Hacker Chapter 15 Sentence Variety Chapter 9 Parallel Ideas Chapter 31 Prepositions Chapter 12 Dangling & Misplaced Modifiers

ENG 102

PROVIDING SENTENCE VARIETY

Use a variety of sentence structures Simple

Frequently the cock combines the lifting of his tail with the raising of his voice. Any chickens dusting hole is out of place in a flower bed, but the peafowls hole, being the size of a small crater, is more so.

Compound 2 independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction

Complex always has because, since, after, although, when, that, who, or which (called dependent clauses)

The peacock does most of his serious strutting in the spring and summer when he has a full tail to do it with.

Compound-complex uses one of words in complex AND contains two independent clauses joined with a conjunction.

The cocks plumage requires two years to attain its pattern, and for the rest of his life, this chicken will act as though he designed it himself.

PROVIDING SENTENCE VARIETY

Use a variety of sentence structures Move adverbial modifiers
A

few drops of sap eventually began to trickle into the bucket. Eventually a few drops of sap began to trickle into the bucket.

Move adjectives and participial phrases

Edward,

dejected and withdrawn, nearly gave up his search for a job. Dejected and withdrawn, Edward nearly gave up his search for a job.

PROVIDING SENTENCE VARIETY

Try inverting sentence occasionally A refrigerated case of mouthwatering cheeses is opposite the produce section; a friendly attendant will cut off just the amount you want. Opposite the produce section is a refrigerated case of mouthwatering cheeses; a friendly attendant will cut off just the amount you want. Huge lavender hearts outlined in bright white lights were set at the top two corners of the stage. Set at the top two corners of the stage were huge lavender hearts outlined in bright white lights.

BALANCE PARALLEL IDEAS

Balance parallel ideas in a series Children who study music also learn confidence, discipline, and they are creative. Children who study music also learn confidence, discipline, and creativity. Impressionist painters believed in focusing on ordinary subjects, capturing the effects of light on those subjects, and to use short brushstrokes. Impressionist painters believed in focusing on ordinary subjects, capturing the effects of light on those subjects, and using short brushstrokes.

BALANCE PARALLEL IDEAS

Balance parallel ideas presented as pairs Parallel ideas linked with coordinating conjunctions Emily Dickinsons poetry features the use of dashes and capitalizing common words. Emily Dickinsons poetry features the use of dashes and the capitalization of common words.

BALANCE PARALLEL IDEAS

Balance parallel ideas presented as pairs Parallel ideas linked with correlative conjunctions Eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, bothand, whetheror
The clerk told me either to change my flight or take the train. The clerk told me either to change my flight or to take the train. Thomas Edison was not only a prolific inventor but also was a successful entrepreneur. Omit was

BALANCE PARALLEL IDEAS

Repeat function words to clarify parallels By, to, that, because
Our

study revealed that left-handed students were more likely to have trouble with classroom desks and rearranging desks for exam periods was useful. Our study revealed that left-handed students were more likely to have trouble with classroom desks and that rearranging desks for exam periods was useful.

PREPOSITIONS
Consult chart on page 290 At, by, for, from, in, of, on, to , with Can you end a sentence with a preposition?
Where

are you at? Where are you? She displayed the good humor shes known for. She displayed the good humor for which she is known. I want to know where he came from. I want to know from where he came.

PREPOSITIONS
is a person I cannot cope with. She is a person with whom I cannot cope. If the restructured sentence sounds contrived and unnatural, simply rewrite the sentence: It is behavior I will not put up with. It is behavior up with which I will not put. It is behavior I will not tolerate.
She

Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

ENG 102

MISPLACED & DANGLING MODIFIERS

Modifiers should point clearly to the words they modify As a rule, related words should be kept together!

PUT LIMITING MODIFIERS IN FRONT OF THE WORDS THEY MODIFY

Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly, just These should appear in front of a verb only if they modify the verb At first, I couldnt even touch my toes, much less grasp them. If they limit the meaning of some other word in the sentence, they should be placed in front of that word. The cathedral almost took six centuries to complete. The cathedral took almost six centuries to complete.

PUT LIMITING MODIFIERS IN FRONT OF THE WORDS THEY MODIFY

Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly, just These should appear in front of a verb only if they modify the verb At first, I couldnt even touch my toes, much less grasp them. If they limit the meaning of some other word in the sentence, they should be placed in front of that word. The cathedral almost took six centuries to complete. The cathedral took almost six centuries to complete.

PUT LIMITING MODIFIERS IN FRONT OF THE WORDS THEY MODIFY

If you just interview chemistry majors, your picture of the student bodys response to the new grading policies will be incomplete.
If you interview just chemistry majors, your picture of the student bodys response to the new grading policies will be incomplete.

If you interview just chemistry majors, your picture of the student bodys response to the new grading policies will be incomplete.

PUT LIMITING MODIFIERS IN FRONT OF THE WORDS THEY MODIFY

In the United States in 1860, not all black southerners were not slaves. In the United States in 1860, all black southerners were not slaves.
In the United States in 1860, not all black southerners were not slaves.

PLACE PHRASES AND CLAUSES SO THAT READERS CAN SEE AT A GLANCE WHAT THEY MODIFY

The soccer player returned to the clinic where he had undergone emergency surgery in 2004 in a limousine sent by Adidas. He had surgery in a limousine??? Traveling in a limousine sent by Adidas, the soccer player returned to the clinic where he had undergone emergency surgery in 2004

PLACE PHRASES AND CLAUSES SO THAT READERS CAN SEE AT A GLANCE WHAT THEY MODIFY

There are many pictures of comedians who have performed at Gavins on the walls. The comedians are performing on the walls? On the walls are many pictures of comedians who have performed at Gavins. The robber was described as a six-foot-tall man with a heavy mustache weighing 170 pounds. Thats a heavy mustache!!! The robber was described as a 170-pound, sixfoot-tall man with a heavy mustache.

PLACE PHRASES AND CLAUSES SO THAT READERS CAN SEE AT A GLANCE WHAT THEY MODIFY

A squinting modifier leads to ambiguity The exchange students we met for coffee occasionally questioned us about our latest slang. Did they meet occasionally? Or did the questioning happen occasionally? The exchange students we occasionally met for coffee questioned us about our latest slang. The exchange students we met for coffee questioned us occasionally about our latest slang.

MOVE AWKWARDLY PLACED MODIFIERS

A sentence should flow from subject to verb to object without lengthy detours along with way Hong Kong, after more than 150 years of British rule, was transferred back to Chinese control in 1997. After more than 150 years of British rule, Hong Kong was transferred back to Chinese control in 1997. After more than 150 years of British rule, Hong Kong was transferred back to Chinese control in 1997.

AVOID AWKWARD SPLIT INFINITIVES

Infinitive = to plus base form of a verb (to think) Split infinitive = modifier between to and verb (to carefully balance, to completely understand) When a long word or phrase appears between parts of the infinitive, result is usually awkward If possible, the patient should try to avoid going up and down stairs. The patient should try to if possible avoid going up and down stairs. If possible, the patient should try to avoid going up and down stairs.

DANGLING MODIFIERS
Modifier fails to refer logically to any word in the sentence Understanding the need to create checks and balances on power, the Constitution divided the government into three branches. The document understood the need for checks and balances? Understanding the need to create checks and balances on power, the framers of the Constitution divided the government into three branches.

GRAMMAR PORTFOLIO
Write a paragraph using each type of sentence variety (there are 7) Write an unbalanced example of each parallel rule (there are 4) Restructure or rewrite five sentences that end in a preposition. Make sure to include the original sentence. Create and illustrate 5 misplaced or dangling modifiers

FOR MONDAY

Proposal Rough drafts