as calcareous tufas or lake sediments, there are relatively wide ranges of variation of TR. Information about the magnitude of reservoir age can sometimes be obtained through comparison of organic and carbonate fraction radiocarbon ages, if it is assumed that the age of the organic fraction (TO) determines the time of the carbonate deposition. In these cases, the age of the carbonate fraction must be older than the organic fraction age. For all radiocarbon data from Klisoura Cave 1, the relationship between TC and TO determined in the same samples is the opposite: the ages of the organic fraction are older than those of the carbonates deposited (see Table 1). We can explain this relationship if we assume that organic matter from different layers was cemented by carbonates some time later, after the deposition of the organic matter. An analysis of the stable isotopes 13C and 18O reveals information on the reservoir age of the carbonates under investigation. The sedimentological studies indicate that carbonate deposition took place in stagnant water reservoirs, using CO2 from the decomposition of the organic matter. The stable carbon isotope analysis produces the expected low in carbonate _13C values; in many cases they are lower than _22 versus PDB (a standard). Correlation between _13C and the depth of the layers is not observed. The correlation coefficient of _13C for results listed in Table 2 is r=006. Apart from this, we observe strong correlation between _13C and _18O (r=089), which indicates the kinetic fractionation of isotopes during sedimentation. As the result of the above observations, we can say that the secondary cementation processes of organic matter were carried out relatively fast, under similar geochemical conditions, throughout the sedimentation
history. In conclusion, we can expect a constant value of reservoir age TR for all dated carbonate samples, with the value of TR probably no greater than 2000 years and probably no less than 500 years. These values are characteristic for the sedimentation of carbonates in stagnant water (Pazdur, 1988). This means that the results of the radiocarbon dating of carbonate fractions listed in Table 1 are too old by between 500 to 2000 years. Measurement results place the carbonate fraction radiocarbon ages TC in the range between 29,950_460 (Gd-10567) and 6230_30 (Gd-3790). After correcting this data for the reservoir effect TR=2000 years, we can say that secondary cementation processes took place between c. 28,000 and 4000 in radiocarbon time scale, i.e. several thousands years later than the period of organic matter deposition. The radiocarbon dating results for organic and carbonate matter are verified on the basis of the 14C dating of mollusc shells (Gd-7994, 23800_400 and Gd-7996, 27,200_500 ), but with the same limitation as for different carbonates. The reservoir effect for this sample from Klisoura Cave 1 is difficult to estimate. Recent AMS dating of freshwater shells from lakes, carried out by Zhou et al. (1999), gave TR values between c. 1000 and 1400 years, which is in agreement with the values observed previously. After correction, if we take 1300 years as the reservoir effect, the ages of the above samples are given as c. 22,500 and 26,000 . However, other TR values for investigated shells should also be taken into account.
The Archaeological Sequence

The Mesolithic and Late Palaeolithic The Mesolithic layers (3 to 6) are characterized by the presence of flake industries with a relatively low ratio of geometric microliths. It is likely that Layers 5 to 3 represent the late phase of the Mesolithic and correspond chronologically to phase VIII at Franchthi (Perle`s, 1987). Layers IIa and IIb, uncovered in 1995, yielded Late Palaeolithic blade industries, representing the Epigravettian tradition. The retouched pieces are predominantly uni- and bilateral thick and short blades with semi-steep retouch, often converging to a pointed tip. These specimens co-occur with fairly short blade and flake end-scrapers, frequently with lateral retouch. The diagnostic forms are the microgravettes and double backed micropoints, usually with flat ventral retouch at the proximal and distal ends (Figures 6 and 7). The industry of layers IIa and IIb is unquestionably Epigravettian and may be placed chronologically during the hiatus between phase III and phase IV at Franchthi Cave (Perle`s, 1987). This industry has no parallels in western Greece. It differs from both the shouldered point industries that may have persisted until about 13,400_210 at Kastritsa Cave (Adam, 1989; Bailey et al., 1983a), as well as from the industries with small backed blades and the microburin technique at sites such as Klithi (Adam, 1989; Bailey
et al., 1983b, 1984, 1986). On the other hand, analogous elements such as microgravettes and double backed points with ventral retouch can be seen in the Epigravettian industries on the Italian coast of the Ionian and Adriatic Seas (Bisi et al., 1983). The Aurignacian units The Aurignacian occupational horizons exposed so far consist of obviously anthropogenic deposits, including basin-like hearths filled with ashes, shells, crushed bones, and artifacts. The Aurignacian levels have tentatively been sub-divided into four units: (1) the uppermost unit comprising layer III, III_ and 6a, with some microlithic backed bladelets (2) the upper unit, comprising layers IIIb, IIIc, 7a (together with hearth 5), IIId, IIIe, and 7b; (3) the middle unit, comprising a series of hearths from the northern section of trench A (hearths 15 to 18) and layers IIIe and IIIf; and
(4) the lower unit, comprising layer IIIg and IV and hearths 1929, 3846. The uppermost Aurignacian unit In 1994, hearths were identified immediately below the Epigravettian blade industries in Layers 6a and III. Investigation of the lithic industry from these levels reveals a significant frequency of blade products in comparison with the Aurignacian levels below. Blades and bladelets, the majority of which range in size from 15 to 28 cm, the largest being 46 cm, are narrower and thinner than the specimens in the Epigravettian layers. These blanks were transformed into fine backed bladelets, often with concave blunted backs, sometimes double-backed, occasionally with transversal retouch in the form of microlithic rectangles. Rarely, microgravettes and retouched pointed blades are also present (Figure 7). The particular character of the transitional levels is the co-occurrence of backed implements and nosed and carinated scrapers on flakes accompanied by ogival, and blade end-scrapers. The number of splintered pieces (pie`ces esquillees) is considerable. Two bone points, one of which is fairly short and single-beveled, should also be mentioned. They resemble points occurring in the Aurignacian layers, but their cross-sections are more asymmetrical. The co-occurrence of Aurignacian scrapers and fine backed implements has previously been recorded in Kephalari Cave (upper part of layer E), situated on the western side of the Argos Bay. Unfortunately, the layers containing these finds are not dated (Hahn, 1984). Obviously, as always in the case of inventories containing elements from two different technocomplexes, the possibility must be considered that artifacts became intermixed due to trampling or the slow rate of
Figure 6. Upper Epigravettian (layer IIa): 1, Gravette point; 2, retouched blade; 4, 5, 7, 8, pointed retouched blades; 3, 6, end-scrapers.
deposition. Even when the excavation is undertaken extremely carefully, these potential explanations
should not be ignored. However, in this case, the homogeneity of the transitional phase inventory is supported by the study of the technological features of the bladelets. Although clearly detached from carinated cores, some of the bladelets had steep retouch that is different from the Dufour or Krems type bladelets characteristic of Aurignacian assemblages. At the same time, these particular forms of backed bladelets do not occur in the Epigravettian layers (IIa and IIb) above. We therefore conclude that the origin of the industry is in the local Aurignacian tradition. In addition, viewing the assemblage of Kephalari Cave in the context of the undisturbed hearths in Klisoura Cave 1 suggests that the Klisoura industry is not simply a mixture of backed bladelets with Aurignacian flake implements, but rather a real transitional phase. The upper Aurignacian unit The upper portion of the Aurignacian layers is an accumulation of alternating clay-loam sediments with a low frequency of limestone debris (e.g., IIIb), loamy sediments with a large anthropogenic component (IIIc, 7a, 7b), and flat hearths that consist of a black ashy lens overlying burnt clay (e.g., hearth 5). Layer IIIc, corresponding to layer 7 in the excavations of 1994, yielded a round stone structure, measuring about 15 m in diameter, built from water-rounded limestone cobbles, several of which exhibited a surface weathering that indicates that they were brought from the river bank. A pavement of small limestone debris surrounded the structure. Numerous fragmented bones and a small quantity of flakes and lithic waste were found inside this feature. Although its exact function is unknown, the content of this structure suggests that bone marrow had been extracted within.
Figure 7. Lower Epigravettian (layer IIb): 1, microgravette point; 2, backed blade; 4, 5, 6, retouched (and pointed) blades; 3, 6, 8, end-scrapers.
The lithic industries of the upper Aurignacian unit are fairly homogeneous. The general structure of major technological groups is exemplified by the assemblages of layer 7a, hearth 5 and layer 7b. Core frequencies are 05 to 17%, flakes 232 to 380%, blades and bladelets 13 to 17%, chips 303 to 582%, and small shattered fragments are 132 to 252% (Table 3). These percentages demonstrate that the entire production process took place on the site. Furthermore, they show that the most important method of production was the manufacturing of flakes from flake cores and splintered pieces. Only a few blades and bladelets were produced and those were rarely retouched. As was emphasized in the first report (Koumouzelis et al., 1996), all the raw materials exploited were obtained from exposures and surfaces within a radius of 34 km of the site. These include radiolarites from limestone formations and flints in silicified sandstones. The best-represented type of radiolarite (R1) accounts for 293 to 448% of the raw material used in the
assemblage, and the most popular flint (F2) accounts for 311 to 444% of the total. Geological formations in which the R6R8 radiolarites or types of the F6F9 flint, which occur with a frequency not exceeding 05%, are found, have not been identified within the vicinity of the site. In addition, chalcedony, which forms 56% of layer 7a, is among the raw materials that cannot be considered strictly local. End-scrapers dominate in the Upper Aurignacian unit. In some levels, the number of splintered pieces equals (e.g., layer IIIb) or even exceeds (e.g., in layer 7a) that of end-scrapers. In the end-scraper group, the predominant forms are steep scrapers on thick flakes, or plaquettes. There are also steep scrapers with lateral retouch and steep and carinated end-scrapers with two or more fronts. In layers IIIc and IIId there are steep flake scrapers that are almost discoidal (three specimens). In addition, there are end-scrapers (or cores?) of the rabot type, i.e., with either narrow flaking fronts or broad, fan-like fronts (Figure 8). Splintered pieces are particularly numerous, especially in layers IIIb, 7a, and 7b. The pieces are small in size (usually about 20 by 1520 cm), made on plaquettes, flakes, or cores. In hearth 5, the splintered pieces represent the final phase of reduction of microlithic singleplatform cores with a narrow flaking surface. This may mean that some of the splintered pieces functioned as cores for the manufacture of microlithic flakes. There are also thin splintered pieces, in the shape of prisms, with fairly regular micro-blade scars. On the other hand, the presence of splintered pieces on flakes, with retouch extending over a small surface, suggests that this technique was connected to the use of flakes as chisels. Fragments of bone points include two specimens in layer 7, one in layer IIIb, three in layer IIIc, one specimen in layer 7b, and one in IIIe. The points with oval cross-sections, reaching 10 cm in length, have pointed, or less often, single-beveled bases. A perforated animal tooth was discovered in layer IIIb. Almost all the layers contained marine shells, frequently perforated. They are small in size (5 to 15 mm) and have been identified as Umbonium, Columbella, Cypraea, and Turitella shells. It is noteworthy that they frequently occur near the hearths. The middle Aurignacian unit The middle unit of the Aurignacian sequence encompasses a complex of hearths (numbered 1518) in the northern part of the excavation. The hearths have a basin-like shape and intersect one another. The complex of hearths is covered by layer IIIe, essentially clayey deposits with a small component of limestone debris. Layer IIIf is darker in colour, possibly due to a higher content of organic material. The complex of hearths yielded carinated scrapers made on chunks and thick flakes, as well as several blades with marginal retouch, side-scrapers, and notched tools. Asymmetrical, nosed, double, and discoidal end-scrapers, mostly on flakes with steep fronts, occurred in the assemblage of layer IIIe. End-scrapers
on microlithic cores for bladelets are also present. Tiny bladelets and single-platform cores for bladelets are numerous. The bladelets, as with those described in the former unit, have no retouch. The proportion of splintered pieces decreases, while single examples of burins and composite burin end-scraper specimens appear. The dominance of end-scrapers persists. In the endscraper group, regular carinated items that could have also been used for bladelet production are most numerous. Individual subdiscoidal end-scrapers, notched tools, side-scrapers, retouched flakes and two bec-like tools also occur (Figure 9). The selection of raw materials present in the middle Aurignacian unit is similar to that in the upper unit. Type R1 radiolarite is the dominant nodule used for tool production. Two fragments of bone points, oval in cross-section, with missing bases, were found with the stone artifacts, in addition to small marine shells. The lower Aurignacian unit The lower unit of the sequence consists of hearth 14a, located in layer IIIg, hearth 19, located at the interface of layer IIIf and IV, and hearth 23 between layers IIIg/IIIe_. As mentioned above, layer IV is a clayey, dark brown sediment containing fine and mediumsized limestone fragments, with strongly weathered surfaces and rounded edges. Hearths 2529 and 3846 are located in layer IV. The sedimentological characteristics suggest that warmer and wetter climatic conditions prevailed. This assertion needs supportive evidence. End-scrapers, dihedral burins, retouched flakes and splintered pieces were found; carenoid or steep endscrapers, sometimes with broad fronts, predominate.
Table 3. Major technological groups in Upper Aurignacian layers Depth Layer Hearth Cores Blades, bladelets Flakes Tools Splinter pieces Chips Chunks, fragments Bone tools No % No % No % No % No % No % No % No % Total 6080 7a 5 05 16 17 218 232 6 06 23 25 546 582 124 132 938 6590 7b 9 17 7 13 197 380 6 12 19 37 157 303 121 233 2 04 518 90105 5 12 13 14 16 284 317 11 12 17 19 333 371 226 252 897 Table 4. Raw material structure in Upper Aurignacian layers Layer Depth Radiolarites Flints Others R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R9 RB F1a F1b F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FB S Ch Q O Z Sl Total 7a 6080 335 1 2 5 2 58 144 292 3 2 2 2 27 1 53 9 938 7b 6590 151 4 1 3 3 2 3 54 34 229 9 5 2 2 2 3 5 4 516 h. 5 90105 399 6 15 1 3 1 1 35 62 257 9 1 14 11 6 58 5 3 1 1 1 890 Sserpentinite; Chchalcedony; Qquartz; Oobsidian; Zmetamorphic rock; Slsilicified limestone.

Layer Dama dama Fallow deer
Table 5. Number of Identified Specimens and Minimal Numbers of Individuals (NISP/MNI) of mammals from Pleistocene layers of Klisoura Cave
Cervus elaphus Red deer Capra cf. ibex Ibex Rupicapra rupicapra Chamois Bos/Bison Sus scrofa Wild boar Equus hydruntinus European wild ass Lepus europaeus Hare Canis lupus Wolf Vulpes vulpes Fox Crocuta spelaea Cave hyena Felis silvestris Wild cat Panthera pardus Leopard Panthera (leo spelaea) Cave lion Martes cf. martes Pine marten Mustela sp. Sciurus vulgaris Squirrel Erinaceus concolor Hedgehog Total II a 6/1 6 II b 1 6/1 2/1 8/1 63/5 2/1 82 III 2/1 2/1 1 1 6/1 12 III 36/2 36 6a 30/2 4/1 1 1 177/10 3/2 6/3 4/1 227 III a 5/1 3/1 8 III b 172/3 1 1 47/3 5/1 1 7/6 1 235 III c 280 2/1 1 6 83 2/1 2 491 Struct. 95/9 2/1 17/5 1/1 III d 1 1 III e 248/5 1 5/1 2/1 1 1 53/7 6/3 1 2/1 1 1 7/2 5/1 334 III e_ 92/3 1 1 2/1 33/2 4/1 9/1 1 1 6/2 150 III f 1 1 III g 79/5 8/1 1 1 17/5 1 1 3/2 111 III g/IV 4/1 1 5 IV 6/1 1 4/2 8/1 16/2 30/2 1 2/1 1 69 V 1 1 4/1 6 Total 1011/32 2 29/8 9/4 11/3 7/6 41/12 575/45 1 13/6 1 19/5 4/3 2/1 3/3 1 31/16 14/6 1774
The specimens are made on flakes or chunks, accompanied by increasing numbers of blades and bladelets. In general, changes throughout the Aurignacian sequence are minor. A higher frequency of blades and bladelets is noted in the lower part of the sequence, and a considerable increase of the splintered pieces in the upper part. Throughout the sequence, steep, carinated, and nosed end-scrapers from which bladelets were removed occur together with special cores for bladelets. The overall frequency of bladelets is generally low (in the upper part of the sequence it accounts for 13 to 17% of the inventory, and when calculated without the shattered fragments they amount to 21%). Bladelets with marginal or abrupt retouch, present in the transitional layers (III), were not found in the Aurignacian levels. Aurignacian structured hearths Several of the hearths uncovered in the Aurignacian layers merit particular description and comment. These basin-like features were discovered in the middle
and lower part of the Aurignacian sequence, within lithostratigraphic units IIIe, IIIe_, IIIg and IV. Some formed reddish rings surrounding a filling of ashes, charcoal, bones, and carbonates. The basin-like hearths were sunk in the ground to a depth of 10 to 20 cm into the cave sediments. Some of the hearths (for example, numbers 18, 22, 22a, 23, 25, 26, 29, 38 and 41) are interstratified, frequently intersecting one another; this indicates a low sedimentation rate. Mineralogical analysis of the reddish clay lining the hearths has shown that this material is not the same as the cave sediments, but is burnt clay with a rich mineralogical composition. Besides components such as thermally transformed clay minerals (mainly potassium aluminosilicateillite), quartz and carbonate fragments, there are also small quantities of dolomite. Microscopic examinations of the structure of these clays have shown that the walls of the basin-like depressions were lined with specially prepared daub, containing clay brought from outside, tempered bone and plant tissue (chaff). An X-ray examination of the thermally altered clay minerals indicates that this daub was fired at about 600650_C. The EDX method has established that some of the clays used for lining the structure in the floor contain rock fragments with aluminosilicates originating from quartzfeldspar gneiss with a higher content of titanium, iron and manganese. These sorts of rocks do not occur in the immediate vicinity of the cave, but were identified at a distance of about 13 km. The possibility should not be excluded that the hearths are not the only instances in which basin-like, clay-lined structures were lined with daub, but that they may have served as a prototype for ceramic containers. It is worth mentioning that hearth 18 yielded starches typical of seed grasses found in phytoliths, which suggests that the structures were used for roasting grains of wild grasses. The Early Upper Palaeolithic with arched backed blades Below the Aurignacian, in layer V, an industry occurs that contrasts with the Aurignacian in layer IV in terms of technology, as it shows a much higher frequency of blades. This can be seen in the general inventory structure where, of the total of approximately 2800 artifacts, around 130 (46%) are blades and 370 flakes (128%). Thus, the ratio of blades to flakes is 1:27much higher even than in the Uppermost Aurignacian units. The most numerous groups are chips and small flakes (about 1500 specimens, i.e. 52%). There are 132 tools (46%) represented by splintered pieces which make up the largest group (41 specimens), followed by arched backed blades (21 specimens; Figure 12: 112) and an equal number of sidescrapers often small(10 specimens) and retouched blades (10 specimens). Burins and perforators are extremely rare (one specimen of each). The presence of microlithic shapes such as a trapeze (Figure 12: 1315), a microlithic truncation resembling Zonhoven (Taute 1968: 182185: fig. 45) points (Figure 12: 14, 16) and a
Krukowski microburin is of particular interest. In comparison with the Aurignacian layers, the distinct quantitative ascendancy of R1 radiolarite (58%) and the radiolarite group in general (10 types) over flints (14 types) is characteristic. Types of radiolarites and flints occur that are not known from younger layers. The deposit areas of these types have not so far been identified. Again, a tendency towards using higher quality raw materials (including R1 radiolarite, represented by types with better cleavage than radiolarite categories in the Aurignacian layers) which lend themselves more readily to blade production is also typical. Bone artifacts do not occur, but more than a dozen Dentalium shells were found. A flat hearth with a larger diameter than those in the Aurignacian levels was uncovered in layer V. Mousterian layers Below layer V, several Mousterian occupations were excavated during the 1997 season. Mousterian artifacts occurred in layers VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XI, with a total thickness of c. 07 m. Due to the limited area excavated in 1997, it is yet premature to provide detailed information on the lithic assemblages of these layers. The common reduction sequences are discoidal and multi-directional; only in the lowermost layer is there evidence for the use of the Levallois recurrent reduction method, as witnessed by the scar pattern on the flakes. These assemblages are rich in side-scrapers, generally small in size, made on relatively thick flakes showing analogies to the Micromousterian layers of Asprochaliko Cave in Epirus (Papaconstantinou, 1988; Papaconstantinou & Vassilopoulou, 1997). The overall
Figure 8. Uppermost Aurignacian unit (layer III): 111, end-scrapers; 1214, retouched and pointed blades; 15, 16, backed blades; 1721, backed bladelets; 22, 23, microretouched bladelets.
Figure 9. Upper Aurignacian: 110, end-scrapers; 11, denticulated blade; 12, 13, splintered pieces; 14, 15, cores; 16, perforated tooth; 17, 18, bone points.
Figure 10. Middle Aurignacian: 114, 16, 17, 19, end-scrapers; 15, burin; 18, burin plus end-scraper; 20, 21, pointed retouched blades; 22, bone point.
thickness of the Mousterian layers in Cave 1, as indicated by drillings, surpasses 30 m and is therefore thicker than the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic deposits.
Plant Macroremains and Phytoliths

The upper part of the Aurignacian sequence contained fruit and seeds that had been burned or mineralized. The preserved, burnt macroremains are classified as follows: Caryopsis grass, Graminae indet.; the fruit of Polygonum sp., of the Polygonaceae family; several seeds of Goose-foot, Chenopodium sp., members of the Chenopodiaceae family; Spurrey, Spergula sp.; and Melandrium sp., Silene sp. from the Caryophyllacea family. The fruits include Echium sp. and Lithospermum sp., family Boraginaceae, and Traxacum sp., family Compositae. These plants indicate the prevailing
dry and open habitats. Fruits of Lithospermum were identified at Franchthi Cave, in the levels dated to 2122 ka (Perle`s, 1995). The charcoals have not yet been identified. In the upper part of the Aurignacian layers, calcium oxalate phytoliths, usually derived from trees and shrubs, have been identified in the hearth sediments. Most of these phytoliths belong to the Fagaceae family. However, the limits of the taxa, as defined by the phytolith identifications, are not identical to those of the detailed species list of macroremains or pollen grains. Hence, conclusions concerning the arboreal species that grew around Cave 1 can be drawn only after the anthracological analysis is completed. The presence of silica phytoliths in the hearths confirms that roots or stems and grass leaves were used to start the fire. Only hearth 13 contained more inflorescence parts, the presence of which indicates that the fire was constructed in the spring or autumn. Taxonomic identification using phytoliths has established the presence of grasses belonging to the Festucoid subfamily, thereby adding to the list of grasses that grew around Cave 1. The important presence of starches, characteristic of seed grasses and suggesting the use of this family as part of the diet are found only in hearth 18. Hence, the results of the phytolith analysis indicate that this hearth may have served a function different from that of the others.
Faunal Remains
Bird remains A total of 121 avian bones, belonging to at least five taxa, all represented in the present day Greek avifauna (Lambert, 1957), were found in the Aurignacian as follows: layer III_, 13 bones; layer 6a, 95 bones; layer IIIc, five bones; layer IIIe, five bones; layer IV, two bones; layer V, one bone. Most of the bones (72) were remnants of Rock Partridges (Alectoris graeca). Twenty-two other, badly damaged, fragments determined as Galliformes probably also belonged to Rock Partridges. Twenty fragments were attributed to Great Bustards (Otis tarda). The other three taxa, including an owl from the genus Asio, the Jackdaw (Corvus monedula)both from layer III_, and the Crow (Corvus corone)layer 6a, were represented by single bones. The four remaining fragments were indeterminable. Although the composition of species is probably incomplete, it indicates a mosaic habitat including open areas (O. tarda) with rocky ground and low scrub (A. graeca), adjoining sparse woods or at least clumps of trees and rocks (C. monedula, C. corone). Some of the bones of the Rock Partridges and Great Bustards show distinct traces of burning, which, together with the absence of signs of digestion particular to animal predators (Andrews, 1990; Bochenski & Tomek, 1997), allow the remains to be attributed to human activities. This is not surprising, as Great Bustards and Rock Partridgesrelatively large and
slow-flying birdswere hunted for meat in historical times and the latter species is eaten today. It is more surprising that the two fragments of an owl and a Jackdaw also show traces of burning. Despite the preliminary nature of this report, we note that Rock Partridge bones predominated amongst avian finds in at least one Pleistocene site in Greece (Reisch, 1976), and that all the taxa found in Klisoura Cave have also been reported from other Greek sites of similar age (Bachmayer et al., 1989; Mourer-Chauvire, 1981; Weesie, 1988). Mollusca The 1239 gastropod shells (or their identifiable fragments) found, belong to four or five species of terrestrial snails and to several marine species. A few unidentifiable fragments of bivalves, most likely representing marine species and over a dozen fragments of two species of Dentalium (Scaphopoda), have also been found. The Holocene and Late Glacial molluscan assemblage from layers I through IIb is relatively sparse, although it contains fragments of several terrestrial species. Rumina decollata, Lindholmiola cf. spectabilis and some Zonitidae have been found, as well as the marine species Cypraea sp. and Turitella sp., which were not found in the older deposits. Most of the collected specimens come from the Aurignacian layers and 919 shells belong to the landsnail Helix figulina, which was not found in the Holocene layers. The other terrestrial species Lindholmiola cf. Spectabilis, found in the upper part of layer III, is represented by a single specimen. Helix figulina is most numerous (572 specimens) in layer 6a. This species has been found mostly in SE Europe, living on grassy slopes with strong insolation, up to 1000 m a.s.l. The shells of adult specimens make
up a considerably minor fraction. Such a great accumulation of H. figulina shells may suggest that the snails were eaten for food (as is still the case today in some regions of Greece), however, the dominance of juvenile specimens, less useful for food, is remarkable. Moreover, the majority of H. figulina shells, in particular the aperture, is well preserved. Marine shells of relatively small size, 515 mm, occasionally up to 20 mm, are particularly numerous in layer IV. In this layer, apart from the 23 specimens of H. figulina, 242 shells, belonging to 9 genera of marine species were found. Unfortunately, their poor preservation precludes specific assignment. The following genera are represented: Columbella, Cerithium, Nassarius, Cyclope, Clanculus, Calliostoma, Cancellaria, Naticarius, and Neritina. It is noteworthy that almost all the marine specimens have an irregular hole on the body whorl, near the edge of the aperture. In several specimens, there is also a very regular hole of smaller size, probably made by a predatory marine snail of genus Natica. The presence of marine shells in prehistoric archaeological deposits is often connected with their use as adornments or
amulets. In this light, the holes suggest that the shells were pierced so that they could be strung into necklaces or bracelets. Layer V contains over a dozen fragments of two species of Dentalium and some fragments of H. figulina shells. Mammalian fauna In total, 1774 complete and partial bones, belonging to 18 species of mammal, were recovered during the 19941997 excavations. The majority of the bones and teeth belong to herbivores, including hares. Carnivores, other rodents, and insectivores are represented rarely. Most of the identified bones belong to fallow deer (56%) and hare (Lepus europaeus 32%), and were found in nearly every layer. The majority of the remains of many of the species were discovered in layer 6a (dated to about 24,500 ) and layers IIIb to IIIg (Upper Aurignacian). In these layers, the remains of fallow deer and hare clearly predominate. Layer IIIc produced the largest number of fallow deer bones and teeth (NISP=95) (Table 1), many of which, along with those of hare (NISP=17) were uncovered in the rounded structure described above. The most frequently occurring bones were the fragments of mandibles, phalanxes, metacarpals, metatarsals, isolated teeth, carpal and tarsal bones. Limb bones were represented mainly by proximal or distal epiphyses. The breakage of phalanxes and limb bone shafts suggests the process of marrow extraction. Ribs and vertebrae were found only sporadically. The Klisoura herbivore bones show none of the gnawing marks typical of carnivores. Instead, 25% of the identifiable bones bear traces of burning. Some bones, which were still covered by flesh when they were burned, have brown patches, others were calcined. The white colour of the bones suggests that they were subjected to intense heat at the temperature of a campfire, about 600_C (Lyman, 1994). The surfaces of the bones show no cut marks. The traces of burning, the presence of a complete but not intact skeleton of a fallow deer, and the type of damage on the bones all suggest that the remains are those of animals that had been hunted. In addition, it is possible that squirrels were also hunted for their skins. A small number of bone tools, including a polished antler fragment (layer III_) and a perforator made from the right ulna of a fallow deer (layer IIIe_) were found. Franchthi cave is the nearest Upper Palaeolithic site to Klisoura, situated approximately 30 km to the southeast. No fallow deer remains have been discovered in the Late Gravettian layers (c. 22 ka ) at this site (Payne, 1975). However, in 1995, Hubbard (Payne, pers. comm.) recorded the presence of fallow deer remains in the Franchthi basal (interstadial) deposits. The apparent absence of this species at Franchthi might be attributable to the very small number of mammal remains, which includes only 49 bones in faunal phase A (Payne, 1975). It may also, however, reflect environmental changes on the Peloponnese
about 20 ka . It is unfortunate that a hiatus in the stratigraphical record at Klisoura Cave between 225 and 26 ka makes it impossible to confirm the absence of fallow deer on the Peloponnese during this period. It should be noted that the remains of fallow deer have been recorded (Bailey et al., 1984) at Asprochaliko in Epirus in the Upper Palaeolithic layers, which correspond to layers 6a-IIIe_ at Klisoura. The presence of fallow deer at Klisoura could be explained by the milder climatic conditions enjoyed by a coastal region, in addition to a wider variety of plants and shrubs than can be found near Franchthi. Fallow deer tend to inhabit plains and slightly rugged or hilly areas where grassy clearings and undergrowth give way to deciduous woods. A more detailed reconstruction of the immediate environment of Klisoura Cave 1 could be carried out based on the microvertebrates. Unfortunately, with the exception of squirrels, no rodent remains were found in the water-sieved samples from the excavation. All the species found at the Klisoura cave site have previously been recorded in the Upper Pleistocene of the Balkans (Bachmayer et al., 1989; Kowalski, 1982; Malez, 1986; Melentis, 1965, 1966; Symeonidis, Bachmayer & Zapfe, 1980; Tsoukala, 1991).
Cave 1 Industries in Regional Context

The sequence in Cave 1 at Klisoura Gorge ends with Mesolithic assemblages that show analogies to those of Franchthi Cave. Unfortunately, the single date from the carbonates in the lowest Mesolithic layer (6): 9150_220, precludes us from establishing a more
precise chronology. Unquestionably, an erosional phase separates the Mesolithic from the Epigravettian in layers IIaIIb. Occupations filling this gap were found in neighbouring caves 4 and 7. The Epigravettian layers correspond to the postLGM period, but the date of 14,280_90 obtained on the carbonates should be treated as the minimum age of the Epigravettian. The true temporal range of this Epigravettian corresponds to the stratigraphical gap between lithic phases III and IV in Franchthi Cave, the period dated from 21,480_1270 to 12,540_180 years (Perle`s, 1987). As the top of the Aurignacian sequence yielded the dates obtained from snails (Gd-7994 and Gd-7996) which, after correcting for the reservoir effect, correspond to the period between c. 225 and 260 ka , it may be possible to assume that the second stratigraphical gap corresponds to the LGM in this region (225 1618 ka ). The dating of the Aurignacian sequence is based on land snails for the top of the sequence (Gd-7994 and Gd-7996), and on organic fractions for the lower portion of the sequence (Gd-7892, Gd-7893 and Gd10342), and places its range from 225 to 324 ka (Table 1). Runnels (1995: 714) stated that the Aurignacian is extremely rare in Greece. Aurignacian carinated endscrapers
were recorded at around or before 30 ka in the lower layers of Franchthi Cave, phase lithique I (Perle`s, 1987). Unfortunately, information on the Aurignacian from Kephalari Cave is less precise, though a short report by J. Hahn (1984) suggests that Aurignacian end-scrapers in that cave occur together with backed implements. Even less is known about the site of Arvenitsa, near Nafplion, which has been quoted by Perle`s (1995) as being Aurignacian. However, the finds displayed in the Museum at Nafplion cast doubt on the accuracy of such an attribution. The best published open-air site with Aurignacian finds is Elaiochori 2, located near Patras in the western Peloponnese, known from the excavations by Darlas (1989). Unfortunately, as it is a surface site, it neither assures the homogeneity of the assemblage nor indicates its date. Typologically, the artifacts from Elaiochori 2 resemble the Aurignacian from Klisoura Cave 1. End-scrapers dominate (272%) the inventory of retouched elements, followed by denticulated and notched pieces (191%). Among the former are nosed and atypical nucleiforme specimens on flakes (Darlas, 1989, fig. 7: 715), as well as carinated-nosed items (Darlas, 1989, fig. 8: 16). Moreover, core scrapers of the rabot type are present (Darlas, 1989, fig. 8: 8, 9). Unfortunately, the Aurignacian finds are mixed with Mousterian artifacts (Darlas, 1989, fig. 10) as well as a few backed pieces (Darlas, 1989, fig. 9: 1112). In addition, a few thick scrapers were retrieved from the red sand layers in the region of Amalias, Kastron, and Retunia in the western Peloponnese (LeroiGourhan, 1964). Mousterian artifacts also occur in the same levels. However, at Amalias and Retuni, in the boundary zone between the red sands and the overlying grey sands, carinated end-scrapers occur together with backed implements. The backed pieces have been attributed to the Mesolithic with no sound geological basis (Chavaillon et al., 1967). In light of the above review, we may surmize that Klisoura Cave 1 is the first multi-layer Aurignacian sequence, radiometrically dated, to be discovered in Greece. Placing the Klisoura Cave 1 Aurignacian in the wider context of the Balkan Upper Palaeolithic is difficult, as the region reveals a geographic complexity in the distribution of the various types of assemblage. Industries with backed pieces developed as early as 30 to 26 ka in much of this region. In the north, they are affiliated with typical Gravettian, similar to the industries of the Danube basin, whereas in northwest Greece they are simple backed bladelet industries. Thus, it seems that the Aurignacian vanished from most of the Balkans between 30 to 28 ka . The latest Aurignacian level (perhaps with some intrusions of backed elements) was discovered in the well-explored sequence of Temnata Cave in Bulgaria (Ginter & Kozlowski, 1992). It dates to the period 31 to 29 ka . In Bacho Kiro Cave, the Aurignacian assemblages were excavated from level 6a/7 (Kozlowski, 1982), dated to 29,150_950 (Ly-1102) and followed by levels
4b and 4a. Level 4b is attributed to the same, warmer episode (Krinides II), whereas level 4a is placed at the next cold episode, i.e. after about 27/25 ka . A characteristic feature of the youngest Aurignacian assemblages at Bacho Kiro Cave (allowing for the very small series of artifacts), is a decrease in the frequency of blades and blade tools and a preponderance of simple end-scrapers with lateral retouch and high scrapers on flakes and chunks. The tendencies observed in Bacho Kiro Cave, although on a small sample, exhibit a change towards an increase in the frequencies of end-scrapers and a shift in the flaking technique. The only Aurignacian assemblages in the Balkans dated later than 25 ka and possibly contemporaneous with those of Klisoura Cave 1, were uncovered in Sandalia Cave II near Pula in Croatia (Malez, 1978: 258260). Layer e at this site is particularly interesting, as its date of 23,540_180 (GrN-5013) fits very well between the date of 21,740_450 (GrN-4877) for the Gravettian layer c and a date of 25,340_170 (GrN5015) for the Aurignacian layer f. Malez (1978, pl. 26:813) published only a small selection of finds from layer e, including short flake end-scrapers with lateral retouch, carinated and nosed end-scrapers on chunks, and a few side-scrapers. When these artifacts are compared with the finds from layer f, the inference may be drawn that blade tools decrease in number, especially Aurignacian retouched blades. Taking into consideration, however, that there is a lack of availability of all the necessary information, it is difficult to determine the tendencies in the Aurignacian
technological and morphological changes in Sandalia II. The beginning of the Aurignacian sequence in Klisoura Cave 1 is contemporaneous with the classical phase of the Balkan Aurignacian, represented by the industries with Mladec type split-base points. In Bacho Kiro and Temnata caves, long sequences of the Early Aurignacian occur below the classical Balkan Aurignacian, which so far have no parallels in Greece. Much of the Italian Aurignacian differs from the Aurignacian in Greece described here. In cave sequences, the layers dated at from 36 to 32 ka revealed the so-called Proto-Aurignacian, with its characteristic large proportion of bladelets with marginal retouches of Dufour or Krems type. This proportion could sometimes be as much as 50% of the tool inventory. Such bladelets were not only the product of shaping carinated end-scrapers; they were accompanied by few end-scrapers and burins but relatively numerous sidescrapers and denticulates. In the Castelcivita Cave (Gambassini, 1997) the Proto-Aurignacian shows internal variability: lower level 8 (31/32 ka) contained slender Dufour type bladelets whereas in upper level 6 (also about 31 ka ) they were replaced by Muralovka type micropoints, the proportion of which is also very high (44%). Only after the Proto-Aurignacian
with micro-retouched bladelets does the typical Aurignacian appearthe earliest on the Ligurian coast (Riparo Mochi layer Fc. 32 ka), and later in southern Italy (e.g. Cala Cave layers 1310 dated at 298268 ka Benini, Boscato & Gambassini, 1997). It is the industries from southern Italy that the Aurignacian from Cave 1 at Klisoura resembles most closely. These southern Italian industries contained only a few micro-retouched bladelets (03 to 08%), but the proportion of end-scrapers and splintered pieces
Figure 11. Lower Aurignacian: 18, 1012, end-scrapers; 9, core.
(up to 40% combined) were high. The similarity of the general quantitative structure is further emphasized by the similarity of tool morphology, especially of endscrapers (e.g. from the Cala CaveBenini, Boscata & Gambassini, 1997, fig. 8).
Conclusions
The sequence in Klisoura Cave 1, in conjunction with the sequences from Franchthi and Kephalari Caves enable us to obtain a more complete picture of cultural evolution in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene of the eastern Peloponnese. The picture would be more complete if the data on the chronology and the industries from Kephalari Cave were more precise. The sequences in Cave 1 at Klisoura (layers 36) and at Franchthi (Lithic phases VIIIX) end with Mesolithic layers. Below these, the Late Glacial Epigravettian occurs at Franchthi (Lithic phases IVVI) and at Kephalari (layers C1C3, D1) corresponding to a hiatus in Cave 1 at Klisoura. At Franchthi, the hiatus between lithic phases III and IV (i.e. between 21 and 12 ka) is filled by the Epigravettian layers in Cave 1 (layers IIa, IIb) and perhaps the Epigravettian layers in Kephalari Cave (D2, D3). On the other hand, in Cave
Figure 12. EUP with arched backed blades: 112, arched backed blades; 1316, microlithic truncations (1315 double).
1 there are no layers that correspond to the LGM and the period directly preceding the LGM. Such layers are recorded in Franchthi Cave (Lithic phases II and III2221 ka ) and possibly also in Kephalari Cave (layer D4), where the Mediterranean Gravettian is present. The later Interpleniglacial and the transition to the LGM (324225 ka) are best represented in Cave 1, where a sequence of Aurignacian levels occurs; our knowledge of this period is much poorer at Franchthi (Lithic phase I is the only possible Aurignacian occupational episode) and at Kephalari (where layers E, F1, F2 contain mixed elements of both the Aurignacian and the EUP arched backed blades industries). Finally, below the Aurignacian sequence at Cave 1 there is a well-marked level with an EUP arched backed blades industry (layer V) and a several metre thick series of unexcavated Middle Palaeolithic layers. The Middle Palaeolithic is also present at Kephalari (layer G) but it is not present in Franchthi Cave. In comparison with the caves at Franchthi and Kephalari, Cave 1 displays a different composition of fauna dominated by fallow deer and hare, but with a
smaller proportion of Equus hydruntinus and ibex. At Franchthi, on the other hand, the layers that directly precede the LGM demonstrate an increase in the frequency of horse and cervids, while the Late Glacial layers are dominated by bovids, caprids and fewer cervids and horses. In Kephalari Cave, hare and birds constitute a fairly large proportion throughout the whole sequence, whereas Equus hydruntinus, wild boar and caprids are dominant in the Gravettian and Epigravettian layers. The differences we have described could be the effect of the particular paleogeographical conditions in every region. It is more likely however, that they are caused by the fact that sediments corresponding to the LGM are absent in Cave 1. At Franchthi, on the other hand, there are no data on faunal remains from the end of the Interpleniglacial, while at Kephalari the layers with the EUP industries do not contain fauna. In Cave 1, the upper portion of the Aurignacian sequence contains an accumulation of shells, mainly Helix figulina, which at Franchthi is abundant only in lithic phase V (about 11 ka ; Perle`s, 1995), and at Kephalari in the Late Glacial (layer C3). A special feature of the Aurignacian sequence in Cave 1 is the presence of plant macroremains in the Upper Aurignacian. Among these are several species that could have been used for food (for example Chenopodium, Polygonum) and/or for production of dyes (Lithospermum). In addition, in the middle portion of the Aurignacian sequence, some hearths could have served for roasting grains of certain Graminae, as they contained phytoliths of starches of seed grasses. The basin-like, clay-lined hearths are the oldest example of clay preparation and firing; the occurrence of such hearths in the Lower and Middle Aurignacian (32428 ka ) places their chronology before the central European Gravettian with its ceramic technology, dated at about 28 to 26 ka (Vandiver et al., 1990). The most important result of the excavation was the discovery of Early Upper Palaeolithic layer V, with an arched backed blade industry and microliths sandwiched between the Aurignacian (layer IV) and the Mousterian (layer VI). This industry shows some analogies to the Italian Uluzzian, mostly in the morphology of arched backed blades, as well as in the relative frequency of splintered pieces, which in some Uluzzian sites constitute more than half of the retouched pieces (e.g., Castelcivita` layers rsa_ and rpi; Cavallo EIII; La Fabricca 2; Gambassini, 1997). The differences are particularly expressed in the reduction sequences and the role of microliths in the Klisoura assemblage. Noteworthy is the presence of Dentalium shells used as personal adornments in Klisoura layer V and the dominant blade production in this Early Upper Palaeolithic unit. The latter played a minor role in subsequent Aurignacian assemblages. If we take into account only the open-ended dates from layer V, they could be considered as similar to the 3433 Ka
established for the Uluzzian in Castelcivita` (Gambassini, 1997) and Cavallo caves (Palma di Cesnola, 1993). However, the new AMS measurement for layer V (H. Valladas, pers. comm.) of 402 ka years , if supported by the TL dates of burnt flint, would indicate that this Early Upper Palaeolithic arched backed blade industry is much older than all of the dated Uluzzian sites in Italy, and will be contemporary with many Mousterian occupations in Italy, Montenegro (Crvena Stijena layer XII; Basler, 1975), Bulgaria (Samuilitsa, unit 5; Sirakov, 1983), and Thessaly (Theopetra 3642 m; Kyparissi-Apostolika, 1999; Peneios layer IV; Runnels & Van Andel, 1993, etc.). At the same time, layer V would be roughly synchronous with the Pre-Aurignacian Bachokirian (Bacho-Kiro layer 11/IVI; Temnata layer 4CA) in the Bulgarian caves (Kozlowski, 1999). Such an early chronological position for the Early Upper Palaeolithic from Klisoura raises the possibility of the spread of the Upper Palaeolithic package independent of the Aurignacian, through the northern Mediterranean zone.
Acknowledgements
We express gratitude to the Polish Committee for Scientific Research for the support of grant 0914, and to the American Schools of Prehistoric Research at the Peabody Museum, Harvard University for financial support for the, 1996 season. We would like to thank Prof. K Kowalski who examined the squirrel material, Prof. B. Rzebik-Kowalska for examining insectivora remains and Prof. A. Forsten who looked at the equid material. Particular thanks must go to Mrs Barbara Kazior, and Dr Krzysztof Sobczyk of the Institute of Archaeology, Jagellonian University, Krakow, Poland
and Dr. Malgorzata Kaczanowska of the Archaeological Museum, Krakow-Nowa Huta, Poland, who participated in the excavations and worked on the analysis of the finds. In addition, we would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their comments. We would like to thank J. Dickinson for editorial assistance. Finally, all shortcomings of this paper are the responsibility of the authors.
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Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece uncovered at Klisoura Cave 1

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Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece uncovered at Klisoura Cave 1

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doi:10.1006/jasc.2000.0599, available online at http://www.idealibrary.

The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece: The Excavations in Klisoura Cave

Boleslaw Ginter and Janusz K. Kozlowski Maciej Pawlikowski

Rosa Maria Albert

Keywords: GREECE, EARLY UPPER PALAEOLITHIC, AURIGNACIAN, EPIGRAVETTIAN, MESOLITHIC.

03054403/01/050515+25 $35.00/0 _ 2001 Academic Press

he territory of Greece played an important role

in the first spread of Neolithic farmers into

Klisoura Gorge and its Caves

The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece 517

114.22 A 114.16 114 113.17 112.91 113

R2 111 110 109

110.11 109.84 113 112

0 Figure 2. Map of Klisoura Cave l with location of trench A.

518 M. Koumouzelis et al.

The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece 519

Radiocarbon and Stable Isotope Analysis

(Salomons & Mook, 1986), and numerous

520 M. Koumouzelis et al.

The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece 521

The Archaeological Sequence

The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece 523

524 M. Koumouzelis et al.

526 M. Koumouzelis et al.

The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece 527

The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece 529

530 M. Koumouzelis et al.

The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece 531

Plant Macroremains and Phytoliths

Cave 1 Industries in Regional Context

The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece 535

536 M. Koumouzelis et al.

538 M. Koumouzelis et al.

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