Excellent FH Planning

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Planning & Optimisation

of
Frequency Hopping
in
GSM Networks
Authors: U. Rehfuess, ICM N MR Dr. K. Dietrich, ICM N MR A. Volke, ICM N MR B. Kronmueller, ICM N ST
Network Design and Consulting
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Planning & Optimisation of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks
Outline
Implementation Aspects Frequency Assignment in FH Networks BSS - Database Parameters Optimisation Aspects Summary
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Implementation Aspects
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Implementation Aspects Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH Baseband FH
RF1 RF2 RF3 RF4
Frame Frame Frame Frame N N N N 0 1 2 3
Logical Channel 1 2 3 4
Synthesizer FH
RF1..n RF1..n RF1..n RF1..n
Logical Channel BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4 1 2 3 4
BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4
Mobiles use Synthesizer Hopping only BS implementation: power down, synthesizer retuning and power up again within guard period 2 Synthesizers are implemented
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Implementation Aspects Combining Equipment in Baseband and Synthesizer FH Baseband FH
TX Antenna RF1 RF2 RF3 RF4 BB1 BB2 BB3
Synthesizer FH
TX Antenna RF1..n RF1..n RF1..n RF1..n BB1 BB2 BB3
Filter Combining
Hybrid Combing
1 2 3
1 2 3
BB4 4
BB4 4
Narrow Band Low insertion loss (3-4 dB)

Wide band Higher insertion losses (~3 dB/stage) On-air combining possible (DUCOM)
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Implementation Aspects Combiner, Link Budget of Synthesized Frequency Hopping
Example: GSM 900
Combiner Losses and Output Power
Determine configuration and hardware status before SFH implementation Determine necessary upgrades (TPU, PA, Combiner) Actualize and check Link budgets Introduce further HPA where necessary Max. number of TRXs per cell depends on hardware configuration
Combiner Type DUCOM 2:1 DUCOM 4:1 HYCOM 1:1 HYCOM 2:1 HYCOM 4:1 FICOM 2:1 FICOM 4:1 FICOM 6:1 DUCIT
Attenuation dB 2.5 5.7 2.0 3.7 6.5 2.4 3.0 3.3 2.8
Power Amplifier PA HPA
Output Power W 25 W 40 W 60 W
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Implementation Aspects TPU, PA for Synthesized Frequency Hopping
BFH TPU TPU 2 PA HPA X X X X X
SFH
X X* X
* not all types of first generation power amplifiers are suitable for for SFH
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Implementation Aspects Hardware and Software for Synthesized Frequency Hopping Software Release: Cell Synchronization: BR 3.7 or higher up to 2/2/2 BS 6x/2x up to 8/8/8 BS 24x
No. of Hopping Frequencies: max. 16 per cell (BFH incl. BCCH) max. 15 per cell (SFH w/o BCCH) max. 64 per cell with BR 6.0 BS11: SFH only (BR 4.0)
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Implementation Aspects Key Differences Between Baseband and Synthesizer FH
Baseband hopping
Narrowband RFcombining sufficient One TRX per hopping frequency required!
Synthesizer hopping
Wideband RF combining required
More hopping frequencies than TRXs feasible
No. of RF = No. of TRX No. of RF > No. of TRX
BCCH TRX except for TS0 may hop BCCH TRX must not hop
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Implementation Aspects Hardware Requirements: Repeater Wideband Repeaters: Usable for SFH and BFH Careful implementation (amplification of signals in the whole frequency band) Channel selective Repeaters: Usable for BFH Number of frequencies is limited Usually not usable in tight reuse scenarios
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Frequency Assignment in Hopping Networks
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Frequency Planning Process Frequency Assignment
Split of Band BCCH - TCH Dedicated Common Multiple Reuse
Planning of Boundaries Hopping Non Hopping
Guideline for RF-planners

Tool optimized frequency assignment Available Spectrum for Hopping
Focus on SFH planning and hopping TCH - carriers BCCH - carrier assignment: planning with tool is always recommended Planning must be adjusted to each individual network
Frequency assignment with fixed reuse schemes
Tools Interference Table Separation Settings Cyclic Hopping Random Hopping
Reuse 1x3 Reuse 1x1 other
MAIO and HSN Planning
Planning of Anchor Frequencies in SFH Database Generation
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Frequency Planning Common Band - Dedicated Band - Multiple Re-Use Patterns
Common Band
total operator bandwidth 8.6 MHz = 43 carriers
Achievable System Load
43 carriers for both BCCH and TCH
Dedicated Band
15 BCCH carriers 28 TCH carriers
90%@FER2% 5 hopping frequencies PC on, DTX on Dedicated Band 59.7% Common Band 54.3% MRP
[%]
71.8%
Multiple Re-use Patterns (MRP)
15 BCCH carriers 12 TCH + 9 TCH + 7 TCH carriers

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Frequency Planning Frequency groups
TCH 2
Tool supported planning
TCH 2 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 1 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 1 TCH 2 TCH 3
TCH 2
TCH 3
Fixed reuse scheme to all hopping cells possible reuses: 3/9, 2/6, 1/3, 1/1
Tool supported frequency assignment based on interference matrix considering FH gains
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Frequency Planning Planning of BCCH
BCCH 1
BCCH 4 BCCH 3 BCCH 2 BCCH 7 BCCH 6 BCCH 9 BCCH 5
Reliability Neighbor Measurements BSIC Decoding BCCH Frequency active at all timeslots in the downlink -> no interference averaging
BCCH 10 BCCH 8
BCCH 13 BCCH 11
BCCH e.g. 4 x 12 Reuse
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Frequency Planning Examples for frequency groups (I) Cluster 1/3
TCH A
TCH A
TCH A TCH A
Channel 1, 4, 7, 10, ... 2, 5, 8, 11, ... 3, 6, 9, 12, ...
TCH C
TCH B TCH C
TCH C TCH B TCH C TCH B
TCH B
TCH A
TCH A TCH A
TCH B
TCH C
TCH B TCH C
TCH B
TCH C
Co-channel interference is avoided by the frequency groups With a deliberately MAIO assignment and identical HSN assignment to sectors you can avoid adjacent-channel interference between the sectors within one site
MAIO Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3 Min # RF
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 0 1 0 6 2 3 2 12 4 5 4 18
... ... ... ...
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Frequency Planning Examples for frequency groups (II)
TCH 2
Each sector within a site uses a different Frequency Group

TCH 2
TCH 1
TCH 3
TCH 2 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 1 TCH 2 TCH 3 TCH 1
No co-channel collisions between sectors of a site Synchronisation between the sectors and MAIO management avoid adjacent channel collisions Homogeneous network: no co-channel collisions between serving cell and all nearest neighbour cells
TCH 3
TCH uses each frequency only part of the time (e.g. 50%) 50% fractional load
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Frequency Planning Examples for frequency groups (III) Cluster 1/1
All sectors same frequency group Identical HSN to sectors of one site MAIO assignment to avoid co- and adjacent channel interference
TRX1 0 2 4 6 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 6 8 10 12 12 14 16 18 18 20 22 24 ... ... ... ...
MAIO Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3 Min # RF
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Frequency Planning Examples for frequency groups (IV)
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
Each sector within a site uses the same frequency group Synchronisation between the sectors and MAIO management required to avoid co-channel collisions Homogeneous network: Co-channel collisions between serving cell and nearest neighbor
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Frequency Planning Hopping Sequence Generation (I)
GSM 05.02.
MAI = (FN + MAIO) modulo N

MAI ... Mobile Allocation Index FN ... TDMA Frame Number MAIO ... Mobile Allocation Index Offset N ... Number of allocated frequencies
For example: (MAIO=0)
if HSN = 0 (cyclic hopping) (integer 1...N-1) (0... 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647) (0 ... N -1)
set of ARFCN numbers to be
used in the hopping sequence
MA = 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,41
1. burst FN = 0: 2. burst FN = 1: MAI = (0 + 0) mod 15 = 0 MAI = (1 + 0) mod 15 = 1 ARFCN = 1 ARFCN = 4 ARFCN = 41 ARFCN = 1 ARFCN = 4
N=15
14. burst FN = 14: MAI = (14 + 0) mod 15 = 14 15. burst FN = 15: MAI = (15 + 0) mod 15 = 0 16. burst FN = 16: MAI = (16 + 0) mod 15 = 1 etc...
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Frequency Planning Hopping Sequence Generation (II) MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N
with:
if HSN 0 (random hopping)
S = M S = (M + T) modulo N
M = M modulo [2^Integer(log2(N)+1)] T = T3 modulo [2^Integer(log2(N)+1)]
if M < N else
M = T2 + RNTABLE((HSN xor T1R)+T3)

T1R, T2, T3 ... Different Time Parameter RNTABLE ... Table of 114 Integer numbers
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Frequency Planning Example for MAIO - Management (I)
Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
BCCH MAIO = 0 MAIO = 6 MAIO = 12
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Time (TDMA - frame)

TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3
1 7 13
2 8 14
10 16 4
7 ... ...
...
Time (TDMA - frame)

BCCH TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 BCCH MAIO = 2 MAIO = 8 MAIO = 14
Time (TDMA - frame)
... ... ...
14 2 8
6 12 18
5 11 17
MAIO = 4 MAIO = 10 MAIO = 16
3 9 15
4 10 16
12 18 6
9 ... ...
...
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Frequency Planning Example for MAIO - Management (II)
Frequency group 1x1 reuse / Random Hopping (1, 2, 10, 7, . . . )
BCCH TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 BCCH MAIO = 0 MAIO = 6 MAIO = 12
TRX0 TRX1
TRX0 BCCH TRX1 MAIO = 2 TRX2 MAIO = 8 TRX3 MAIO = 14
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
MAIO = 4
MAIO = 10 TRX2
Avoid Co - channel collision: Avoid Adjacent - channel collision: only odd or even RF numbers on air at same time
MAIO = 16 TRX3
min # RF = number of hopping TRX (example 9 frequencies)
Minimum total number of frequencies for hopping system with MAIO - Management = 2* number of hopping TRX of site
(18 frequencies in example)
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Frequency Planning Examples for frequency groups and MAIO - Assignment
Frequency group: A: 1 4 7 10 13 16 B: 2 5 8 11 14 17 C: 3 6 9 12 15 18
TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 BCCH fA fA fA MAIO = 0 MAIO = 2 MAIO = 4 TRX0 BCCH fC fC fC MAIO = 0 MAIO = 2 MAIO = 4 TRX0 TRX1 HSN = 3 TRX2 TRX3 TRX2 TRX3 TRX0 TRX1 BCCH fB fB fB MAIO = 1 MAIO = 3 MAIO = 5 fC fC BCCH MAIO = 0 MAIO = 2 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 HSN = 2 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 BCCH f B MAIO = 1 f B MAIO = 3 TRX1 TRX2 BCCH f A MAIO = 0 f A MAIO = 2 fC fC BCCH MAIO = 0 MAIO = 2 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 HSN = 1 TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 BCCH f A MAIO = 0 f A MAIO = 2
TRX0 TRX1 TRX2
BCCH f B MAIO = 1 f B MAIO = 3
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Frequency Planning Tools The Automatic Frequency Planning Process
Automatized Planning Routines Variety of Planning Algorithms Global / Local Parameter Settings
Input data from radio network planning tool
Minimisation of interference
Frequency Assignment
Evaluation of the assignments C/I and FER plots C/I and FER analysis on per carrier basis
N Live
D ork etw
ata
Setting of planning constraints Common / Dedicated Band Planning
Consideration of FH, PC, DTX
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Frequency Planning Tools The SIEMENS Advanced Automatic Frequency Planning Tool
Efficient algorithms for different optimization targets:
Minimizing global interference ... Minimizing worst interfering cell relations
Features for advanced network planning strategies

Frequency hopping Power Control Discontinuous transmission
Graphical evaluation of frequency assignments based on

C/I FER
Very good results in European research program COST 259 benchmarks in quality of result at short execution times (typically seconds to minutes) High performance proved in live networks with different customers
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Frequency Planning Tools Consideration of Radio Link Control Options
Automatic consideration of hopping gains and interference reduction due to PC and DTX on cell basis during
interference matrix calculation optimum assignment of frequencies by using highly efficient optimisation algorithms
Graphical evaluation of the assignment results based on FER

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Frequency Planning Tools Generation of the interference matrix
Potentially serving signal SC
EIRP - Path loss
Potentially interfering signal SI
EIRP - Path loss

Ai Ai Ai
50%
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Frequency Planning Tools Required C/I in FH-GSM (TU3), Cyclic Hopping
FH Gains as determined via Real Network Simulations Shift: 6.5 dB 13.5 dB Gain: up to 7 dB
50%
NH 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 8 Ch
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Frequency Assignment Frequency Reuse & C/I values (Non Hopping)
Required no. of frequencies Cluster size / Reuse distance: q = SQRT(3*N) C/I rule of thump: C/I abs 1,5 * N2
N 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 18 20 Anzahl f 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 36 45 54 60 q 2,45 3,00 3,46 3,87 4,24 4,58 4,90 5,20 5,48 6,00 6,71 7,35 7,75
C/I [dB] 7,78 11,30 13,80 15,74 17,32 18,66 19,82 20,85 21,76 23,34 25,28 26,87 27,78
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Frequency Planning Tools Required C/I in FH-GSM for different environments Typical frequency hopping gain The following table shows the typical gain from frequency hopping in a GSM 900 network (example of the signal-to-noise ratio required to obtain 0.2% residual BER for class 1b bits): Frequency hopping None 2 frequency 4 frequency 8 frequency 16 frequency TU3 11.5 10.0 8.25 7.5 6.75 TU50 HT100 7.5 6.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6
Source: SIEMENS TED-BSS Network Design and Consulting
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Frequency Planning Tools Analyses of FER
Graphical FER analysis of an SFH network
FER in % 3% <3% <2% < 1%
FER in % 3% <3% <2% < 1%
1x3 reuse, 0,3 fractional load

1x3 reuse, 0,6 fractional load
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Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (I) 3 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 2
No. of TRX
Network Example:
2 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4
2 4 3 3 4 2 2 3
11 Sites 33 Cells
6 cells 2 TRX 12 cells 3 TRX 15 cells 4 TRX 33 TRX BCCH 75 TRX TCH
3 3 2
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Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (II)
Network Example:
11 Sites 33 Cells
6 cells 2 TRX 12 cells 3 TRX 15 cells 4 TRX
Given Spectrum: 42 channels 12 frequencies for BCCH - TRX 30 frequencies for TCH - TRX (hopping)
Reuse of:
4 5 6 7
30/4 = 7.5 frequencies per cell in average 30/5 = 6 30/6 = 5 frequencies per cell in average frequencies per cell in average
30/7 = 4.2 frequencies per cell in average
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Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (III)
Network Example:
11 Sites 33 Cells
6 cells 2 TRX 12 cells 3 TRX 15 cells 4 TRX
No. of assigned frequencies for FH
2/3 6/4 4/6 4/6
No. of TRX
Planning Rule: (example)
3/4 4/3 3/4
1 Hopping TRX 3 frequencies 2 Hopping TRX 4 frequencies 3 Hopping TRX 6 frequencies

Frequency Reuse Factor:
6/4
4/6
156 / 33 = 4.7 frequ. / cell in average 30 frequ. / 4.7 frequ. per cell =
6.3
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Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV)
Separations for hopping TCH: Intra cell separation: 3 Intra site separation: 1 Neighbour separation: 1 Interference Matrix for hopping TCH: co-channel: C/I curve 7 dB (50% probability) adjacent channel: C/I curve -6 dB (50% probability) MAIO and HSN: HSN = 0 for all cells (cyclic hopping) MAIO = 0 for TRX1 (TRX0 = BCCH) MAIO = 1 for TRX2 MAIO = 2 for TRX3 etc.
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Frequency Assignment Example for Tool-supported Planned Reuse (IV) Example for a site list:
Site Id 0001 Sector 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 TRX BCCH 0 2 1 0 4 1 2 3 0 9 1 2 0 12 1 2 0 8 1 f1 19 13 13 13 15 15 22 22 16 f2 36 18 18 18 23 23 26 26 19 f3 41 21 21 21 27 27 34 34 28 25 25 25 32 32 40 40 30 30 30 42 42 42 f4 f5 f6 MAIO 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 HSN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0002
etc....
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Frequency Planning Strategies Cyclic Hopping - Random Hopping
Principle of Cyclic Hopping
Cyclic hopping sequence {... f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3 ...}, MAIO 0 Cyclic hopping sequence {... f1, f2, f3, f4, f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f5 ...}, MAIO 2
TDMA frame F r e q u e n c y f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
Optimum frequency Diversity Sufficient Interference diversity by avoiding frequency groups No Interference diversity using frequency groups
Principle of Random Hopping

TDMA frame F r e q u e n c y f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
Random hopping sequence {... f1, f4, f2, f0, f0, f3, f0, f1, f2, f4, ...}, MAIO 0 Random hopping sequence {... f3, f1, f4, f2, f2, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, ...}, MAIO 2
Optimum interference diversity Less frequency diversity
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Frequency Planning Planning of Anchor Frequencies
Each TRX must be assigned with a fixed frequency which belongs to the hopping frequency group of this TRX In case of disabling FH the TRX transmit the anchor frequency
Example Frequency group 1x3 reuse: A: 1 4 7 10 13 16 B: 2 5 8 11 14 17 C: 3 6 9 12 15 18
Tool Supported Planning of anchor frequencies

TRX0 TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 BCCH TRXFREQ = 7 TRXFREQ = 13 TRXFREQ = 4
MOBALLOC = 1- 4 -7- 10 - 13 - 16 MOBALLOC = 1 - 4 - 7 - 10 - 13 MOBALLOC = 1 - 4
- 16
- 7 - 10 - 13 - 16
BCCH
TRX0 TRX1
3 - 6 - 9 - 12 - 15 - 18
TRX0 TRX1
BCCH TRXFREQ = 2
. . .
TRXFREQ = 18
. . .
. . .
2 - 5 -. 8 - 11 - 14 - 17
. .
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BSS - Database Parameters for Radio Control Features
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Database Parameters Administration of Database Parameters for FH (I)
Specification Name CA HOPP_MODE FH_SYS_NUMBE R HSN MA FH_SYSTEM_ID MAIO Object/ Package BTS/ PKGBTSB BTS/ PKGBTSO FHSY FHSY FHSY CHAN CHAN DB Name CALL HOPMODE FHSY HSN MOBALLOC FHSYID MAIO Range 0...1023&. ..& 0...1023 BBHOP SYNHOP 1...10 0...63 0...1023& ...& 0...1023 0...10 0...63 Meaning Cell Allocation: list of all frequencies used in this cell except the BCCH-frequency Flag indicates whether baseband or synthesizer hopping is used Number to identify a frequency hopping system Hopping sequence number 0: cyclic hopping 1...63: random hopping Mobile allocation: list of frequencies within the FH system (maximum number of frequencies = 16). Specifies the frequency hopping system (given by FHSYN) to which a channel shall belong. (0: no hopping) Mobile allocation index offset: defining the starting frequency (number in the MA frequency list) for a hopping sequence at a certain frame number FN, i.e. different channels using the same FH system shall have different MAIO. Flag to enable/disable FH within the BTS
BTS_ISHOPPING
BTS/ PKGBTSO
HOPP
TRUE FALSE
Source: M. Doss, ICN CA CV D 22
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Database Parameters Administration of Database Parameters for FH(I) Maximum No. Of Hopping Frequencies Theoretical Limit: 16 Frequencies (BFH) Practical Limit: 15 Frequencies (SFH) In case of SFH all Time Slots on BCCH TRX (BCCH TS, SDCCH TS as well as TCH TS) must not hop In case of BFH the BCCH TS must not hop (FHSYID = 0)
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Database Parameters Administration of Database Parameters for Power Control (I)
RXQUAL
7 Power Increase (bad quality) L_RXQUAL_XX_P Power Increase (bad level) U_RXQUAL_XX_ P Power Decrease (good quality) 0 L_RXLEV_XX_P POW_RED_STEP_SIZE U_RXLEV_XX_P 63 RXLEV Power Decrease (good level)
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Database Parameters Administration of Database Parameters for Power Control (II)
Specification Name DB Name/Object MS_TXPWR_MAX BS_TXPWR_RED POW_INCR_ STEP_SIZE POW_RED_ STEP_SIZE P_CONFIRM L_RXLEV_DL_P L_RXLEV_UL_P U_RXLEV_DL_P U_RXLEV_UL_P L_RXQUAL_DL_P L_RXQUAL_UL_P U_RXQUAL_DL_P U_RXQUAL_UL_P P_CON_INTERVAL MSTXPMAX / BTSB PWRRED / TRX PWRINCSS / PWRC PWREDSS / PWRC PWRCONF /PWRC LOWTLEVD LOWTLEVU UPTLEVD UPTLEVU LOWTQUAD LOWTQUAU UPTQUAD UPTQUAU PCONINT / PWRC Range 2...15 0...15 0...6 DB2,DB4,D B6 DB2,DB4 1...31 0...63 0...63 0...7 0...7 0...31 Meaning maximum TXPWR an MS may use in the serving cell Static reduction of the TRX output power: BS_TXPWR_MAX = PBTS - 2 * PWRRED Step size for power increase in dB Step size for power reduction in dB Maximum interval for waiting for a confirmation of the new transmit power level. unit: 2 TSACCH RXLEV threshold on downlink/uplink for power increase RXLEV threshold on downlink/uplink for power decrease RXQUAL threshold on downlink/uplink for power increase RXQUAL threshold on downlink/uplink for power decrease Minimum interval between changes of the RF transmit power level
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Database Parameters Administration of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
Specification NameObject/ DB Name Meaning Package DTX indicator uplink BTS/BTSO DTXUL 0: MS may use DTX (if possible) 1: MS shall use DTX 2: MS shall not use DTX DTX indicator BTS/BTSO DTXDL FALSE: downlink DTX disabled at BTS TRUE: downlink DTX enabled at BTS dow n link
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Database Parameters Administration of Database Parameters for FH - RxQual
No Frequency Hopping
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0,1 1 10 100
Cyclic FH 2 Frequencies
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0,1 1 10 100
2% FER RXQUAL@90%
2% FER
RXQUAL@90%
FER@90% [%] Cyclic FH 4 Frequencies

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0,1 1 10 100 7
FER@90% [%] Cyclic FH 8 Frequencies

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0,1 1 10 100
2% FER RXQUAL@90%
2% FER
RXQUAL@90%
FER@90% [%]
FER@90% [%]
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Database Parameters Parameter Settings for Control Loops using RxQual Measurements
Handover:
Default (No Hopping) HOLTHQUDL: 4 (5*) HOLTHQUUL: 4 (5*) HOAVQUAL: 8-2 3 (4*) 3 (4*) 1 1 4-1
Default SFH (> 8 HF) 5 ... 6 5 ... 6 8-2 4 ... 5 4 ... 5 1 1 4-1
Default BFH 4 ... 5 4 ... 5 8-2 3 ... 4 3 ... 4 1 1 4-1
Power Control: LOWTQUAD: LOWTQUAU: UPTQUAD: UPTQUAU: PAVRQUAL

*) as recommended by database planning
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Database Parameters Flexible Configuration of different Hopping Modes
Flexible configuration of the Hopping Mode for each cell of a BSC via BSS parameter:
No Hopping Baseband Hopping Synthesizer Hopping
Configuration of the first SDCCH on the BCCH TRX mandatory
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Optimisation Aspects
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Optimisation Aspects Field Trials
Points of Examination
Impact of RLC on Network Quality Impact of RLC on Network Capacity Comparison BFH - SFH Comparison SFH Tight Reuse Implementation Cases Optimizing Radio Parameters (Thresholds for Handover and Power Control)
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Optimisation Aspects Network Measurements Performance Measurements:
Performance and Quality Indicators

- Dropped Call Rate
Handover Statistics (Inter, Intra, Causes, Failures) Uplink Interference Measurements on Idle TCH SDCCH Performance
Test Mobile Measurements: RxLev, RxQual, FER, SQI (Speech Quality) Tracer Measurements: Abis Protocol Analyses
- TCH Drop Rate (Loss of Connection, Loss during Handover)
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Optimisation Aspects Performance Measurements: Quality Indicators
Comparison of Drop Rates: Non Hopping - SFH 1x3 - SHF 1x1
5.0%
~ 4 % Improvement
4.0%
3.0%
~ 18 % Improvement
2.0%
~ 14 % Improvement
1.0%
0.0% No Hopping SFH 1x1 SFH 1x3
Dropped Call Rate 4.55% 4.39% 4.40%
TCH Drop Rate 1.23% 1.08% 1.04%
Call Drop Rate BS 1.90% 1.59% 1.52%
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Optimisation Aspects Handover Performance (I)
Handover Performance: Inter cell HO - Causes
100.0%
S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3 HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 8-2 PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4
80.0%
60.0%
Percentage of Quality HO increases
Parameter Optimisation
40.0%
20.0%
0.0% No Hopping Uplink Quality (Per) Distance (Per) S1 / SFH 1x3 Downlink Quality (Per) Better Cell (Per) Uplink Strengh (Per) Direct Retry (Per) SFH 1x3 Downlink Strength (Per)
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Optimisation Aspects Handover Performance (II)
40,0%
UL-PC enabled from the beginning (incl. No hopping) S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3 HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 8-2 PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4
30,0%
20,0%
Optimisation of Database Parameters
10,0%
Percentage of Intra cell HO decreased again
0,0%
No Hopping S1 / SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3
InterCellHO/TCHAssignm 34,0% 32,9% 30,4%
IntraCellHO/TCHAssignm 1,1% 3,1% 0,7%
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Optimisation Aspects Handover Performance (III)
120%
S1/SFH 1x3 SFH 1x3 HAND: HOAVQUAL 5-2 8-2 PWRC: LOWTQUAU 3 4
RXQUAL_DL > 5 RXLEV_DL > 35 100% RXQUAL_UL > 5 80% RXLEV_UL > 31
60%
40%
20%
0%
No Hopping 54% 46%
S1 / SFH 1x3 62% 38%
SFH 1x3 74% 26%
Intra Downlink Quality Intra Uplink Quality
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Optimisations Aspects Influence of RLC Features on Idle Traffic Channel Measurements
Less percentage of measurements in higher bands Reduction of
Rate of idle traffic channels per interference band
SFH + PC + DTX
99.3%
0.7%
0.0% 0.0%
Interference
SFH + PC 98.9% 1.1% 0.0% 0.0%
SFH
98.9%
1.1%
0.0% 0.0%
BFH
98.7%
1.2%
0.0% 0.0%
Non Hopping
96.3%
1.9%
0.9%
0.9%
94.0%
95.0% Interference Band 1
96.0%
97.0%
98.0%
101.0%
Interference Band 2
Interference Band 3
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Optimisation Aspects Handover Performance - Influence of PC & DTX
Implementation of PC & DTX in SFH 1x1
Increase of no. of uplink quality 50% handovers
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Uplink Quality (Per) Downlink Quality (Per) Uplink Strengh (Per) Downlink Strength (Per) Distance (Per) Better Cell (Per) Direct Retry (Per) 60%
Decrease of no. of downlink quality handovers
Power Control was enabled in Downlink additionally

SFH 1x1 14% 20% 8% 7% 0% 49% 2% PC, DTX SFH 1x1 23% 16% 7% 6% 0% 47% 1%
Reduction of Downlink Quality HO
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Optimisation Aspects Influence of Cell Synchronisation
Results of Changing HSN - 1x3 and 1x1 in Reference Cells
HSN = b
1,20%
No Synchr.
1,00%
No Synchr.
HSN = a
0,80%
HSN = a
Synchronization
0,60%
0,40%
Different HSN within one site

TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x3 1,08 % 1,07 % TCH Drop Rate SFH Reuse 1x1 1,00 % 1,09 %
0,20%
0,00% Synchronized cells Change of HSN
No Synchronisation between the cells
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Optimisation Aspects Reduction of Frequencies
SFH 1x1: Reduction of frequencies
5,0%
Reduction of 3 Frequencies Reduction of 6 Frequencies
4,0%
3,0%
2,0%
1,0%
0,0%
PC, DTX SFH 1x1 Carr_Red 3Fr SFH 1x1 Carr_Red 6Fr SFH 1x1
Dropped Call Rate 4,7% 4,6% 4,6%
TCH Drop Rate 1,22% 1,16% 1,21%
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Optimisation Aspects Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (I)
TTTTTTTTTTTTSTTTTTTTTTTTT26 frames = 120 ms
T Traffic Channel (TCH) S Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)

FER (full) 0% 4% 8% 12% 16% 20% 24% 28% 32% 36% 40% 44% 48% 60% 88% Samples 22883 407 87 26 34 46 16 13 10 6 19 6 6 6 6 23571 Percent. Perc. Sampl Total FER Rate Samples Cumul. 97,08% 97,08% 0,00% 1,73% 98,81% 0,07% 0,37% 99,18% 0,10% 0,11% 99,29% 0,11% 0,14% 99,43% 0,14% 0,20% 99,63% 0,17% 0,07% 99,69% 0,19% 0,06% 99,75% 0,21% 0,04% 99,79% 0,22% 0,03% 99,82% 0,23% 0,08% 99,90% 0,26% 0,03% 99,92% 0,27% 0,03% 99,95% 0,28% 0,03% 99,97% 0,30% 0,03% 100,00% 0,32% 0,32% 100%
Measurement Mobile reports FER values each SACCH frame FER can only evaluated in steps of 4 %
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Optimisation Aspects Drive Test Data - FER Evaluation (II)
Detailed Evaluation of Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH :
FER Distribution (RxLev > 10 & RxQual >4)
Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH
60,0% 50,0% 40,0% 30,0% 20,0% 10,0% 0,0% 70,0% 60,0% 50,0% 40,0% 30,0% 20,0% 10,0% 0,0%
RxQual Distribution (RxLev >10 & RxQaul >4)

Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH
12 FER [% ]
16
20
> 20
6 RxQual
No Hopping BCCH
Hopping TCH 1x3
Hopping TCH 1x1
No Hopping BCCH
Hopping TCH 1x3
Hopping TCH1x1
Hopping Gain can be seen in RxQual- and FER Distribution
RxQual values of Hopping samples are worse but FER values are better.
Better FER samples on the hopping carriers.

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Optimisation Aspects Influence of Power Control on RxLev , RxQual Distribution
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Optimisation Aspects Measuring FH improvements in the Field
Call drop rates cannot show full FH gains, since SACCH performance is not strongly related to FH RXQUAL statistics for both uplink and downlink get worse with FH and need to be interpreted -> required RXQUAL Currently no vendor supports speech quality related FER measurements in the BSS - for downlink, no MS reporting is standardised - for uplink, BS vendor specific implementations are feasible TEMS drive/walk test can show FH improvement on downlink speech quality BR6.0 will have measured FER statistics for the uplink and estimated FER statistics for the downlink
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Summary
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Summary SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (I) The benefits of Frequency Hopping have been successfully verified in Field Trials by using different implementation alternatives (BFH, SFH, loose reuse, tight reuse) Measurements showed improvements of Quality and Capacity (reduction of frequencies). Quality Feature Capacity Feature Using FH in real networks provides measures to enhance the reuse (overall reuse including BCCH frequencies of better than 9 maintaining speech quality at the same time)
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Summary SFH Planning & Implementation for the Expansion (II) It is recommended to implement BFH as a basic feature.
BFH allows for narrow band combining (e.g. filter combiners) with low insertion loss
useful in noise limited scenarios It is recommended to use SFH in mature high capacity networks
SFH requires wide band combining (e.g. hybrid combiners)
recommended for interference limited scenarios Implementation of Features does not replace quality and capacity improvements to be achieved via maintenance and network optimisation activities !
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Summary Siemens Reference Networks: Synthesiser Frequency Hopping
Siemens SFH Networks in China Croatia Czech Rep. Germany Kuwait RSA Syria Taiwan Thailand USA High capacity configurations: Network with site configurations up to 4/6/4: 4/4/4, 4/5/4, 4/6/4 Cells are significantly loaded with traffic Call Drop Rate less than 2 % TCH Drop Rate better than 2% (in selected cases better than 1%) Achievable quality in the networks depends on coverage situation available spectrum Traffic load and traffic distribution homogeneity of the network and topography of the landscape
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Summary Additional Information
SIEMENS Technical Descriptions Base Station System (TED-BSS BR.xx) PLMN SBS Radio Network Parameters (SIEMENS ICN Training Institute) PLMN SBS Performance Measurements (SIEMENS ICN Training Institute) ETSI GSM Recommendation GSM 05.05, 05.08 and 04.08

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Planning & Optimisation

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Logical Channel BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4 1 2 3 4

BB1 BB2 BB3 BB4

Narrow Band Low insertion loss (3-4 dB)

Power Amplifier PA HPA

BFH TPU TPU 2 PA HPA X X X X X

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Wideband RF combining required

More hopping frequencies than TRXs feasible

No. of RF = No. of TRX No. of RF > No. of TRX

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

Frequency Assignment in Hopping Networks

Network Design and Consulting

Planning of Boundaries Hopping Non Hopping

Guideline for RF-planners

Frequency assignment with fixed reuse schemes

Tools Interference Table Separation Settings Cyclic Hopping Random Hopping

Reuse 1x3 Reuse 1x1 other

MAIO and HSN Planning

Planning of Anchor Frequencies in SFH Database Generation

Network Design and Consulting

Achievable System Load

43 carriers for both BCCH and TCH

Multiple Re-use Patterns (MRP)

15 BCCH carriers 12 TCH + 9 TCH + 7 TCH carriers

Tool supported planning

TCH 2 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 1 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 1 TCH 2 TCH 3

Tool supported frequency assignment based on interference matrix considering FH gains

BCCH 4 BCCH 3 BCCH 2 BCCH 7 BCCH 6 BCCH 9 BCCH 5

BCCH e.g. 4 x 12 Reuse

Network Design and Consulting

Channel 1, 4, 7, 10, ... 2, 5, 8, 11, ... 3, 6, 9, 12, ...

TCH C TCH B TCH C TCH B

MAIO Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3 Min # RF

TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 0 1 0 6 2 3 2 12 4 5 4 18

... ... ... ...

Each sector within a site uses a different Frequency Group

TCH 2 TCH 1 TCH 3 TCH 1 TCH 2 TCH 3 TCH 1

Network Design and Consulting

MAIO Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3 Min # RF

Network Design and Consulting

Network Design and Consulting

MAI = (FN + MAIO) modulo N

set of ARFCN numbers to be

used in the hopping sequence

if HSN 0 (random hopping)

M = T2 + RNTABLE((HSN xor T1R)+T3)

Network Design and Consulting

Time (TDMA - frame)

Time (TDMA - frame)

Time (TDMA - frame)

... ... ...

MAIO = 4 MAIO = 10 MAIO = 16

Network Design and Consulting

TRX0 BCCH TRX1 MAIO = 2 TRX2 MAIO = 8 TRX3 MAIO = 14

min # RF = number of hopping TRX (example 9 frequencies)

TRX0 TRX1 TRX2