MHEC : LOSS CONTROL WORKSHOP

Electric Power Quality

Our Roadmap for this PQ Session

To arm you with some useful power quality design recommendations and ideas Illustrate Power Quality solutions using case studies Industry Trends Questions and Answers
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What is Power Quality?

The concept of powering and grounding sensitive equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment.1 Within the industry, alternate definitions or interpretations of power quality have been used, reflecting different points of view.2 The definition of Power Quality cannot be limited to the characteristics of the supply power. The definition must also include the requirements of the load. 1 1
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IEEE 1100-1992 2 2 IEEE 1159-1995

Power Quality Paradigms

Key Services/Technologies in the Power Quality Industry

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Industry Trends

Demand for Clean Power Fueled by 225% Growth in Microprocessors Increased sensitivity to disturbances and poor grounding Effects of harmonics on distribution systems Increased problems from natural phenomenon
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Industry Trends

Growth in Electronics = Growth in PQ Solutions

Power Quality Solutions/Electronic Loads

Surge Suppressors Power-Conditioning Equipment Electronic Ballasts Variable Speed Drives Energy Efficient Motors Solid-State Motor Controls Programmable Logic Controls Voice/Data Cable System Power-Monitoring System
EC&M Reader Survey (1995)
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0 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70

Power Quality Solution Strategy

Good Grounding Practices Harmonic Solutions Surge Solutions

Voltage Variation Solutions

Power Quality Design and Application Considerations

Ensure grounding system integrity Limit creation of power quality problems Attenuate power quality problems Withstand poor power quality

Equipment Grounding
Related to Over Half Foundation of a of All Power Quality reliable electrical Problems distribution system Proliferation of communication and computer network systems
Good Grounding Practices
Harmonic Solutions Surge Solutions

Grounding

Voltage Variation Solutions

Equipment Grounding
Reasons for grounding Personnel safety Equipment protection Power quality

Grounding

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Equipment Grounding and Power Quality

National Electrical Code Article 250 also provides the baseline requirements to ensure proper operation of sensitive equipment FIPS 94 provides additional methods that are typically needed to ensure reliable operation of electronic equipment
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Grounding

Equipment Grounding
National Electrical Code Article 250 provides requirements for personnel safety and equipment protection
Who omitted the safety equipment ground? L N Improper omission of safety equipment ground conductor

Grounding

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Grounding

Equipment Grounding and Power Quality

Separate the inherent noise from communication signals Avoid creating ground loops in the conductors that connect the frames of functional components Minimize the influence or radiation of radio frequency noise Provide a low impedance path to ground for noise
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Electronic Equipment Grounding Tip

A ground loop creates noise because unwanted current flows in the conductors of a communications cable
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Grounding

Desktop Computer

GND N 120

Communications Cable

Server

Electronic Equipment Grounding Tip

A balun is a coiled extension cord that creates an impedance in the ground loop, reducing loop current
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Grounding

Desktop Computer Desktop Computer

Balun Balun

GND N 120

Communications Cable

Server Server

Harmonic Distortion
Harmonic problems are becoming more apparent because more equipment that produce harmonics Good Grounding are being Practices applied Surge Harmonic Solutions Solutions to power Voltage Variation Solutions systems

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Harmonics

Harmonic Distortion
Harmonics Harmonics are are multiples multiples of of the the fundamental fundamental frequency frequency

+ +
f(x) = sin(x) f(x) = sin(5x) 5

= =

sin(5x) f(x) = sin(x) + 5 When When added added together together result result in in a a distorted distorted waveform waveform

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Harmonics

Harmonic Frequencies

Harmonics are low frequency waveform distortions (< 1kHz) Transients are higher frequency events (between 1 kHz and 1 MHz) Above 1MHz, the wires become transmitters and radiate the noise at this frequency
Surges Surges and and Noise Noise Harmonic Harmonic Disturbance Disturbance Transmitted Transmitted Radio Radio Frequency Frequency

50/60Hz 1 kHz kHz 50/60Hz 1

1 1 MHz MHz
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Frequency Frequency 100 100 MHz MHz

Source: Source: Dranetz Dranetz Handbook Handbook for for Power Power Quality Quality Analysis Analysis

Sources of Harmonics
Harmonics are produced by the operation of nonlinear loads General categories and common types of nonlinear loads are Power electronic equipment Arcing devices Iron saturating devices Rotating machines
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Harmonics

Sources of Harmonics
Variable Frequency Drive 480V Amps Fluorescent Lighting Amps THD = 15% Switch Mode - PCs Amps

Harmonics

480V - 3-Phase 480V Circuit #1

277V - 1-Phase

Amps 480V Secondary Amps THD = 9% Neutral 120V Current Amps THD = 104%

THD = 7%

480V Primary Amps

120V - 1-Phase

120V - Neutral Source: IEEE 11001100-1992 THD = 30%

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Harmonics

Common Symptoms of Harmonics

Harmonic voltage and current distortion cause: Heating caused by higher frequency current components Insulation stress caused by higher frequency voltage components Circuit malfunction caused by voltage distortion
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Harmonics

Common Symptoms of Harmonics

Specific symptoms include: Transformer heating Motor and generator heating and vibrations Neutral heating Nuisance fuse operations Insulation deterioration Electronic control malfunctioning Inconsistent meter readings Voltage regulator misoperations
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Harmonics

Harmonic Voltage Distortion Limits IEEE Standard 519 1992

Harmonic Distortion Standards

Maximum Voltage Distortion in % at PCC* Below 69kV Maximum for Individual Harmonic Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) 3.0 5.0 69-138kV 1.5 1.5 >138kV 1.0 1.5

* % of Nominal Fundamental Frequency Voltage

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Harmonics

Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion IEEE Standard 519 1992

Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics) /I L Isc sc L <20* 20-50 50-100 >1000

Harmonic Distortion Standards

<11 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 35<h %THD 4.0 7.0 10.0 15.0 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0
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0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4

5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 20.0

100-1000 12.0

In Percent of Fundamental

Corrective Actions
Passive harmonic filters Active harmonic filters Zero-sequence traps Commutation reactors 200% neutral conductors K-Factor rated transformers Harmonic cancellation Isolation transformers
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Harmonics

Design Solutions
Low harmonic producing loads such as Low harmonic drives MG sets 10% distortion lighting ballasts Phase shifting transformers
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Harmonics

Harmonic Design Tip

Harmonic cancellation makes use of transformer connections and phase shifting to cancel harmonics generated from various sources
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Harmonics

Y Y

Multi-Cycle Voltage Variations

Sags are responsible for a majority of upsets and nuisance trips of sensitive electrical equipment
Good Grounding Practices Harmonic Solutions Surge Solutions

Voltage Voltage Variation Variation Solutions Solutions

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Voltage Variations
Sag a decrease in RMS voltage lasting from a half-cycle to a few seconds

Voltage

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Voltage Variations
Interruption complete loss of voltage

Voltage

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Voltage Variations
Overvoltage an RMS increase in voltage lasting more than a few seconds

Voltage

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Voltage Variation Symptoms

Sag Substandard product Process interruption Interruption Complete loss of power Overvoltage Equipment damage
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Voltage

Voltage Variation Sources

Supply side variations Short circuits Capacitor switching Load switching Regulator malfunction Load side variations Motor starting
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Voltage