.

2006

. :
. :
.

DataSets :
http://research.edu.uoi.gr/aemvalot
SPSS

SPSS
Inc
[www.spss.com,
www.spss.gr]

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.
3.1
3.2
4.
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.1.1
4.2.1.2
4.2.1.3
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.1.1

E


-

()

Pearson r



Pearson r

-


SPSS

7
8
11
13
17
19
21
26
28
30
34
35
37
42
47
49
50
51
52
52
52
54
56
56
61
61
62

4.5.2
4.6
5.
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3
5.4
6.
6.1
6.2
7.
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
8

ANOVA
ANOVA
Post hoc
ANOVA
ANOVA
x2
x2

SPSS

67
69
71
72
73
73
74
75
75
79
80
87
89
90
92
92
93
94
97


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(dependent).

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(predictor variable),
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(control),

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,
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-9-

-10-

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,
.
& .

(quantitative)
,

(qualitative)
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(nominal)

(ordinal) ,
(interval)
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2

.

()
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1.
1

-11-



. ,

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,
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90C (10C).

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y=bx (, .
1999: 1-28).
(1 = 340,750 )

-12-

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-
( ),
()
() .
:
()
,

,
() ,

() , ( )
.

(histogram), (frequency
polygon),

(frequency
curve),

(bar chart), (pie chart)

(boxplot),
(stem and leaf diagram) (dot
diagram).
- (histogram)

.
()
.
3
4 (.
http://www.shodor.org /interactivate/activities
/histogram/).
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
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0
160

166

172 178

184 190

196

1:

.
(scale)

.
4

-13-

- (frequency polygon)

.


x, .
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
160

166

172 178

184 190

196

2: ()
- (frequency curve)

5
. ( )

(rectangular
distribution), (normal distribution),

student

F
.

( Gauss)

,
.

3 & 4:
5

(,
, student, 2, ..) (, ,
, , .).

-14-

- (bar chart)

.
(x)

.

(Norusis 2002:570-573).
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(.
http://nces.ed.gov
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( )

360
(360 ). ,
3.6 (
1% ),

. ()
34 34 x 3.6 = 122.4
. ()
( 100%
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7.
(.http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/Graphing/bar_pie_dat
a.asp?ChartType=pie,http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activi
ties/piechart/index.html ).

()
.
7
() .

-15-

 5:
- (boxplot)

.

(, , 1-2 & 3 )
,

() (. 6)
(8),
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.

boxplot
.
9
(outlier) (extreme)

-16-

 6:
1.4
()10
1. 11
.
( ) .
2. .

,
.
3. :
a.
b. ( )
c. ( ).

10

. , .
(1997). :
, . : Gutenberg.
, . (1998). :
. : Gutenberg.
11

-17-

-18-

-19-

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12 ( , )
,

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,
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12

15

16

20

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16

18

19

()
(scatterplot)
SPSS : Graphs
SPSS
Scatter/Dot.
Define, Simple Scatter.

7:
.

.

-22-

(Study) (Grades)
13. .

8:
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9 & 9
SPSS
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-27-

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15
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SPSS
. ,


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-29-

2.4. Pearson
Pearson
r;
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.
r -1 +1.
(
), (
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.
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Pearson r
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-30-


. .

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SPSS
Analyze Correlate Bivariate.
(. 16 & 17),
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15 .
Spearman Kendall.

15

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:

( .
).
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. ,
.
,
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-31-

 16 & 17: Pearson

r SPSS.
Correlations

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

.964**
.000
10
10
.964**
1
.000
10
10

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

18:

Pearson r SPSS.

10
0.964

-32-

 : p = .000.
,
1.

= 5% (
),

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,
.

( 10 )
( 500 ),

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)

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-33-

2.5. Pearson
/
Pearson r:
1. .

()
.
2. , ,
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3. -
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()
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4. , ,
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16).
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point-biserial ,
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17
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7.
.
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-
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-34-


.
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( ).
SPSS, Spearman

Spearman

CorrelateBivariate.
Kendall
.

Spearman :

-35-

 19:

Spearman.

19,
r = .985
(p < .001).
2 ,
.
Spearman
Pearson,
18.

18
-

.
.

-36-

-37-

3.

,
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19.

(regression analysis),
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20:
0:
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-38-

 2:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
11 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3
26 21 24 21 19 13 19 11 23 15 4 18 12 3 11 15 6 13 4

, ,
,
,
.

Pearson,
.

25

20

15

10

10

12

20:

.

() 21
(
).

21
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-
,
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-39-


() ().
15


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Kolmogorov-Smirnov test,
( )
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0.941 0.457

( 0.34 0.99, ).
5%,

(
) ()
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:

Y = bX + a
Y ,
(b) ().
b

.
,
, (
),

(
). ( )

(
).

-40-

R Sq Linear = 0.546

21: .

21

,

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() (

22).
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()
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12 (

).
22

.
,
Pearson r 0.739.
, (
) .

-41-

 /
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( )
().

(simple
linear
regression).

(multiple linear regression).

.
3.1. SPSS
:
Analyze Regression Linear.

22 & 22

() Dependent
( ) Independent(s). .

.

-42-

 23:
.
24,

.
Model Summary
Model
1

R
.739a

R Square
.546

Adjusted
R Square
.519

Std. Error of
the Estimate
4.882

a. Predictors: (Constant),

24:
).

(1

,
Pearson r, 0.739,
()
.
(),
(R Square)

.

0.546,
. ~55%.

/
55% 23. ,
23

55%
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-43-


, (),

/.

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: ()
(causal relationships)
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55%
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(.., 55% 45%), 10%

.
ANOVAb
Model
1

Regression
Residual
Total

Sum of
Squares
487.252
405.169
892.421

df
1
17
18

Mean Square
487.252
23.833

F
20.444

Sig.
.000a

a. Predictors: (Constant),
b. Dependent Variable:

25: :
(2 ).
19
( 18) ()
.
.
(ANOVA)
r R2
.
19, F24 20.444,

24

(F)
.
.

-44-

 1 17 25 (
, ),
1).

/
.
Coefficientsa

Model
1

(Constant)

Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
.938
3.229
2.224
.492

Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
.739

t
.290
4.522

Sig.
.775
.000

a. Dependent Variable:

26:

(3

output SPSS).
20
.

(
). 20

t-test26.

( ).

(constant, ),
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:

25

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26
t-test, F-test

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-45-

0:
:
0.938
. ,
77.5%, (

5%),
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; , (

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: b

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-46-

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..,
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x = 5, :

Y
Y
Y
Y

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x+ =>
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, 7
5 .
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= 0,
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-47-

-48-

-49-

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4.1.

, ,
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2000 ( ).

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2000 .
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-50-

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29, ,

30
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:



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27

() :

. 12
;
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.
.
.

Stanley
Milgram's
Experiment
(http://www.cba.uri.edu/
Faculty/dellabitta/mr415s98/EthicEtcLinks/Milgram.htm )
28

(nominal data).
29
(ordinal data).
1=
, 2= , 3=
.
30
. 1.2 . .
http://www.cmh.edu/stats/definitions.asp

-51-


.
(

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t (t-test).
(
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t-test .
4.2.1
4.2.1.1
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-52-

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500 .

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t ()
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-53-

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(:

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p


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-54-

t:

1. (
t).
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.
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4. t.
5. p.
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-55-

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()

. SPSS p
,
,
.


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,

.
,

p


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(two-sided test),
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,

.

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2.
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4.4.

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.
1: 12
8
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.
10
12
-56-

17

9,5

7,5

6,5

9,5

11

14

8,5

9,5


.
1:
SPSS
.

(Graphs Histogram
Variables) ( 27).

Analyze Nonparametric tests-1 Sample K-S. ( 28).

Test Variable List

Test Distribution Normal.

( 28 29).
4

Frequency

Mean =10,5
Std. Dev. =3,1447
N =10

27:

HOURS

28 & 29:

-57-


.

.
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
N
Normal Parameters a,b
Most Extreme
Differences

Mean
Std. Deviation
Absolute
Positive
Negative

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

Hours
10
10,500
3,1447
,225
,225
-,102
,711
,693

a. Test distribution is Normal.

b. Calculated from data.

30: .
: Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed): p
.
. p

(
5%),

.
0,693> 0,05,
t (ttest).
2: (0)

(1).
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1 :

8
.
8
.

3:
5% ( 0,05).
4: t
:
Analyze Compare Means One Sample T Test

-58-

 Test Variable(s)
(hours SPSS).
( 8)
Test Value .
( 31 &
32):
One-Sample Statistics

N
Hours

10

Mean
10,500

Std. Deviation
3,1447

Std. Error
Mean
,9944

31
One-Sample Test

Test Value = 8
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
t
Hours

2,514

df

Sig. (2-tailed)
9

,033

Mean
Difference
2,5000

Lower
,250

Upper
4,750

32
5: p

Hours
10.50,
8. Std. Error Mean

.
: t=(10,5-8)/0,944=2,514
. Sig. (2-tailed) p
0,033.
6: p
0,033<0,05,
8.
,
12 8
.

1%
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,
.
-59-

,
.
.


,
8.
:
0: 8
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1:
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SPSS

5%

p.
:
1. p (0,033)
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, p
p .
2.

, p
:
1- p .
2.

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p .
2.

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:
1- p .
2 p
0.016.
8
-60-

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4.5.1.
t
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()

-61-

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Mann-Whitney, ( ).
Mann-Whitney

.
,
SPSS.
4.5.1.1
( 0-100)


(1-, 2-).

.

83

73

75

81

67

49

44

36

28

65

56

56

91

73

39

51

71

44

54

65

38

51

57

(Grades Sex)
.

. ,

.
Data Select Cases

-62-

 33

If condition is satisfied
Sex=1.

34
,
.

-63-


(Sex=2).
31,
All cases,
.
:
0:

1:

t :
Analyze Compare means Independent Samples T Test

35
Grades
Test Variable(s) Sex
Grouping Variable. Define Groups

(1 2 Group 1 Group 2 ).

31

-64-

 36
Continue
.

OK

Group Statistics

1
2

N
11
12

Mean
58.73
58.42

Std. Deviation
20.308
13.276

Std. Error
Mean
6.123
3.833

37
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances

Equal variances
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed

3.068

Sig.
.094

t-test for Equality of Means

df

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean
Difference

Std. Error
Difference

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper

.044

21

.965

.311

7.093

-14.440

15.061

.043

16.999

.966

.311

7.224

-14.930

15.551

38
-65-

 Group Statistics
(58.73
58.42 ).
. 5%

t Sig (2-tailed) 2
p.
p .
(.965 .966);

.
Levene
. p

Sig

. p (.094)
5%,
p
(.966).
.094>.05,

.995 .
,

. p
(
):
1. p (.996).
2.

(t=.005).
2.
,
(Group 1=)

(Group
2=),

,
() p
.
2.
,
(Group 1=)

(Group
2=,)

:
1 - () p .
2.
,
(Group 1=)

(Group
2=),

() p
.

-66-

2.
,
(Group 1=)

(Group
2=),

:
1- () p .

(
: )
.
2 p
.47.
,
5%.

4.5.2. :


. ( )
0

. :
= /

t
(paired samples t-test).

.

.
Wilcoxon signed
rank.
:
-

.
.
- ( 0-100).
:
-67-

12
34
67
43
81
54
56
76
65
56

23
45
73
54
76
56
66
78
79
63

(-)
-11
-11
-6
-11
5
-2
-10
-2
-14
-7

2 (before
after) SPSS
(Diff=before-after)

:
TransformCompute. Target variable
Numeric
expression .
.

diff
0. :
0: -

1: , -

T-Test
Paired Samples Statistics

Pair
1

Befor
After

Mean
54,40
61,30

N
10
10

Std. Deviation
20,533
17,588

Std. Error
Mean
6,493
5,562

Paired Samples Correlations

N
Pair 1

-68-

Befor & After

10

Correlation
,966

Sig.
,000

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

Pair 1

Befor - After

Mean
-6,900

Std. Deviation
5,782

Std. Error
Mean
1,828

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
-11,036
-2,764

t
-3,774

df
9

Sig. (2-tailed)
,004

39
, :
Analyze Compare Means Paired samples T Test
,
Paired variables
.
(
).

-
(54,4 61,3 ).
.

Paired Sample Test. Sig (2-tailed)
p . p


diff.

, -
diff < 0 ( 2). p
0,002
5% .
4.6.

.
t.
,

. (nonparametric tests). t,

(parametric tests).
.
2 Mann Whitney:
Analyze Non-Parametric Tests 2 Independent Samples
-69-

 Grades test variable list, sex group variable

Mann Whitney U test type
Wilcoxon signed
rank:
Analyze Non-Parametric Tests 2 related Samples
before after test pair list Wilcoxon test
type.
SPSS
.

Wilcoxon signed rank
. ,
, (Hours
)
( ew ) 0 .
Wilcoxon signed rank
hours new test pair list
Wilcoxon test type. new
: Transform-Compute
new Target Variable 0 Numeric Expression.

:
()
()
()
.

. ,


. ,

//

(alternative
hypothesis-research
hypothesis).
,

-70-

-71-

5.

5.1.
(Analysis of Variance ANOVA)

.
, t.

t-test

.

.
t
:
:

(3) . ,
, (
),
(,
) .
t
.
t-test
(2) . (3)
.
t
(3) .
,
( (8)
28 t)
:

.
. t

, (.. )
. 6
( 3
).
t 6
.

-72-

( )
(dependent variable),
(
) (independent
variables).
(
) (one-way analysis of variance, one-way
ANOVA). ,
.
one-way ANOVA 2
t.
ANOVA ( t)
.

.
t-test.

( KruskalWallis).

.
,
one-way ANOVA,
.
.
5.2. NOVA

ANOVA,
( )

.
5.2.1 ANOVA
ANOVA .

,
.
(
) :
() ,

() ,
( )
.
-73-


,

( ).
, ANOVA
,
= ( ) /

,
.
F
t
.
p .
5.2.2 Post hoc

,

.
,


.

post hoc ( a
posteriori ) post hoc .
post hoc .
,
:
- LSD (Least Squares Differences).
t,

.
,
.
- Bonferroni.

.
- Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference).
.
,

-74-


.
- Scheffe.
.

. Tukey
.
5.3. ANOVA
ANOVA
. ,
,
SPSS (
& ).
,

.
.
post hoc (
) .

.
t,

,
.
5.4. ANOVA


15
PISA (Program for the International
Student Assessment32).

32

. http://www.pisa.oecd.org

-75-

 33:
1: 469, 474, 478, 465, 459, 489, 478
2: 462, 465, 447, 431, 453, 467, 466
3: 467, 453, 472, 451, 457, 443, 456

SPSS.

34,
.
one-way ANOV 5%
.

Univariate.

Analyze

General Linear Model

40
Dependent Variable scores
Fixed Factor(s) school. (:
two-way ANOVA,
). Post hoc
school Post hoc tests
for Scheffe, Tukey. Continue
OK .

33
34

( )
. 1

-76-

Univariate Analysis of Variance

Between-Subjects Factors
N

1
2
3

7
7
7

41
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable:
Source
Corrected Model
Intercept
School
Error
Total
Corrected Total

Type III Sum

of Squares
1308,286a
4482324,000
1308,286
2209,714
4485842,000
3518,000

df
2
1
2
18
21
20

Mean Square
654,143
4482324,000
654,143
122,762

F
5,329
36512,337
5,329

Sig.
,015
,000
,015

a. R Squared = ,372 (Adjusted R Squared = ,302)

42
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable:

Tukey HSD

(I)

1
2
3

Scheffe

1
2
3

(J)

2
3
1
3
1
2
2
3
1
3
1
2

Mean
Difference
(I-J)
17,29*
16,14*
-17,29*
-1,14
-16,14*
1,14
17,29*
16,14*
-17,29*
-1,14
-16,14*
1,14

Std. Error
5,922
5,922
5,922
5,922
5,922
5,922
5,922
5,922
5,922
5,922
5,922
5,922

Sig.
,024
,035
,024
,980
,035
,980
,031
,045
,031
,982
,045
,982

95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound
2,17
32,40
1,03
31,26
-32,40
-2,17
-16,26
13,97
-31,26
-1,03
-13,97
16,26
1,49
33,08
,35
31,93
-33,08
-1,49
-16,93
14,65
-31,93
-,35
-14,65
16,93

Based on observed means.

*. The mean difference is significant at the ,05 level.

43
F p

F Sig. 5,329 0,015
. 5% (
1%)
.
3
-77-

( 1=473, 2=455,9 3=457)

( 10).
post hoc , Tukey
Scheffe,
Multiple Comparisons. ,
(I) 2 (J).
Tukey o 1
2 p 0,024.
1
2 ( ),

t
p 0,012. 1
2
PISA 5% (
1%).
1 3,
2 3.
2 .
- Kruskal Wallis

:
Analyze

Non-Parametric
Tests-K
Independent Samples pisa test
variable list school group variable.

3:

t-test

Wicoxon signed rank

(
)

t-test

Mann-Whitney

(
)

Paired t-test

Wicoxon signed rank

(
)

-78-

Kruskal-Wallis
ANOVA

( one-way)

6
2

-79-

6. 2
2
(chi square test of independence)
(contingency tables).
( ) ( )
.
.

X2

. :

( ).
(

). .

2
.
2
:

n > 2535



( 25%)


(n > 250),

36
X2.
6.1. 2


(
)37.

35

n<25 Monte Carlo.

n>250
( SPSS random sample)
Monte Carlo.
37
: /
;[ =1, =2, =3, =4, =5,
=6]
36

-80-

 ,

(chi square
test of independence). :
0 :

1 :
2,
( )

( ).
.
SPSS :
4:

Valid

Total

Frequency
83
117
200

Percent
41.5
58.5
100.0

Cumulative
Percent
41.5
100.0

Valid Percent
41.5
58.5
100.0

5:

Valid

Missing
Total

Total
Missing

Frequency
37
40
31
69
11
9
197
3
200

Percent
18.5
20.0
15.5
34.5
5.5
4.5
98.5
1.5
100.0

Valid Percent
18.8
20.3
15.7
35.0
5.6
4.6
100.0

Cumulative
Percent
18.8
39.1
54.8
89.8
95.4
100.0

,
. SPSS

Crosstabs :
- Menu Analyse
Statistics Crosstabs.

Descriptive

-81-

 44: SPSS X2

(columns).

(rows)

45: SPSS 2

46:

-82-


.
.

.
SPSS .
(Analyse - Descriptive
Statistics - Crosstabs), Statistics (.
)

38
( Chi-square)

47 & 48: SPSS 2

:

38

.

.

-83-

 7:

-84-

 * Crosstabulation

Total

Count
Expected Count
Residual
Count
Expected Count
Residual
Count
Expected Count

24
15.2
8.8
13
21.8
-8.8
37
37.0

19
17
17
2
16.4
12.7
28.4
4.5
2.6
4.3
-11.4
-2.5
21
14
52
9
23.6
18.3
40.6
6.5
-2.6
-4.3
11.4
2.5
40
31
69
11
40.0
31.0
69.0
11.0

2
3.7
-1.7
7
5.3
1.7
9
9.0

Total
81
81.0
116
116.0
197
197.0

49:


.
,
,
.

). (
),
.
( 50):

50: SPSS

-85-

.

2.

.

( 25%).

(recode) .

39
. ;
Pearson Chi-Square .
,
.
1 ()
.
X2 (Pearson Chi-Square) 564.786, p-value (Significance
level) 0.000 5% (

, (.

http://home.clara.net/sisa/two2hlp.htm,
http://www.graphpad.com/
quickcalcs/contingency1.cfm).

39

-86-

6.2. SPSS
,
SPSS .

.
.
Count ( ) =
.
Exp.count ( ) =

.
Residual ( ) =

.
Row Total ( ) =
.
Column Total ( ) =
.
Chi
Square
Pearson
).

&

Likelihood

Ratio

(2

Degrees of Freedom ( ) =

-1
-1, (-1)(-1)
Significance
()
=

.
(>) 0.05

.
Linear by Linear association ( ) =

() .
Minimum Expected Count ( ).
Cells (.x%) have expected count less than 5 =
25% X2 .
-87-

Phi () =

Phi 2,

.
, .
Cramers V = Cramers V
() ()
.
>1,
Cramers V 0
1.

APA Style :
2(5,
40
=200)= 23.159, p<0.05 .

40

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association, p.113

-88-

-89-

7.1


(

).
( )
.
.
0 :

.
(grades) SPSS
: Statistics NonParametric tests 1-Sample
K-S.

1: SPSS Kolmogorov-Smirnov
(Normal)
, ,

97%.

-90-

 2: SPSS Kolmogorov-Smirnov


. /

.
. :
Statistics Descriptive Statistics Frequencies
Variables / ()
statistics.

3: SPSS

-91-

 Skewness/Kurtosis, continue OK.

:

4: SPSS
+/- 2

.
Skew
, =
SkewError
-.690/.687 = -1.004, -.185/1.334 = .1386. +/-2

.
- Explore.
7.2
7.2.1

.
Test X2 .
:
() >30,
()
> 1
() 80% > 5

.
Test Mc Nemar.
To test
.
:
() (dichotomous)
(b) (value labels)

-92-


.
Test Mann & Whitney
To test

.

.
Test (Sign test) test Wilcoxon. Sign test
(
), to Wilcoxon test .
Sign test
test Wilcoxon.

.
T test
o:
() .

.
Mann Whitney test.

t-test.
F (Ftest).

.
T test
o:
() .

.
test Wilcoxon.
7.2.2
.

.
. n ( n =
) k ( k =
). .
2 test . 2
.
o:
()
>1 80% >5.
-93-


.
. n ( n =
) k ( k =
).
:
() (dichotomous)
Test Cohran (Q test).

.
Kruskal & Wallis test ( test).
.

.
Friedman test.
.

.
ANOVA.
:
()
,
()
.
.

.
.
7.2.3

.

Pearson.
:

.

.

Spearman.

.
-94-


eta.
:
- test.

.

Spearman.

.

Spearman.

.
2 test.

.
2 test.

.
2 test.

.
2 test.

-95-

-97-


Stevens, S. (1946) On the theory of scales and measurement.
Science, 103, 667-680.
, . (1998).
:
. : Gutenberg.
, . (1992). . :

, ., , ., , ., & , .
(1999).
. : .
Norusis, M. (2005). SPSS 12.0
(., Trans.). : .
Yerkes, R. M., & Dowdson, J. D. (1908). The relation of
strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation.
Journal of Comparative and Neurological Psychology, 18,
459-482.
Cohen,
J.
(1988).
Statistical
power
analysis
for
the
behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
, ., & , . (2003).
. :
Champion, D. J. (1981). Basic statistics for social research
(2d ed.). New York: Macmillan.

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/ ( SPSS
Starter Kit, What statistical analysis should I use?,
Annotated Output Links by Topic)
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/notes2/analyze.htm
(
)
. :
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/ips4e/cat_010/applets/CorrelationRegr
ession.html
http://www.stat.vt.edu/~sundar/java/applets/Correlation.html
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/bps3e/content/cat_010/applets/twovarc
alcbps.html
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/bps3e/
http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/index.html
-98-

 -TEST . :
http://www.une.edu.au/WebStat/unit_materials/c6_common_statist
ical_tests/index.html
(ANOVA) . :
http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/stats/anova.html
http://web.umr.edu/~psyworld/virtualstat/anova/anovacalc.html
http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/ank3.html
http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/ank4.html
http://www.une.edu.au/WebStat/unit_materials/c7_anova/index.html
http://www.graphpad.com/quickcalcs/posttest1.cfm
http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/Businessstat/otherapplets/ANOVA2Rep.htm
http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/corr3.html
http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/Businessstat/otherapplets/ANOVADep.htm
http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/anova2x2.html
http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/anova2x3.html
http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/Businessstat/otherapplets/ANOVATwo.htm
http://faculty.vassar.edu/lowry/corr4.
http://www.une.edu.au/WebStat/unit_materials/c7_anova/twoway_a
nova.htm

-99-