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Adapted from

Must put energy


into system
to form contact
0

10

15

20

25

2d
A

Must put energy into


system to break contact
b

- -- -

+
+-- -

Attractive (-)

Energy

Repulsive (+)

Hypothetical Relationship of Energy


vs.
Interparticle Spacing
(Illitic clay at low salt concentration)

---+
---D

2d

Osmotic repulsion
(Donnan)
Electrostatic Attraction
van der Waals Attraction
Hydration
Absorbed Water Repulsion
Orientation
1
Primary Valence

Figure by MIT OCW.

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