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Tn sch: O THUT HA HC Nh xut bn: NH XUT BN GIO DC Bin tp: NGUYN XUN TRNG
Mc lc:
Ebook o thut ha hc
M u
Ba Mc lc
(Name: Vn Lnh) (Nick Nick YM: Rock_Skid_R Rock_Skid_Row) (Phone: Phone: 0905.585.606) 0905.585.606 Gii thiu
Ni dung
T 01 21 01. 01. Mc b mt 02. 02. Nhng chic cc thn 03. 03. i phun n c 04. 04. t chy bng kh cacbonic 05. 05. t chy n c 06. 06. Sao bng trong ng nghim 07. 07. Dng ng lm thuc sng 08. 08. Nhum mt ln thnh c sao vng 09. 09. t chy ng 10. 10. Lm nc si bng si dy kim loi 11. 11. Cht ch ng phn ng 12. 12. Ngn la xanh lc 13. 13. Dung dch mun mu 14. 14. Quy nc l thnh r u mi 15. 15. Lc nc l thnh mu
(Name: Vn Lnh) (Nick Nick YM: Rock_Skid_R Rock_Skid_Row) (Phone: Phone: 0905.585.606) 0905.585.606 16. 16. Thuc hin hnh 17. 17. Ct chy mu tay 18. 18. Lt da bn tay 19. 19. t chy bn tay 20. 20. t khn khng chy 21. 21. Pht hin du tay T 22 41 22. 22. Tm thm bay 23. 23. Ni la phun 24. 24. Giy... bit chy 25. 25. Phong cnh ma ng x lnh 26. 26. Cy Diana 27. 27. Pho dy n gin 28. 28. Pho hoa 29. 29. Pho hoa t ming ng nghim 30. 30. Pin bt ch 31. 31. Lm thay i mu bc k ha 32. 32. Cy ph tuyt 33. 33. Chic a to la 34. 34. Cht lm si dung dch 35. 35. Bong bng x phng bay l lng 36. 36. Lc cng lm i mu dung dch 37. 37. Dung dch lm nc ng bng 38. 38. Dp tt ri thp li ngn nn bng kh 39. 39. Pht ha bng nc
(Name: Vn Lnh) (Nick Nick YM: Rock_Skid_R Rock_Skid_Row) (Phone: Phone: 0905.585.606) 0905.585.606 40. 40. Bc v bng la 41. 41. n la 42. 42. Ting n d i chn
o thut ha hc
Th nghim vui v o thut ha hc ngoi vic o su v m rng kin thc cn c tc dng gy hng th hc tp b mn. Nhng hin tng ng xy ra nh nh c php l u c th gii thch trn n c s s kin thc ha hc. Chng ta c th s dng nhng th nghim n y trong dy hc, c bit l biu din trong cc ngy k nim, cc dp khai ging hoc b ging nm hc...
. MT S TH NGHIM VI KH AMONIAC
1. Khng c la... m li c khi
Ly hai a thy tinh u c qun mt t bng. Nhng mt a vo dung dch axit nitric (hoc axit clohiric) m c v v nhng a th hai vo dung dch amoniac 25%. a hai u u a li gn nhau. Khi trng s xut hin hai u a do s to thnh amoni nitrat (amoni clorua). NH3 + HNO3 ---> NH4NO3
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Cch lm: B than g vo ti bng vi mu ri treo trong bnh rng ming bn b di c ng dung dch NH3 m m c trong vi ngy. Kh NH3 s b ht vo than. Khi biu din th nghim, a thy tinh cn c c nhng v vo axit HCl c. Kh HCl gp NH3 s to ra khi trng l nhng ht nh NH4Cl theo phn ng: NH3 + HCl ---> NH4Cl
3. La v khi
t bn ming bng ln ming knh. Cc ming bng tm cc dung dch sau: Ming th nht tm cn, ming th hai dung dch NH3 m c, ming th ba benzen, ming th t dung dch HCl (pha 1 th tch dung dch HCl m c vi mt th tch n nc). c). bn ming knh cch xa nhau khong ng 25 30cm, ming knh t bng tm dung dch NH3 v HCl phi t hai u. Sau gii thiu ngn la khng c khi, ngn la c khi v v c khi nhng khng c la. Chm la t bng tm cn tr trc, ri ti bng tm benzen, sau cng gp ming bng tm HCl t ln ming bng tm dung dch NH3. Ch : - C th thay cn bng cc cht khc nh axeton, dietyl ete. - Nn tm t benzen v benzen chy rt nhiu khi, rt r v lu. - Dung dch HCl nn pha t l 1 : 1 nh trn khng c kh HCl bay ra qu nhiu, ngi i xem d nhn thy c khi tr trc.
4. Ma la
Rt 100ml dung dch amoniac vo mt bnh ming rng ri un nh, sau t t vo bnh bt Cr2O3 c c un nng trn mt ming kim loi. Nhng m la sng nh nh sao l t ri xung ging nh trn ma la. Nu ta vo dung dch amoniac mt t r ru etylic, phn n ng s xy ra mnh hn. h Gii thch: y khng phi Cr2O3 tc dng vi NH3 m l qu trnh oxi ha NH3 bi oxi ca khng kh c Cr2O3 lm xc tc.
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4NH3 + 3O2 ---> 2N2 + 6H2O Phn ng xy ra trn b mt ca cc ht Cr2O3 v ta ra rt nhiu nhit lm cc ht ny nng sng ln.
5. To ra mu hng bng nc l
Thm vi ml dung dch amoniac m c (25%) v 2 3 git dung dch phenoltalein vo cc ng 50ml ru u etylic khan. Hn hp khng c mu. Khi biu din, bn nh mt khn gi n no mc mt cc nc l pha dn vo hn hp trn. Khi nc mu hng xut hin v v cng thm nc th mu hng cng c m hn. Gii thch: Khi thm m n nc, NH3 s tc dng vi nc c theo phn ng sau: NH3 + H2O <---> NH4+ + OH Ion OH lm cho phenoltalein chuyn sang mu hng. Cng thm m nc n cng xut hin thm nhiu ion OH .
6. Lm i mu hoa giy
Cm ngc c b hoa giy mu trng vo mt chic bnh c ln, lp tc n s bin thnh b hoa c mu sc s. Cch lm: Lm mt b hoa bng giy thm trng. Chia b hoa thnh bn phn. phn th nht nguyn. Phn th hai tm dung dch phenoltalein. Phn th ba tm dung dch CuSO4 long. Phn th t tm m dung dch Hg(NO3)2. kh ri xp xen k cc bng hoa tm cc dung dch khc nhau, c b hoa vn c mu trng. Cm ngc b hoa vo bnh ln cha y kh NH3, lp tc b hoa trng bin thnh b hoa mu.
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Nhng bng tm phenoltalein c mu hng; tm CuSO4 c mu xanh; tm Hg(NO3)2 c mu en v nhng ng bng khng tm g, tt nhin vn c mu trng. c kh NH3 v ch vic rt vi ml dung dch NH3 m c vo bnh ri un nng. Gii thch: Mu hng do ion OH tc dng vi phenoltalein (OH sinh ra do NH3 tc dng vi hi nc). Mu xanh do ion Cu2+ to vi cc phn t NH3 thnh ion phc Cu(NH3)42+, cn ion Hg2(NO3)2 b phn hy: 2Hg+ ---> Hg2+ + Hg
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Gii thch: Canxi clorua khan c tnh ho nc nn ht nc c ca mui coban (II) clorua (ehirat ha) bin n thnh thnh khan nn c mu xanh.
6. Bc tranh bin i mu sc
Dng dung dch CoCl2 m c v ln giy trng s c c mt bc tranh c mu hng. Cng bc tranh ln bng hay ln n dy. t mt bng n in n gn st bc tranh pha di d va mi ngi quan st cho r nhng ng thi cng dng nhit ca bng n n in i lm kh cc nt v. Nn bng n in n lch sang mt bn ca bc tranh. Sau mt thi gian ta s c bc tranh c mu bin i theo khong cch i vi bng n ln lt l: tm xanh, xanh tm xanh thm, tm hng, hng .
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Sau ta lm ngc c li bng cch chuyn ch ca bng n in n sang pha bn kia ca bc tranh v ph mt ming vi m l ln pha t ngn n trc kia. Khong 2 3 pht sau ta li c mt bc tranh i mu ngc c vi tr trc. C th dng bc tranh m mu ny theo di thi tit. Qua bin i mu ca n c th bit c c m hay kh hanh ca khng kh. Gii thch: Ty theo s phn t n nc mt nhiu hay t m nt v c nhng mu sc khc nhau.
C. MT S TH NGHIM VI NATRI
1. iu v Natri
30ml nc cng vi git dung dch phenoltalein vo mt cc dung tch 100ml v rt 50ml du ha sch ln trn mt n nc. c. Ly mt ming natri co sch, nh bng ht u t cn thn ln lp du ha. Natri chm xung, ni ln ri li chm xung, c nh th khong 10 20 ln cho n khi ming natri tan ht. Trong khi lp n nc pha di i t trong sut tr thnh th hng. Gii thch: Natri nng hn n d du ha nn chm xung. Nhng khi tip p xc vi nc n th n lp tc tc dng vi nc gii phng hiro. Bt kh hidro bao bc mu natri v v m kh y n ni ln lp du ha. Ti y, cc bt kh tch ra v mu natri li b chm xung.
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Th nghim trn cng chng t rng khng th dp tt natri ang chy bng kh CO2 m phi dp bng ct hoc t kh.
3. Bn chy tu chin ch
Dng loi giy thm nc c gp mt ci tu chin. B vo trong tu mt mu kim loi natri hoc kali to bng ht u ri th vo chu nc c nh thm vi git phenoltalein khng mu. Sau vi pht, tu s t bc chy v v nc trong chu c loang mu hng t ch con tu chy, ging nh cnh tu chin ch b bn chy, mu gic nhum dng sng. Gii thch: Nc c thm qua giy, tc dng vi natri (hoc kali) theo ph phng ng trnh ha hc sau: 2Na + 2H2O ---> 2NaOH + H2 hoc: 2K + 2H2O ---> 2KOH + H2 Phn ng trn ta nhiu nhit, lm cho kh hidro thot ra t bc chy, ng thi NaOH (hoc KOH) to thnh lm cho phenoltalein khng mu chuyn sang mu hng. Ch : Trong th nghim ny, mu natri hoc kali nht thit ch c c ly to bng ht u. Nu ly to hn, phn n ng xy ra mnh lit s n gy nguy him.
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Bn hy cho kh clo sc t t vo dung dch cha 10g NaOH v 30ml H2O2 3% trong 100ml nc. Khi s xy ra phn ng:
Oxi sinh ra trong phn ng lun lun trng thi kch thch v pht ra nh sng mu . Nu bn mun c mt khng gian sng t, bn ch vic hng dng kh clo ln b mt dung dch.
Khi mt quen vi bng ti th thm 15ml dung dch hidropeoxit H2O2. Trong bnh si bt v xut hin nh sng mu vng.
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S pht quang y l do hidroquinon b oxi ha bng H2O2 trong mi trng kim. Nng lng thot ra hu nh hon ton chuyn thnh nh sng, mt phn pht ra di dng nhit v lm cho fomandehit bc hi (do khng nn y bnh).
Sau khi ngui, trong dung dch kt tinh kh nhiu tinh th mui mi v s to thnh mi tinh th km theo s pht sng. Nhng tia sng yu xut hin ngay t nhit 600C, sau tr nn sng hn v cui cng xut hin nh mt trn ma cc tia sng mu xanh lam nht (thi gian ny phi i kh lu, khong 1 ting ri). i khi nhng tia sng hnh nh nhy t thnh bnh bn ny sang thnh bnh bn kia. Gh tai vo thnh bnh, bn s nghe thy nhng ting lp bp nh. Tht l cn ging t trong th gii vi m.
Khi s pht sng ngng, ta c th to li mt ln na bng cch lc bnh hay dng a thy tinh o cc tinh th mui di cht lng.
Gii thch: Trong th nghim ny, s pht sng c lin quan ti qu trnh ha hc: S to thnh mui kp 2K2SO4.Na2SO4.10H2O v qu trnh kt tinh ca n.
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Da trn tnh ho nc c ca H2SO4 lm mc b mt. Ly a thy tinh chm dung dch H2SO4 long vit ln giy mt bc th th ngn, nt ch s khng c mu. H bc th ln bp p than hoc b bn l nng, nc nt ch s bay hi i lm cho H2SO4 tr nn m c, n s chim nc c ca cht xenluloz xenluloz l thnh phn n chnh ca giy v gii phng cacbon, lm cho nt ch ha en. (C6H10O5)n -----> 6nC + 5nH2O (cht xc tc: H2SO4 c)
3. i phun nc
Bn c th lm mt ci i phun nc nh b, xinh xn lm p p thm cho m hnh mt cng vin chng hn. Mun vy, bn ly 2 3g axit oxalic H2C2O4 trn vi 2 3g NaHCO3 v hn hp ny vo ng nghim th tch khong 60ml. Sau , n nc vo v nt cht ng nghim bng nt cao su c ng dn kh xuyn qua. ng ny cn cm ti y ng nghim. Nc c trong ng s phun ra rt mnh nh mt i phun nc c trong cng vin vy. Gii thch: Gia dung dch H2C2O4 v mui NaHCO3 c phn ng: H2C2O4 + 2NaHCO3 ---> Na2C2O4 + 2H2O + 2CO2 ngoi. Kh CO2 sinh ra nn rt mnh ln dung dch trong ng nghim v y y n phun mnh ra Th nghim ny cng c th minh ha cho nguyn tc hot ng ca bnh cu ha.
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5. t chy nc
Bn ly mt nm nc c b vo mt ng b thp v rng ming ri bt dim di t trn mt ng b. Tht k l! Nc c bc chy. Cch lm v gii thch: Trong ng b, bn t sn vi mu canxi cacbua CaC2. Khi b nc vo, CaC2 s tc dng vi n nc, gii phng kh C2H2. CaC2 + 2H2O ---> C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 Kh C2H2 thot ln mt n c , khi t n s chy trng ging ht nc c chy vy. 2C2H2 + 5O2 ---> 4CO2 + 2H2O
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Rt dung dch st (II) sunfat vo dung dch axit oxalic s thu c c kt ta st oxalat. em lc v sy kh kt ta ri nung nng trong ng nghim y kn khng cho khng kh lt vo s xut hin nhng ht st nng bay trong ng nghim trng nh nh cnh nh sao bng. Gii thch: Cc phn ng xy ra nh nh sau: FeSO4 + (COOH)2 ---> Fe(COO)2 + H2SO4 Fe(COO)2 ---> Fe + 2CO2 Phn ng th hai gii phng CO2 thi nhng ht st nng bay ln n nh sao bng.
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9. t chy ng
Bnh thng, ng ng t khng chy m ch b nng chy, y th m ta c php l lm cho ng cng chy c. c. Php l ny tht n gin. Bn ch vic rc tn thuc l vo ming ng ri bt dim t, ming ng s bt la v chy vi ngn la mu xanh.
Tc dng ca tn thuc l i vi s chy ca ng c th gii thch nh sau: Trong tro tn thuc c cha nhiu hp cht ha hc, trong c hp cht ca liti c tc dng nh cht xc tc khi mo s chy ca ng.
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Cho vo chn s khong 1g axit boric, 10ml cn v 1ml H2SO4 c. Dng ng a thy tinh khuy u hn hp ri t, ta s c ngn la mu xanh rt p. Gii thch: Axit boric tc dng vi ru etylic to thnh este v H2O theo phn ng sau: H3BO3 + 3C2H5OH ---> (C2H5)3BO3 + 3H2O Hi ca a trietyl borat chy cho ngn la mu xanh l cy rt p. H2SO4 c dng ht nc sinh ra trong phn ng trn. n. Ng Ngi ta thng dng phng php ny pht hin nguyn t Bo ln trong cc cht khc.
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Th d NaOH, KOH... lc u bn quy bng u a sch, ln th hai bn b mt quay u u a quy bng u a nhng dung dch phenoltalein. Dung dch kim long lm cho phenoltalein khng mu chuyn sang mu hng.
15. Lc nc l thnh mu
Rt nc n na bnh cu ri cho th thm vo 2 3ml dung dch phenoltalein. pheno y bnh bng nt, y nt c mt khe cha mt mu NaOH hoc KOH. Lc bnh sao cho cht lng khng chm vo nt, nh vy y tt nhi nhin nc khng b nhum mu. Khi tuyn b l c th lc n nc l thnh mu bn s lc mnh hn, n, mt m phn cht kim tan vo nc v phenoltalein c mu thm.
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Mu xut hin ngay c trong nhng dung dch c nng ion Fe3+ rt thp, nn phn ng to ra Fe(CNS)3 c s dng rng ri trong phn tch nh tnh v nh lng. ng.
18. Lt da bn tay
Cm dao ca vo tay ri lt da tay t t, mu s a ra v mt nhn li au n. Cch lm: Bi mt lp mng glixerin vo lng bn tay, sau bi mt t lp colodiong ln trn. i lp colodiong kh, li bi tip mt lp th hai. Lp colodiong dy s bc khi da tay. Xoa ln lp colodiong mt dung dch mui st (III), v d Fe2(SO4)3. Khi biu din ta cm con dao cn nhng vo dung dch KCNS, t m dao p ln trn lng bn tay ca v t t lt lp colodiong ln. Mu s chy bn tay. Gii thch: Colodiong to mng mng hi ng ng nu ging mu da tay. Mng mng colodiong bm vo tay v c th bc ra d dng. Dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 s tc dng vi dung dch KCNS to ra cht Fe(CNS)3 c mu mu. Bi glixeron ln da lp colodiong khng bm qu chc vo da tay lm cho kh lt da. Ch : C th dng phim nh ha tan vo axeton hay etyl axetat thay dung dch colodiong.
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iu tra cc v n mng hay trm cp, cng an th thng ng rc bt pht hin du vn tay ca th phm. Ta cng c th biu din th nghim vui ny. Bn a mt t t giy trng v sch cho khn gi v yu cu h b mt in u ngn tay ci v ngn tay tr hai bn tay ca mt ng ngi no ln t giy. Bn thu li t giy v v mang y p t giy ln ming l ng cn iot. Sau mt thi gian, ly ra bn s thy r cc du tay xut hin trn giy. Bn ch cn thu chng minh th th ca a khn gi i chiu du tay v tm ngay c th phm. Gii thch: Khi ta in tay ln giy, tay ta s li trn giy vt m ca da. Cn iot s ha tan vt m ny lm xut hin du tay.
23. Ni la phun
Ly 100g mt st mn cng vi 50g lu hunh bt. Trn k v vo mt cht nc nng cho n khi hn hp tr nn sn st. Sau , t hn hp ln mt a hoc khay st v ly t st nho trn vi nhng hn si nh, p ph ln hn hp mt st v lu hunh, hu sao cho ging nh mt t ngn ni thc s. Dng que g chc t ming ni mt l, qua lp t st. Sau 10 12 pht ni la t hon bt u hot ng. T ming phun, khi bc m mt v dung nham phun tro ra d di, ging ht mt ngn ni la trong thin nhin, ch thiu ting n.
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Gii thch: Fe v S sau khi tip xc vi nhau mt thi gian ngn, bt u phn ng to thnh FeS. Phn ng ta nhit lm m n nc bc hi v cng ng nh nhit phn ng mnh, lm c khi si tro ra ngoi.
26. Cy Diana
Nhng mt si dy ng nh sch v un thnh hnh l x vo mt dung dch bc nitrat trong nc, c, trong dung dch s xut hin mt dng cy bng bc gi l cy Diana Dian (Diana l n thn La M v sn bn).
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Gii thch: ng ng hot ng ha hc mnh h hn bc nn y y bc ra khi mui. Bc c gii phng bm vo si dy ng to ra cy bng bc. Cu + 2AgNO3 ---> Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Gm cc ha cht ly theo t l khi l lng nh sau: 68% KNO3 + 15% S + 12% C + 5% Mg. Tt c u sy kh (tr S) v nghin mn ring tng th. Trn tht k hn hp. Ct nhng bng giy y bn mng ngang 3cm, ri u hn hp tr trn bng giy y ri cun li theo cch v xon. Trn mt giy bn mng c nhng si nh, c tc dng kt dnh gi cc cht bt mn khng b ri. Khi chy, magie s pht ra nhng tia sng trng trng rt p mt.
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30. Pin bt ch
Pin ny cng theo nguyn t c ch to nh chic pin thng dng. Ch chic bt ch ly li v tho mt chic pin hng ly MnO2. Nghin MnO2 thnh bt thm mt cht keo v pht oxit ny quanh li ch. Tip dng giy bc bc li sao cho lp mt ca giy bc tip xc vi MnO2. C th qun vi lp v cui cng dn li cho cht. Ch : Khng bc ht li ch m mt u h 1cm. Ly dy qun cht vo hai cc, ta s c mt chic pin. chng t c dng in, n, ta nh vi git phenoltalein vo nc c mui, nhng dy dn ni hai cc ca pin vo nc c mui, mu hng s xut hin quanh cc m, v dung dch NaCl b in phn to ra OH ti cc m.
31. Lm thay i mu bc k ha
Dng giy qu tm ct thnh nhng di nh ri dn theo nt v ca mt bc k ha, ta s c mt bc k ha c c to ra theo kiu ct dn. Nhng bc k ha mu u tm vo dung d dch axit, n s bin thnh mu nht, ly ra nhng vo dung dch kim, n li bin thnh mu xanh.
32. Cy ph tuyt
cc nc n i, v ma a ng r rt lnh, cy ci thng rng ht l v b ph tuyt trng xa. Ta c th to ra cnh cy ph tuyt nh sau: Dng cc phoi ng chp ni thnh mt ci cy rng ht l. Th chm ci cy ny vo cc thy tinh loi ln cha y dung dch AgNO3. Sau vi gi cy s b ph y tuyt trng xa. Gii thch: Cu hot ng h hn Ag nn y Ag ra khi mui AgNO3. Cu + 2AgNO3 ---> Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag Cc tinh th Ag bm trn cnh cy trng ging nh cy b ph tuyt.
33. Chic a to la
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Bn tuyn b l c chic a to la. C th d dng ly la khng cn n dim. Bn a u a thy tinh ny vo chn s. Cht cha trong chn s bng chy. Gii thch: Cht cha trong chn s l l cacbon isunfua CS2. u u a thy tinh cn c t nng trc. Cht CS2 c th bc chy nhit thp pht ra ngn la mu vng c mi kh ngi. Nn thi tt ngn la ngay.
(Name: Vn Lnh) (Nick Nick YM: Rock_Skid_R Rock_Skid_Row) (Phone: Phone: 0905.585.606) 0905.585.606
Cch lm: Ha tan 5g KOH, 3g extroz, mt t cht xanh metylen vo mt phn t lt nc v vo bnh dung tch mt lt, nt cht bnh bng nt cao su. Khi lc nhanh v mnh v pha trn s to ra s i mu. Nu lc nhanh v mnh hn, cht lng s gi mu u lu hn. C th lp li th nghim nhiu ln, sau vi ngy cc cht phn ng s mt dn tnh i mu. Nn ly rt t cht xanh metylen. S i mu xy ra do tc ng ca khng kh ln cht phn ng.
40. Bc v bng la
(Name: Vn Lnh) (Nick Nick YM: Rock_Skid_R Rock_Skid_Row) (Phone: Phone: 0905.585.606) 0905.585.606
Dng bt lng v thuc v c bit v mt bc tranh. Khi va v xong cc nt v lin bc chy to ra bc v bng la. Cch lm: Ha tan photpho trng vo cacbon isunfua lm thuc v. Khi v xong, cacbon isunfua sunfua bay hi v photpho tr trng t bc chy trong khng kh. Ch : Phi v nhanh xong tr trc c khi photpho bc chy. Dung dch photpho rt d bt la v gy bng da nn phi thn trng khi s dng.
41. n la
Mt qu chui chn bc la c a vo ming n ngon lnh. nh. Nghe qua thy khip s! Bn c th thc hin mn biu din ny vi nho kh rc chy v dng a a a vo ming. Cch lm v gii thch: Bn hy nhng mt u qu chui chn vo cn (ru (r etylic) ri dng bt la t ln. Ngn la s tt do bn thi, lc a qu chui vo ming. S ngui nhanh ca nhng tri cy khi b t bng cn gip ta c th n lin, ngay khi tri cy ang rc la.
(Name: Vn Lnh) (Nick Nick YM: Rock_Skid_R Rock_Skid_Row) (Phone: Phone: 0905.585.606) 0905.585.606