IU KHIN LU LNG TRONG MPLS May 5, 2013

Li ni u Ngy nay, s pht trin nhanh chng cc dch v IP v s bng n Internet dn n mt lot thay i trong nhn thc kinh doanh ca cc nh khai thc. Cng ngh thng tin v vin thng ang hi t su sc v cng ng gp rt tch cc trong s pht trin kinh t, x hi ton cu. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh cng nghip vin thng v ang tm mt phng thc chuyn mch c th phi hp u im ca IP (nh c cu nh tuyn) v ca ATM (nh thng lng chuyn mch). M hnh IP over ATM ca IETF coi IP nh mt lp nm trn lp ATM v nh ngha cc mng con IP trn nn mng ATM. Phng thc tip cn xp chng ny cho php IP v ATM hot ng vi nhau m khng cn thay i giao thc ca chng. Tuy nhin, cch ny khng tn dng c ht kh nng ca ATM. Ngoi ra, cch tip cn ny khng thch hp vi mng nhiu Router v khng tht hiu qu trn mt s mt Yu cu t ra l cn c mt giao thc kt hp c cc u im ca m hnh TCP/IP v ATM. V cc k thut trong TCP/IP v ATM chnh l c s hnh thnh nn giao thc mng mi MPLS ( Multi Protocol Label Switching ) Internet c nh hng su rng nh hm nay khng th khng k n s pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut, c bit l chuyn mch nhn a giao thc ( MPLS ) tr thnh mt k thut nn tng quan trng trong Internet. Cng ngh MPLS l kt qu pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch IP s dng c ch hon i nhn nh ca ATM tng tc truyn gi tin m khng cn thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn ca IP. MPLS tch chc nng ca IP thnh hai phn ring bit: chc nng chuyn gi tin v chc nng iu khin. Bn cnh , MPLS cng h tr vic qun l d dng hn.V l do nn chng em chn ti K THUT LU LNG TRONG MPLS .

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Do thi gian v trnh c hn, nn chc chn nhng vn c cp trong ti s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Chng em rt mong nhn c s ng gp ca Thy .

CHNG 1 : GII THIU CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC (MPLS)

1. Lch s pht trin ca MPLS Cng ngh MPLS ln u tin c a ra bi hng Ipsilon, mt cng ty nh, trong trin lm v cng ngh thng tin v vin thng ti Texas. Mt thi gian ngn sau , Cisco v mt lot cc hng ln khc nh IBM, Toshiba... cng b cc sn phm ca h s dng cng ngh chuyn mch mi. Tuy c t di nhiu tn khc nhau, cc cng ngh ny thc s c cng bn cht l cng ngh chuyn mch da trn nhn. Khi nim chuyn mch nhn xut pht t qu trnh nghin cu hai thit b c bn trong mng IP: tng i chuyn mch v b nh tuyn. Chng ta c th thy rng ch xt trong cc yu t tc chuyn mch, phng thc iu khin lung, t l gia gi c v cht lng th tng i chuyn mch chc chn tt hn nhiu so vi b nh tuyn. Tuy nhin, cc b nh tuyn c cc chc nng nh tuyn mm do m tng i khng th so snh c. Do khng th khng ngh rng c th c mt thit b c kh nng iu khin lung, tc cao ca tng i cng nh cc chc nng nh tuyn mm do ca b nh tuyn. l ng c then cht pht trin chuyn mch nhn.

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Nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch nhn l s dng mt thit b tng t nh b nh tuyn iu khin thit b chuyn mch phn cng ATM, do vy cng ngh ny c c t l gia gi thnh v cht lng c th snh c vi tng i. N cng c th h tr thm ch rt nhiu chc nng nh tuyn mi mnh hn nh nh tuyn hin. Cng ngh ny do kt hp mt cch hon ho u im ca cc tng i chuyn mch vi u im ca cc b nh tuyn, pht trin MPLS l kh thi trn mt giao thc mng bt k, ATM hay TCP/IP. Do , MPLS gi l mng chuyn mch nhn a giao thc.

CHNG 2: CNG NGH CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC MPLS 2. Cc khi nim c bn MPLS 2.1. MPLS l g? MPLS l vit tt ca Multi-Protocol Label Switching, tm dch l Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc. MPLS l mt framework do IETF a ra , cung cp thit k hiu qu cho vic nh tuyn, chuyn tip, chuyn mch cho lung lu lng qua mch. MPLS cng hot ng tt trn bt k cc giao thc lp lin kt. y l mt cng ngh lai kt hp nhng c tnh tt nht ca nh tuyn lp 3 (Layer 3 routing) v chuyn mch lp 2 (Layer 2 switching). 2.2. V sao chuyn mch nhn ra i

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Ban u, cng ngh chuyn mch nhn ra i nhm ci thin hiu nng chuyn tip gi tin ca cc b nh tuyn li qua vic s dng cc chc nng gn v phn phi nhn gn vi cc dch v nh tuyn lp mng khc nhau. Nhm gii qut mt s vn ang c quan tm hin nay i vi cng ngh mng ni chung v i vi cng ngh chuyn mch nhn ni ring, l: iu khin nh tuyn, ti nguyn mng, tnh n gin, kh nng h thng, tc v tr.

- Tc v tr: Tr trong qu trnh chuyn tip gi tin ch yu l do qu trnh x l nh tuyn gi tin. Mc d c nhiu ci tin trong cc qu trnh tm kim bng nh tuyn nhng ti lu lng trn b nh tuyn lun lun ln hn kh nng x l v dn n kt qu l mt lu lng, mt u ni v gim hiu nng ca ton mng. Chuyn mch nhn vi c ch chuyn tip gi tin khc so vi cch chuyn tip gi tin truyn thng s gip gii quyt c cc vn trn. Chuyn mch nhn thc hin gn nhn cho cc gi tin u vo v s dng nhn truy nhp vo bng chuyn tip ti b nh tuyn nh l mt ch s ca bng. Qu trnh ny khng i hi qu nhiu qu trnh tm kim nh thc hin trong bng nh tuyn truyn thng m n ch thc hin duy nht mt truy nhp ti bng. Kt qu l hot ng ny hiu qu hn v v vy lu lng ngi s dng trong gi tin c gi qua mng nhanh hn, gim tr v thi gian p ng tt hn cho cc chuyn giao thng tin gia cc ngi s dng vi nhau.

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Hnh 2: Kh nng gim tr ca MPLS so vi IP thng thng Mi gi tin khi phi i qua cc nt mng khc nhau v khi qua mi nt mng , a ch ch trong gi tin c xc minh v tra trong bng nh tuyn cc b nh tuyn tm ra ng i ph hp cho gi tin. V vy, ty thuc v kch thc gi tin nh hay ln, kh nng x l ca b nh tuyn cng nh lu lng gi tin m tr xy ra nhiu hay t. V vi c ch chuyn tip gi tin nhanh th chuyn mch nhn s gii quyt c vn ny. -Nguyn tc chuyn mch nhn : chuyn tip gi tin da vo nhn ca gi tin . Giao thc ny lm nn s n gin trong cc giao thc chuyn tip gi tin. Tuy nhin, cng cn c cc k thut m bo vic lin kt nhn v m bo tnh tng quan gia cc nhn vi lung lu lng ngi s dng. Sau khi gn nhn vo dng lu lng ngi dng th hot ng ca chuyn mch nhn c th nhng vo trong phn mm. - Ti nguyn s dng: cc k thut c s dng thit lp nhn khng chim nhiu ti nguyn ca mng, cc c ch thit lp tuyn ng chuyn mch nhn cho

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lu lng ngi dng n gin l nhng tiu ch t ra ca vic thit k mng chuyn mch nhn. phn sau ca ti , vn ny s c lm r hn. - Tng kh nng h thng: ngoi kh nng chuyn cc gi tin mt cch nhanh chng th chuyn mch nhn cn cung cp mm do cc tnh nng khc nhau tng kh nng x l lu lng ngi dng trong mng. Khi m s lng a ch IP tng ln nhanh chng theo tng ngy th kch thc ca bng nh tuyn ca cc b nh tuyn cng ngy mt tng ln v n lm chm i qu trnh x l gi tin ca bng nh tuyn, th chuyn mch nhn c c ch cho php cc a ch ny gn vi mt hoc vi nhn, vic ny lm gim kch thc ca bng a ch v cc b nh tuyn c th h tr c nhiu ngi dng hn. - iu khin nh tuyn: iu khin nh tuyn trong mng internet c thc hin da trn a ch IP (trong mng Lan l a ch MAC). C rt nhiu thng tin cn c ly ra trong tiu ca gi IP ny, v d nh: trng kiu dch v Ip (TOS), ch s cng,lm mt nhiu thi gian b nh tuyn c th x l. Tuy nhin, nh tuyn theo a ch ch l phng php chuyn tip gi tin c s dng ph bin nht hin nay. Phng php ny cha phi l phng php chuyn tip gi tin hiu qu nht v n xy ra cc vn nh hin tng lp vng trn mng, v s khc nhau v kin trc mng s lm tr ngi cho vic chuyn tip gi tin theo phng php ny. Mt vn na c t ra l cc nh cung cp thit b nh tuyn khc nhau s dng phng php nh tuyn theo a ch ch theo cc cch ring khc nhau: mt s nh cung cp cho php ngi qun tr mng chia s lu lng, s khc th da vo cc trng chc nng TOS, ch s cng,.

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Hnh 2.1 : Lp chuyn tip gi trong IP Chuyn mch nhn cho php cc b nh tuyn chn tuyn u ra theo nhn.(dng nh tuyn lp 2). Chuyn mch nhn l mt cch thc tt hng lu lng ti theo mt ng dn m khng cn phi nhn ht ton b thng tin t giao thc nh tuyn Ip ng da theo a ch IP ch. nh tuyn IP thng gn vi cc giao thc chuyn mch nhn nh FR, ATM hoc MPLS. Phng php nh tuyn da trn Ip s dng cc trng trong tiu ca a ch IP nh TOS, ch s cng, nhn dng giao thc IP hoc kch thc gi tin. Cc trng chc nng ny cho php mng phn lp dch v thnh cc kiu lu lng v thng thc hin vic ny ti cc nt u vo mng. Cc b nh tuyn trong lp li s dng cc bit x l cc nt u vo mng quyt nh x l lung lu lng n, qu trnh x l ny c th s dng cc kiu hng i khc nhau. nh tuyn IP cng cho php ngi qun l mng nh tuyn rng buc.

Cc chnh sch da trn IP cho php b nh tuyn: t cc gi tr u tin vo trong tiu gi tin IP.

Thit lp bc k tip cho gi tin. Thit lp giao din ra cho gi tin. Thit lp bc k tip cho gi tin khi khng c hng ra trong bng nh tuyn.

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Chuyn mch nhn khc vi cc loi chuyn mch khc ch n l mt k thut iu khin giao thc chuyn mch IP theo kiu topo. C nhiu ti liu cp rng Ip khng c kh nng nh tuyn theo chnh sch v nh tuyn rng buc, iu l do da trn thc t trn mng internet c rt nhiu mng khc nhau v cng c rt nhiu nh cung cp dch v khc nhau v cc nh cung cp dch v ny khng c s tha thun vi nhau v cc bit u tin. V i vi chuyn mch nhn cng vy, n ch tr nn tht s hiu qu khi m cc nh iu hnh mng c s thng nht vi nhau v cch s dng nhn nh th no. im ni bt ca cng ngh MPLS l kh nng chuyn tip lu lng nhanh , n gin, iu khin phn lung, nh tuyn linh hot v tn dng ti nguyn mng. N kt hp nhng c im tt nht ca chuyn mch knh trong ATM v chuyn mch gi trong IP, c kh nng chuyn tip gi rt nhanh trong mng li v nh tuyn nh bnh thng mng bin. Khi cc gi i vo min MPLS, chng chuyn mch n gin bng chuyn mch nhn. Cc nhn cn gip xc nh cht lng dch v m cc gi nhn c. Khi chng ra khi mng th cc nhn s c ct b cc router bin mng v c nh tuyn nh thng thng.

Hnh 2.2 : Lp chuyn tip gi trong MPLS MPLS thc hin nhng chc nng sau:

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nh qu trnh qun l lu lng lung ca cc mng khc nhau, nh lung gia cc my, phn cng khc nhau hoc thm ch lung gia cc ng dng khc nhau. nh tuyn v chuyn mch ch s dng LSR (Label Stack Router Cung cp cch thc nh x cc a ch IP thnh cc nhn n gin c di khng i c s dng bi cc cng ngh chuyn tip gi v chuyn mch gi khc nhau. Duy tr s c lp gia lp 2 v 3. Gi c u im v cc c tnh ca cc giao thc IP(nh tuyn) ATM (chuyn mch), Frame Relay. Cung cp kh nng QoS (Quality of service)

2.3. Mi n MPLS (MPLS Domain) Min MPLS l mt tp hp cc nt mng thc hin hot ng nh tuyn v chuyn tip MPLS. Cc nt thuc min MPLS c gi l cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn LSR (Label Switching Router). chng u tin trong mng MPLS, router chuyn tip gi da vo a ch ch, sau n xc nh nhn thch hp-gi tr ny c xc nh cho mt lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC gn nhn cho gi v chuyn n ti nt tip theo. chng tip theo, router dng gi tr ca nhn nh mt ch mc ca mt bng xc nh nhn mi. LSR gn nhn mi ri chuyn gi n nt tip theo. Tuyn ng m mt gi nhn i qua c gi l ng chuyn mch nhn LSR (Label Switching Router).

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Hnh 2.1: Mi n MPLS Min MPLS c chia thnh 2 phn: phn mng li (core) v phn mng bin (edge). Cc nt phn mng li c gi l transit-LSR hay core-LSR (thng cng c gi tt l LSR). Cc nt bin c gi l b nh tuyn bin nhn LER (Label Edge Router). LSR c chia thnh 2 loi: LSR hng ln (upstream LSR) v LSR hng xung (dowmstream LSR), ph thuc vo chiu ca lung lu lng. Cc ti liu MPLS thng dng k hiu Ru biu th cho upstream-LSR v dng k hiu Rd biu th cho downstream-LSR.

Hnh 2.2: Upstream v Downstream ca LSR 2.4. Chuyn gi qua min MPLS i vi mng MPLS, c s chuyn tip gi tin khng cn l IP header hay cell header na, mi s chuyn mch u da trn nhn. Gi tin IP khi i t ngoi mng
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vo trong min MPLS s c router LSR 1, ng vai tr l mt ingress-LER, gn nhn c gi tr l 22 ri chuyn tip n router LSR 2. Router LSR 2, ng vai tr l mt LSR, da vo bng hon i nhn kim tra nhn ca gi tin. N thay gi tr nhn mi l 16 v chuyn tip n router LSR 3. Ti router LSR 3 ng vai tr egressLER s kim tra trong bng hon i nhn v g b nhn 16 ra khi gi tin ri nh tuyn gi IP mt cch bnh thng i ra khi min MPLS.

Hnh 2.3 : Gi IP i qua min MPLS

Vi phng php lm vic ny, cc LSR trung gian nh router LSR 2 s khng phi thc hin kim tra ton b header IP ca gi tin m n ch vic kim tra cc gi tr ca nhn, so snh trong bng v chuyn tip. V vy tc x l trong min MPLS s nhanh hn nhiu so vi nh tuyn IP truyn thng. ng i t router LSR 1 n router LSR 3 c gi l ng chuyn mch nhn LSP (Label Switched Path). 2.5. u im v ng dng ca MPLS 2.5.1. n gin ha chc nng chuyn tip. MPLS s dng c ch chuyn tip cn c vo nhn c di c nh nn quyt nh chuyn tip c th xc nh ngay ch vi mt ln tra cu ch mc trong LFIB. C ch ny n gin v nhanh hn nhiu so vi gin thut longest prefix match dng trong chuyn tip gi datagram thng thng.

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2.5.2. K thut lu lng u im ln nht ca MPLS l kh nng thc hin lu lng (TE-Trafic Engineering ), n m bo lu lng c nh tuyn i qua mt mng theo mt cch thc tin cy v hiu qu nht. K thut lu lng cho php cc nh cung cp dch v (ISP) nh tuyn lu lng theo cch h c th cung cp dch v tt nht cho khch hng kha cnh thng lng v tr. MPLS-TE cho php lu lng c phn b hp l qua ton b h tng mng, ti u ha hiu sut s dng mng. 2.5.3. nh tuyn QoS t ngun nh tuyn QoS t ngun l mt c ch trong cc LSR c xc nh trc nt ngun (LSR li vo) da vo mt s thng tin v kh dng ti nguyn trong mng cng nh yu cu QoS ca lung lu lng. Ni cch khc, n l mt giao thc nh tuyn c m rng ch tiu chn ng bao gm cc tham s nh bng thng kh dng, vic s dng link v ng dn end-to-end, chim dng ti nguyn ca nt, tr v bin ng tr. 2.5.4. Mng ring o VPN VPN (Virtual Private Network) cho php khch hng thit lp mng ring, ging nh thu knh ring nhng vi chi ph thp hn nhiu, bng cch s dng h tng mng cng cng dng chung. Kin trc MPLS p ng tt c cc yu cu cn thit h tr VPN bng cch thit lp cc ng hm LSP s dng nh tuyn tng minh. Do , MPLS s dng cc ng hm LSP, cho php nh khai thc cung cp dch v VPN theo cch tch hp trn cng h tng m h cung cp dch v Internet. Hn na, c ch xp chng nhn cho php cu hnh nhiu VPN lng nhau trn cng h tng mng . 2.5.5. Kt ni cu hnh a lp: Thng thng, phn ln cc nh iu hnh mng cung cp m hnh chng ln m ATM c s dng ti lp 2 v IP c s dng ti lp 3. Bng vic s dng MPLS, cc nh iu hnh mng c th mang chc nng ca mt iu khin ATM vo lp 3, do s lm n gin ha mng v vic qun l mng.

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2.5.6. Kh nng m rng (Scalability) Chuyn mch nhn cung cp mt s tch bit ton din hn gia nh tuyn lin min (inter-domain) v nh tuyn ni min (intra-domain). iu ny ci thin ng k kh nng m rng ca cc tin trnh nh tuyn. Hn na, kh nng m rng ca MPLS cn nh vo FEC (thu gom lung), v xp chng nhn hp nht (merging) hoc lng nhau (nesting) cc LSP. Ngoi ra, nhiu LSP lin kt vi cc FEC khc nhau c th c trn vo cng mt LSP. S dng cc LSP lng nhau cng ci thin kh nng m rng ca MPLS. 2.5.7. Cc ng dng ang trin khai : - MPLS VPN: Nh cung cp dch c c th to VPN lp 3 dc theo mng ng trc cho nhiu khch hng, ch dng mt c s h tng cng cng sn c, khng cn cc ng dng encryption hoc end-user. - MPLS Traggic Engineer: Cung cp kh nng thit lp mt hoc nhiu ng i iu khin lu lng mng v cc c trng thc thi cho mt loi lu lng. - MPLS QoS (Quality of service): Dng QoS cc nh cung cp dch v c th cung cp nhiu loi dch v vi s m bo ti a v QoS cho khch hng.

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CHNG 3: CU TRC V HOT NG CA MPLS 3. Cu trc MPLS 3.1. Cc thnh phn trong min MPLS : Mt min MPLS c hai phn: Mt phng chuyn tip ( Forwarding Plane ) Mt phng iu khin ( Control Plane). Ti u nt MPLS c th thc hin nh tuyn lp ba hoc chuyn mch lp hai

Hnh 3: Mt phng chuyn tip LSR v LSR bin trong MPLS a) Mt phng chuyn tip (Forwarding Plane) S dng c s thng tin chuyn tip nhn (LFIB - Label Forwarding Information Base) v (FIB Forwarding Information Base) chuyn tip cc gi. Mi nt MPLS c hai bng lin quan n vic chuyn tip nhn l: C s thng tin nhn (LIB - Label Information Base) v LFIB. LFIB ( Label Forward Information Base ) LFIB l bng lit k cc gi tr cha trong nhn ng vo c chn lc t bn LIB em so snh kt hp vi FIB. Mi thc th con bao gm mt nhn ng ra, giao tip

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ng ra v a ch hop k tip. Cc thc th con trong mt thc th ring l c th c cc nhn ng ra ging hoc khc nhau.

Hnh 3.1 : Bn LFIB FIB ( Forwarding Information Base ) FIB cha cc thng tin chuyn tip IP t Router. C s thng tin chuyn tip (FIB) cng tng t nh mt bng nh tuyn hoc thng tin c bn. N t ng gi mt bn sao ca thng tin phn nh chuyn tip cha trong bng nh tuyn IP (RIB Router Information Base). Khi nh tuyn hoc topo thay i xy ra trong mng li, cc bng ch IP nh tuyn c cp nht, v nhng thay i c phn nh trong FIB. FIB duy tr thng tin a ch hop tip theo da trn thng tin trong bng nh tuyn IP.

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Hnh 3.2 : Bn FIB

b) Mt phng iu khin ( Control Plane ) :

Hnh 3.2 : mt phng iu khin LSR v LSR bin RIB ( Router Information Base ) Tt c cc nt MPLS phi chy mt giao thc nh tuyn IP trao i thng tin nh tuyn n cc nt MPLS khc trong mng.Cc giao thc nh tuyn Link-state nh

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OSPF v IS-IS l cc giao thc c chn v chng cung cp cho mi nt MPLS thng tin ca ton mng. LIB LDP ( Label Information Base Label Distribution Protocol ) Mt phng iu khin MPLS chu trch nhim to ra nh giao thc LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) v lu tr LIB. Trong cc b nh tuyn thng thng, bn nh tuyn IP dng xy dng b lu tr chuyn mch nhanh (Fast switching cache do Cisco xy dng ) hoc FIB. Tuy nhin vi MPLS, bn nh tuyn IP cung cp thng tin ca mng ch v subnet prefix, thng tin lin kt nhn ch c phn phi gia cc b nh tuyn ni trc tip vi nhau bng cch dng giao thc phn phi (LDP Label Distribution Protocol) hoc TDP (Giao thc ca Cisco-Tag Distribution protocol). Cc nhn c trao i gia cc nt MPLS k cn xy dng nn LIB.

3.2. B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn (LSR Label Switching Router ) LSR l thit b thc thi cc iu khin v thc hin yu cu tho g nhn trong min MPLS. Tuy vy LSR cn c th chuyn tip gi tin lp 3. LSR c hai loi: LSR bin: nm bin mng MPLS, ni ny tip nhn hay gi i cc gi tin n t mng khc ( IP/Fram relay..) cc LSR bin gn hay b nhn cho gi tin trong min MPLS. LSR li : Cc LSR ny chnh l b nh tuyn li router (Core-Router) cc router ny ch quan tm n cc nhn a vo v chn nhn thch hp thc hin chuyn mch.

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Hnh 3.3 : V d v LSR bin v LSR li 3.2.1. Cc giao thc nh tuyn v phn phi nhn trong MPLS : LSP (Label Switching Protocol ) ng chuyn mch nhn LSP (Label Switched Path) l mt ng ni gia b nh tuyn li vo v b nh tuyn li ra, c thit lp bi cc nt MPLS chuyn cc gi i xuyn qua mng. ng dn ca mt LSP qua mng c nh ngha bi s chuyn i gi tr cc nhn cc LSR dc theo LSP bng cch dng th tc hon i nhn

Hnh 3.4: ng chuyn mch nhn Kin trc MPLS cho php phn cp cc LSP, tng t nh ATM s dng VPI v cc VCI to ra cc phn cp knh o (VC) nm trong ng o (VP). Tuy nhin ATM ch h tr 2 mc phn cp, trong khi vi MPLS th s mc phn cp cho php rt ln nh kh nng cha c nhiu thc th nhn trong ngn xp nhn. V l thuyt,gii hn s lng nhn trong ngn xp ph thuc gi tr MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) ca cc giao thc lp lin kt c dng dc theo mt LSP.

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Ch iu khin LSP: Khi mt FEC ng vi mt tin t a ch c phn phi bi nh tuyn IP, vic thit lp mi kt hp gia cc gn kt nhn ti mt LSR c th thc hin theo hai cch sau y: iu khin c lp Khi mi LSR nhn dng ra mt FEC th n quyt nh gn kt ngay mt nhncho FEC v cng b lun gn kt cho cc i tc phn phi nhn (label distribution peer). iu ny tng t nh nh tuyn IP thng thng, mi b n h tuyn ra quyt nh c lp v ni cn chuyn gi i. iu khin c lp c u im l thit lp nhanh v vic kt nhn din ra song song gia nhiu cp LSR v dng lu lng c th bt u truyn m khng cn i cho tt c cc gn kt nhn thit lp xong.

Hnh 3.5 : Ch iu khin c lp

iu khin tun t

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Mt b nh tuyn ng xung thc hin kt nhn cho mt FEC v thng bo gn kt ch nu n l LSR li ra hoc nu n nhn c mt gn kt nhn cho FEC t b nh tuyn hng ng xung ca n. Vic thit lp LSP tun t bt u LSR li ra v din ra ni tip theo hng ngc v LSR li vo. Cc LSP nh tuyn bt buc th phi s dng kiu iu khin tun t v qu trnh phn phi nhn theo chui c th t s to ra thi gian tr trc khi dng lu lng i trn LSP c th bt u. Tuy nhin, iu khin tun t cng cp phng tin trnh lp v t c mc hi t chc chn hn.

Hnh 3.6: Ch iu khin tun t

Tnh ton LSP rng buc LSP cho mt trung k lu lng c th khai bo tnh hoc tnh ton ng. vic tnh ton s xem xt cc ti nguyn kh dng, cc thuc tnh lin kt v c cc trung k khc (v vy c gi l tnh ton ng rng buc). Kt qu ca vic tnh ton ny l tm ra mt chui cc a ch IP i din cho cc chng trn ng LSP gia u ngun v u ch ca trung k lu lng. Sau , thc hin bo hiu LSP v hon thnh vic thit lp ng bng giao thc bo hiu cho MPLS nh RSVP-TE. Tin trnh tnh ton ng u ngun lun c thc hin ti u ngun trung k lu lng v c kch hot do: - Mt trung k mi xut hin. - Mt trung k ang tn ti nhng thit lp LSP tht bi. - Ti ti u ha mt trung k ang tn ti
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Giao thc phn phi nhn (LDP label Distrbutition protocol ) Nhm nghin cu MPLS thc hin l nh ngha mt s phng thc trao i thng tin nhn gia cc LSRs. Giao thc LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) l giao thc chnh v c vn hnh nhiu nht. Tuy nhin, mt s giao thc khc nh BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) hay RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol Traffic enginer) cng c th c dng trao i thng tin nhn. Giao thc LDP l giao thc iu khin tch bit c cc LSR s dng trao i v iu phi qu trnh gn nhn/FEC. Giao thc ny l tp hp cc th tc trao i cc bn tin cho php cc LSR s dng gi tr nhn thuc FEC nht nh truyn cc gi thng tin.

Hnh 3.7: Quan h gia LDP vi cc giao thc khc Mt kt ni TCP c thit lp gia cc LSR ng cp m bo cc bn tin LDP c truyn mt cch trung thc theo ng th t. Cc bn tin LDP c th xut pht
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t trong bt c mt LSR (iu khin ng chuyn mch nhn LSP c lp) hay t LSR bin li ra (iu khin LSP theo lnh) v chuyn t LSR pha trc n LSR bn cnh pha sau. Vic trao i cc bn tin LDP c th c khi pht bi s xut hin ca lung s liu c bit, bn tin lp d tr RSVP hay cp nht thng tin nh tuyn. Khi mt cp LSR trao i bn tin LDP cho mt FEC nht nh th mt ng chuyn mch LSP t u vo n u ra c thit lp sau khi mi LSR ghp nhn u vo vi nhn u ra tng ng trong LIB ca n.

Cc tnh cht c bn ca giao thc phn phi nhn LDP Cung cp c ch nhn bit LSR cho php cc LSR ngang cp tm kim nhau v thit lp kt ni. nh ngha bn lp bn tin: - Bn tin DISCOVERY: Thng bo, duy tr s tn ti ca 1 LSR trn mng (UDP) - Bn tin Session: Thit lp, duy tr, xa cc phin gia hai LSR (TCP). - Bn tin ADVERTISEMENT: To, thay i v xa cc kt hp nhn (TCP). - Bn tin NOTIFICATION: Cung cp thng tin trng thi v thng tin li tn hiu, (TCP).

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Hnh 3.10 : Mt s giao thc phn phi nhn trong MPLS

Th tc pht hin LSR ln cn : - Mt LSR nh k gi i bn tin HELLO ti cc cng UDP bit trong tt c cc b nh tuyn trong mng con ca nhm multicast. - Tt c cc LSR tip nhn bn tinh HELLO ny trn cng UDP. Nh vy, ti mt thi im no LSR s bit c tt c cc LSR khc m n c kt ni trc tip. - Khi LSR nhn bit c a ch ca LSR khc bng c ch ny th n s thit lp kt ni TCP n LSR .

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- Khi phin LDP c thit lp gia 2 LSR. Phin LDP l phin hai chiu ngha l mi LSR hai u kt ni u c th yu cu v gi lin kt nhn.

Hnh 3.8 : Th tc pht hin LSR ln cn

Cc bn tin LDP + Dng bn tin Initialization Cc bn tin thuc loi ny gi i khi bt u mt phin LDP gia 2 LSR trao i cc tham s, cc ty chn cho phin. Cc tham s ny bao gm: - Ch phn b nhn - Cc gi tr b nh thi - Phm vi cc nhn s dng trong knh gia 2 LSR . C 2 LSR u c th gi cc bn tin Initialization v LSR nhn s tr li bng KeepAlive nu cc tham s c chp nhn. Nu c mt tham s no khng c chp nhn LSR tr li thng bo c li v phin kt thc.

+ Dng bn tin KeepAlive Cc bn tin KeepAlive c gi nh k khi khng c bn tin no c gi m bo cho mi thnh phn LDP bit rng thnh phn LDP khc ang hot ng tt.
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Trong trng hp khng xut hin bn tin KeepAlive hay mt s bn tin khc ca LDP trong khong thi gian nht nh th LSR s xc nh i phng hoc kt ni b hng v phin LDP b dng. + Dng bn tin Label Mapping Cc bn tin Label Mapping c s dng qung b lin kt gia FEC (Prefix a ch) v nhn. Bn tin Label Withdrawal thc hin qu trnh ngc li: n c s dng xa b lin kt va thc hin. Bn tin ny c s dng khi c s thay i trong cu hnh LSR lm tm dng vic chuyn nhn cc gi trong FEC . + Dng bn tin Label Release Bn tin ny c s dng bi LSR khi nhn c chuyn i nhn m n khng cn thit na. iu thng xy ra khi LSR gii phng nhn thy nt tip theo cho FEC khng phi l LSR qung b lin kt nhn/FEC . Lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC Forwarding Equivalence Classes) Lp chuyn tip tng ng FEC ( Forwarding Equivalence Classes ) c s dng trong hot ng chuyn mch nhn. FEC m t s lin h gia cc gi vi a ch ch ngi nhn cui. . Ni cch khc, FEC l mt nhm cc gi (v d gi tin IP) c chuyn tip trn cng mt ng chuyn mch nhn LSP (Label Switched Path), c i x theo cng mt cch thc v c th nh x vo mt nhn bi mt LSR cho d chng c th khc nhau v thng tin mo u (header) lp mng. L do dng phi dung FEC: Trc tin, n cho php nhm cc gi vo cc lp. T nhm ny, gi tr FEC trong mt gi c th c dng thit lp u tin cho vic x l cc gi. FEC cng c th c dng h tr hiu qu hot ng QoS. V d, FEC c th lin kt vi u tin cao, lu lng thoi thi gian thc, lu lng nhm mi u tin thp. FEC c xc nh duy nht bng vic s dng mt nhn. i vi cc lp dch v khc nhau ngi ta s dng cc FEC v cc nhn lin kt khc nhau. Vi Internet,
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cc gi tr sau c s dng thnh lp mt FEC: a ch IP ngun v/hoc ch, s cng ngun v/hoc ch, nhn din giao thc ( PID ), im m (codepoint) ca cc dch v khc bit Ipv4, dng nhn Ipv6. Tt c cc gi thuc cng mt FEC th c chung mt nhn. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc gi cng chung mt nhn th u thuc cng mt FEC bi v gi tr cc bit EXP trong nhn c th khc nhau, do vic i x vi hot ng chuyn tip gi tin cng s khc nhau v v vy n c th thuc mt FEC khc. Mt gi tin thuc FEC no l do router ng vo (ingress router ) quyt nh, v router ng vo thc hin chc nng phn loi v dn nhn.

Hnh 3.9 : Lp chuyn tip tng ng trong MPLS V d : FEC l mt tp hp cc gi tin unicast m a ch ch lp mng c cng tin t a ch IP xc nh. Mt v d khc ca FEC l mt tp cc gi multicast c cng a ch ngun v ch lp mng. Mt phn quan trng ca mt mc nh tuyn c duy tr bi router l a ch router k tip. Mt gi khi ri vo mt FEC m lin kt vi mt mc nh tuyn xc nh th c nh tuyn n router k tip c ch r bi mc . Do vic xy dng bng nh tuyn bi thnh phn iu khin c th xem nh l vic xy dng ca mt tp FEC v trm k tip cho mi FEC .

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CHNG 4: IU KHIN LU LNG TRONG MPLS (MPLS TE) 4) Khi nim v k thut lu lng MPLS TE Phn trn ta kho st cch phn phi thng tin nhn (LDP) v cch tnh ton ng i cho ng hm chuyn mch nhn (LSP) ca k thut iu khin lu lng. chng ny ta xt n vic chn ng hm chuyn tip lu lng v cch thc ti u ho ng hm trong MPLS TE. K thut lu lng (TE) l qu trnh iu khin cch thc cc lung lu lng i qua mng sao cho ti u ho vic s dng ti nguyn v hiu nng ca mng. Do thut ton tm ng i ngn nht thng gy ra tc nghn v ng i c chn khng ti nguyn p ng yu cu v lu lng hoc phn b ti nguyn mng khng hiu qu (dn nhiu lung cng i qua mt lin kt hoc mt nt). MPLS -TE ng dng cc nguyn l khoa hc cng ngh o lng, m hnh ho, c trng ho v iu khin lu lng nhm t c cc mc tiu khc nhau.

K thut lu lng MPLS c chia ra thnh 3 qu trnh: + Phn phi thng tin. (LDP) + Tnh ton v thit lp ng i cho ng hm chuyn mch nhn. (LSP) + Chuyn tip lu lng, ti u ho ng hm. (MPLS TE)

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4.1. Mc tiu trin khai k thut lu lng v hot ng nh tuyn ca MPLS - TE: 4.1.1. Phn loi mc tiu trin khai Cc mc tiu trin khai k thut lu lng c th phn theo hai hng: Hng lu lng (traffic oriented) Hng ti nguyn (resource oriented) Cc mc tiu hng lu lng lin quan n vic tng cng QoS cho cc lung lu lng. Trong m hnh n lp, cc mc tiu ny gm: gim thiu mt gi v tr, tng ti a bng thng v tun th cc hp ng mc dch v (LSA)cc mc tiu hng lu lng b chn thng k cng rt hu ch cho m hnh dch v phn bit (diffserv). Cc mc tiu hng ti nguyn lin quan n vic ti u ho s dng ti nguyn. Bng thng l mt ti nguyn ct yu ca mng, do chc nng trng tm ca k thut lu lng l qun l ti nguyn bng thng hiu qu.

4.1.2. Hot ng phn phi ng hm ca MPLS TE Vi nhim v iu khin lu lng trong mng MPLS, ta c th c lu lng c xc nh c th t trc hoc vi cht lng c th ca lung dch v t PC-2 n im PC-1 dc theo mt tuyn (m tuyn ny khc vi tuyn c chi ph thp nht).

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Hnh 4 : iu khin lu lng trong MPLS

Ta c th hng lu lng t PC-2 ti im PC-1 qua tuyn trn tunnel -1 (y khng phi l tuyn ngn nht gia PC-2 v PC-1 (3 router so vi 2 router tuyn di trong min MPLS). Ta c th gi lu lng qua cc ng kt ni m chng c th khng c s dng nhiu nh v d trn hnh. Nu y l mng ny l mng IP n thun, ta c th khng c b nh tuyn nt (GRS 120008) chuyn lu lng dc theo tuyn pha trn bng cch cu hnh mt vi th trn b nh tuyn u ra ca PC-2 (7204 -kt ni trc tip vi PC-2). B nh tuyn nt (GRS 120008) quyt nh gi lu lng trn tunnel-1 hay tuyn tunnel-2 l do quyt nh ca chnh n. Trong khi ta c th iu khin lu lng MPLS cho php trn mng ny, ta cn c b nh tuyn (GRS 120008) gi lu lng ti PC-1 dc theo tunnel -2.

iu khin lu lng MPLS bt buc b nh tuyn (GRS 120008) chuyn tip lu lng t PC-2 PC-1 trn tuyn trn tunnel - 1. iu ny c th thc hin c trong MPLS do c ch chuyn tip nhn.

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B nh tuyn u (head end router) ( y l b nh tuyn GRS 120008) ca tuyn iu khin lu lng l b nh tuyn a ra tuyn y lu lng chuyn qua mng MPLS. u im vt tri ca vic s dng iu khin lu lng MPLS l kh nng nh tuyn li nhanh (Fast ReRouting FRR). FRR cho php ta nh tuyn li lu lng c nhn quanh mt ng kt ni hoc mt b nh tuyn m tr thnh khng dng c. 4.2. nh tuyn ng i trong MPLS - TE MPLS h tr c hai k thut nh tuyn: nh tuyn tng chng (hop-by hop) v nh tuyn rng buc (constrain based routing). nh tuyn tng chng cho php mi nt nhn dng FEC v chn hop k tip cho cc FEC mt cch c lp, ging nhu nh tuyn trong mng IP. Tuy nhin, i vi mng MPLS, bt buc phi s dng nh tuyn rng buc. 4.2.1. nh tuyn rng buc nh tuyn rng buc l mt phng tin x l t ng ha k thut lu lng, khc phc nhng hn ch ca k thut nh tuyn theo ch (destination-basedrouting). N xc nh cc route khng ch da trn m hnh mng (thut ton SPF chn ng ngn nht) m cn s dng cc metric c th khc nh bng thng, tr, cost v bin ng tr. Gii thut chn ng c kh nng ti u ha theo mt hoc nhiu metric ny, thng thng ngi ta dng metric da trn s lng hop v bng thng. ng c chn c s lng hop nh nht nhng phi m bo bng thng kh dng trn tt c cc tuyn lin kt th quyt nh c thc hin c bn nh sau: chn ng ngn nht trong s tt c cc ng c bng thng kh dng tha mn yu cu.

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Hnh 4.1 Minh ha nh tuyn rng buc.

Xt v d nh hnh trn, gi s rng nh tuyn rng buc s dng bng thng kh dng lm metric. Lu lng 700Kbps c nh tuyn trc, sau n 700Kbps v cui cng l 200Kbps. C ba lung lu lng ny hng v cng mt egress router. o V lu lng 100Kbps c nh tuyn trc nn n i theo ng ngn nht PE1_AS1 -> P2_AS1 ->PE2_AS1 (router bin phi ). V bng thng kh dng l 1Mbps trn tt c cc chng nn lung lu lng 100Kbps chim 10% bng thng kh dng. o V bng thng kh dng khng nh tuyn cho c hai lung 700Kbps v 700Kbps nn lung 700Kbps s i theo ng mi PE1_AS1 -> P1_AS1 -> P3_AS1 -> PE2_AS1 mc d nhiu hn 1 hop so vi ng c. o Phn bng thng kh dng cn li trn ng ngn nht vn cn cho lung lu lng 200 Kbps nn n vn c nh tuyn i theo ng ngn nht ny. nh tuyn rng buc c hai kiu : online v offline. nh tuyn rng buc kiu online cho php cc router tnh ton ng cho cc LSP bt c lc no. Trong kiu nh tuyn offline th mt server tin hnh tnh ton ng cho LSP theo nh k, thi gian do nh qun tr thit lp.

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4.2.2. nh tuyn bt buc (Explicit Route) nh tuyn bt buc ER (Explicit Route) l mt tp con ca nh tuyn rng buc, trong s rng buc l i tng ca tuyn bt buc. Tuyn bt buc ER l mt danh sch cc nt tru tng (abstract node) m mt ng chuyn mch nhn rng buc CR-LSP phi i qua. Nt tru tng c th l mt nt (a ch IP) hoc mt nhm nt (IP prefix hoc mt AS). Nu ER ch qui nh mt nhm trong s cc nt m CR-LSP i qua th gi l tuyn bt buc th lng (loose ER). Ngc li nu ER qui nh tt c cc nt trn CR-LSP th gi l tuyn bt buc nghim ngt (strict ER). CR-LSP c m ha nh mt chui cc chng tng minh (ER-hop) cha trong mt cu trc Type-Length-Value (TLV) rng buc. Mi tuyn bt buc ER-hop c th xc nh mt nhm cc nt. CR-LSP khi bao gm tt c cc nhm nt c xc nh theo th t xut hin trong cu trc TLV.

Hnh 4.2: nh tuyn bt buc nh tuyn ny router PE1_AS1 s ch ra cc ng m ti cc gi tin s i qua theo tng tunnel v tu theo mc u tin , bng thng ca ng truyn. Ti PE1_AS1 s da vo gi tr u tin bng thng chuyn gi tin theo th t bang thong gim dn i qua cc tuyn bt buc.
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4.3. Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP (Resource Reservation Protolcol ) 4.3.1. Gii thiu giao thc RSVP: RSVP l giao thc bo hiu ng vai tr quan trng trong mng MPLS, c s dng dnh trc ti nguyn cho mt phin truyn trong mng Internet. N cho php cc ng dng thng bo v cc yu cu cht lng dch v ( QoS ) vi mng v mng s p ng bng cc thng bo thnh cng hay tht bi. RSVP c dng cung cp kh nng vn hnh c bo v bng vic t trc ti nguyn cn thit ti mi my tham gia vo h tr lung lu lng. V d nh truyn hnh hi ngh, i vi cc giao thc IP l giao thc khng kt ni n khng h tr vic thit lp cc ng cho lung lu lng, trong khi RSVP c thit k thit lp cc ng truyn cng nh bo v di thng trn cc ng truyn. RSVP yu cu cc my nhn lu lng v yu cu cht lng dch v QoS cho lung d liu. Cc ng dng ti my nhn phi gii quyt cc thuc tnh QoS s c truyn ti RSVP. Sau khi phn tch cc yu cu ny, RSVP c s dng gi cc bn tin ti tt c cc nt nm trn tuyn ng ca gi tin. RVSP thao tc vi tt c th tc n hng v a hng, vic lin mng thi im hin ti l cc giao thc a hng.

Thng tin trong RSVP: - Thng tin phn loi nh n m cc lung lu lng vi cc yu cu QoS c th c th c nhn bit trong mng. Thng tin ny bao gm a ch IP pha gi v pha nhn, s cng UDP. - Ch tiu k thut ca lung lu lng v cc yu cu QoS, theo khun dng Tspec ( Trtaffic Specification c t lu lng) v Rspec (Request Specification c t yu cu) bao gm cc dch v yu cu ( c bo m hoc ti iu khin ). RSVP phi mang cc thng tin trn t cc my ch ti tt c cc tng i chuyn mch v cc b nh tuyn dc theo ng truyn t b pht ti b thu. V vy, tt c cc thnh phn mng phi tham gia vo vic m bo cc yu cu QoS ca ng dng.
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RSVP mang thng tin trong c hai loi c bn l PATH v RESV (Resevation -Bn tin dnh trc) xc nh lung v cc QoS cho lung. Cc yu cu ny ch ra dch v c bo v, v d tc nh cho lung d liu, kch thc cm. Cc bn tin PATH c gi t mt b pht ti mt hoc nhiu b thu c cha Tspec v cc thng tin phn loi do b pht cung cp. Mt l do cho php c nhiu b thu l RSVP c thit k h tr multicast. Mt bn tin PATH bao gi cng c gi ti mt a ch gi l a ch phin, n c th l a ch n hng hoc a hng. Chng ta thng xem phin i din cho mt ng dng n, n c xc nhn bng mt a ch ch v s cng ch s dng ring cho ng dng. Khi b thu nhn bn tin PATH n c th gi bn tin RESV tr li cho b pht, bn tin RESV dng xc nhn phin c cha thng tin v s cng dnh ring v Rspec xc nhn mc QoS m b thu yu cu. N cng bao gm mt s thng tin xem xt nhng b pht no c php s dng ti nguyn ang c cp pht. Khi cng dnh ring c thit lp, cc b nh tuyn nm gia b pht v b thu s xc nh cc gi tin thuc cng dnh ring no nh kim tra nm trng trong tiu IP v giao thc truyn ti l: a ch ngun, s cng ngun, s giao thc ( UDP,TCP.), a ch ch, s cng ch. Tp hp cc gi tin c nhn dng theo cch ny c gi l lung dnh ring. Cc thng tin trong lung dnh ring c khng ch m bo khng pht sinh lu lng vt qu so vi thng bo trong Tspec v c xp vo hng i ph hp theo yu cu QoS. i vi cc lung unicast th RSVP kh n gin. N tr nn phc tp hn trong mi trng multicast v c th c rt nhiu b nhn dnh ring cng cho mt phin n v cc b phn khc nhau c th yu cu cc mc Qos khc nhau. Hin nay, MPLS ch yu tp trung vo cc ng dng unicast ca RSVP. Mt c im na cn phi nhc n i vi giao thc ny l RSVP l giao thc trng thi mm. N khc vi cc loi giao thc khc l trng thi s t ng ht hiu lc sau mt thi gian, tr khi n c lm ti theo nh k, tc l RSVP s lin tc gi cc bn tin PATH v RESV lm ti cc cng dnh ring. Nu chng

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khng c gi i trong mt khong thi gian no y th cng dnh ring t ng hu b.

Hnh 4.3 Th tc bo hiu trong RSVP.

4.3.2. MPLS TE h tr RSVP RSVP c s dng trong mng MPLS h tr cht lng dch v QoS v iu khin lu lng. MPLS s dng RSVP cho php cc LSR da vo vic phn loi gi tin theo nhn ch khng phi theo tiu IP nhn bit cc gi tin thuc cc lung ca cng dnh ring. V vy, cn phi c s kt hp phn phi gia cc lung v cc nhn cho cc lung c cc cng dnh ring RSVP. Ta c th xem mt tp cc gi tin to bi cng dnh ring RSVP nh l mt trng hp ring ca FEC. Chng ta nh ngha mt i tng RSVP mi l i tng Lable c mang trong bn tin RSVP RESV. Khi mt LSR mun gi bn tin RESV cho mt lung RSVP mi, LSR cp pht mt nhn t trong tp nhn ri, ti mt li vo trong LFIB

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ca n vi nhn li vo c t cho nhn cp pht v gi bn tin RESV c cha nhn ny. Khi nhn c bn tin RESV cha i tng Lable, mt LSR thit lp LFIB ca n vi nhn ny l nhn li ra. Sau , n cp pht mt nhn s dng nh l nhn li vo v chn n vo bn tin RESV trc khi n gi i . Khi cc bn tin RESV truyn n cc LSR ngc, LSP c thit lp dc theo tuyn ng. Khi cc nhn c cung cp trong cc bn tin RESV, mi LSR c th d dng kt hp cc ti nguyn QoS ph hp vi LSR. Vic thit lp cho mt lung dnh ring RSVP l ch c b nh tuyn u tin trong LSP lin quan ti vic xem xt cc gi tin thuc lung dnh ring no. iu ny cho php RSVP c p dng trong mi trng MPLS theo cch m n khng th thc hin c trong mng IP truyn thng. Theo quy c th cc cng dnh ring RSVP ch c th to nhng lung ng dng ring l, tc l nhng lung ng dng c xc nh nh vo 5 trng tiu nh cp trn. Tuy nhin cng c th t cu hnh ca b nh tuyn chn cc gi da trn mt s tiu chun v d nh tuyn c th xem xt cc tin t ng vi cng mt ch v t chng vo LSP. V vy, thay v c mt LSP cho mi lung ng dng ring, mt LSP c th cung cp QoS cho nhiu lung lu lng. Do vy, c tnh ny c th p dng cho kh nng cung cp (ng ng) vi bng thng m bo yu cu cho mt ng thu bao thay v phi s dng nhiu ng thu bao ring c c cng gii thng nh trn. iu ny rt hu dng vi cc cng ty ln mun c nhiu kt ni vi cc cng ty khc m ch s dg mt ng thu bao nhm gim bt s phc tp trong vic qun tr cng nh iu khin lu lng, y mt lu lng ln cn c gi dc theo cc LSP vi bng thng ti lu lng. h tr mt s cch s dng tng cng ca RSVP, MPLS nh ngha mt i tng RSVP mi c th mang trong bn tin PATH l i tng Lable Request. Bn tin ny cp trong phn cc bn tin LDP. i tng ny thc hin 2 chc nng:

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+ Th nht: N c s dng thng bo cho mt LSR ti pha cui ca LSP gi RESV tr v thit lp LSP. iu ny hu ch cho vic thit lp cc LSP site-to-site. +Th hai: Khi LSP c thit lp cho mt tp cc gi tin, khng ch l mt lung ng dng ring, i tng cha mt trng xc nh giao thc lp cao hn s s dng LSP. Trng ny c s dng tng t nh m phn knh xc nh giao thc lp cao hn (Ipv4, IPX,.) v vy s khng c trng phn knh trong tiu MPLS na. Do vy, mt LSP c th cn c thit lp cho mi giao thc cao hn nhng khng gii hn nhng giao thc no c h tr. c bit l khng yu cu cc gi tin mang trong LSP s dng giao thc RSVP phi l cc gi tin IP.

Hnh 4.3.2 : iu khin h tr RSVP trong MPLS

4.3.3. Giao thc RSVP-TE (RSVP Traffic Engineering) RSVP c mt s c ch cn thit thc hin bo hiu phn phi nhn nhm rng buc nh tuyn. IETF chun ha phn m rng k thut lu lng RSVP-TE, nh ngha cc ng dng ca RSVP-TE nh h tr phn phi nhn theo yu cu cp pht ti nguyn cho cc LSP nh tuyn tng minh. Tng kt cch dng RSVPTE h tr ti nh tuyn make-before-break, theo di ng thc s c chn qua chc nng ghi tuyn cng nh h tr u tin v ln chim. Nguyn l chc nng ca RSVP l thit lp cc d tr cho lung gi n hng. Cc bn tin RSVP thng i theo con ng hop-by-hop ca nh tuyn IP
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nu khng hin din ty chn tuyn tng minh (explicit route). Cc router hiu RSVP dc theo ng c th chn v x l bt c bn tin no. RFC 2205 nh ngha 3 kiu bn tin RSVP: thit lp d tr (reservation setup), tear down v error. RSVP-TE cng nh ngha thm bn tin HELLO.

MPLS c ngha chin lc i vi k thut lu lng v n c th cung cp hu ht cc chc nng hin c mt m hnh chng ph nhng theo cch tch hp vi chi ph thp. iu quan trng l MPLS cn xut kh nng t ng ha cc chc nng k thut lu lng. 4.4. Trung k lu lng v cc thuc tnh phn trn ta tm hiu cc MPLS hot ng ,cch phn phi nhn v dnh trc ti nguyn mng. trong phn ny ta tip tc xem xt cc thuc tnh trung k MPLS c th iu khin lu lng 1 cch ti u v m bo cht lng dch v QoS 4.4.1. Khi nim trung k lu lng (traffic trunk) MPLS gii thiu khi nim trung k lu lng thc hin cc mc tiu k thut lu lng. Trung k lu lng n gin l mt tp hp cc lung d liu chia s mt s thuc tnh chung no .

Thuc tnh ny c th l lu lng chia s cng mt im vo v mt im ra. Cc c tnh phc tp ca lung d liu nh bng thng, cc yu cu v tr Cc thuc tnh ny c th c tng ln bng cch xc nh cc trung k ring r cho cc loi dch v khc nhau Trung k lu lng l n hng.

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Hnh 4.4 Cc ng trung k lu lng. 4.4.2. Cc thuc tnh ca trung k lu lng xy dng v duy tr trung k lu lng, ngi ta tm cch m hnh ho n bng cc tham s. Mt thuc tnh l mt tham s c gn v c nh hng n cc c trng hnh vi ca trung k lu lng. Cc thuc tnh c th c gn c th thng qua hnh ng qun tr hoc c gn ngm n bi cc giao thc bn di khi cc gi c phn loi v nh x vo FEC ti li vo min MPLS. Thc t, mt trung k lu lng c th c trng ho bi: LSR li vo v LSR li ra ca trung k lu lng. Tp cc FEC c nh x vo trung k lu lng. Mt tp cc thuc tnh nhm xc nh cc c trng hnh vi ca trung k. Hai vn c bn c ngha c bit l: Tham s ho cc trung k lu lng v nhng quy lut sp t v duy tr ng dn cho cc trung k lu lng.

Thuc tnh tham s lu lng (traffic parameter): c t lng bng thng yu cu bi trung k lu lng. Cc c im lu lng bao gm tc nh, tc trung bnh, kch thc cm cho php. Cc tham s lu lng rt quan trng v n ch ra cc yu cu v ti nguyn
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ca trung k. Thuc tnh la chn v qun l ng. L cc tiu chun la chn v duy tr ng dn cho trung k lu lng. Cc thuc tnh c bn v cc c trng hnh vi lin quan n chn ng v qun l ng cho trung k lu lng c m t sau y: ng bt buc qun tr (Tunnel): c cu hnh bi nh iu hnh. Mt ng gi l c t ton b nu ch ra cc hop yu cu gia hai endpoint. c t mt phn l nu ch c mt tp con cc hop trung gian c ch th. Phn cp cc u tin a ng ( Prority): khi thit lp ng, cc lut u tin c p dng chn ra ng thch hp t danh sch c. Trong tnh hung c s c th cc lut u tin ny cng c dng chn mt ng thay th t danh sch c. Thuc tnh quan h (Affinity) lp ti nguyn: Cho php nh qun tr mng p dng cc chnh sch chn ng chp nhn hoc loi b cc lin kt. Mi lin kt c ch nh mt thuc tnh lp ti nguyn. Quan h lp ti nguyn l mt chui 32 bit kt hp vi mt n lp ti nguyn 32 bit. Thuc tnh thch ng : Ch ra xem trung k lu lng c nn c ti ti u ha v nh tuyn li trn mt ng khc hay khng khi c s thay i ti nguyn. Thuc tnh u tin / ln chim (Prority/Preemtion): ng vai tr quan trng trong cc tnh hung tranh chp khi c nhiu trung k cng cnh tranh ti nguyn. C 2 loi u tin c ch nh cho trung k: u tin thit lp (priority) : ch ra tm quan trng ca trung k lu lng v xc nh th t m vic chn tuyn c thc hin khi thit lp kt ni hoc ti nh tuyn khi xy ra li. u tin cm gi (holding priority): xc nh quyn ln chim ca cc trung k cnh tranh v c t u tin cm gi ti nguyn. Thuc tnh ny xc nh xem trung k ny c th ln chim trung k khc
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hay khng. Vic ln chim c th c s dng m bo rng cc trung k c u tin cao c nh tuyn trn nhng con ng thun li trong mi trng phn bit dch v. Ln chim cng c s dng thc hin cc chnh sch hi phc u tin ha khc nhau sau khi xy ra li. Thuc tnh n hi: Xc nh cc hnh ng ca trung k khi xy ra li v c th c t: Khng ti nh tuyn trung k lu lng. Ti nh tuyn trn ng p ng yu cu ti nguyn. Ti nh tuyn n bt k ng no khng quan tm n ti nguyn lin kt. Thuc tnh khng ch (Policing) : thuc tnh khng ch xc nh nhng hot ng c thc hin khi mt trung k lu lng khng tun th mc dch v c t cc tham s lu lng, 4.4.2.1. Cc hot ng trn trung k lu lng

L cc tin trnh khc nhau xy ra trong thi gian tn ti ca mt trung k lu lng: Establish : To ra cc trung k lu lng bng cch la chn LSP, ch nh nhn v quan trng nht l ch nh ti nguyn cho trung k. Activate : Lm cho trung k lu lng bt u hot ng bng cch s dng mt vi chc nng nh tuyn a lu lng vo trung k. Deactivate : Dng chuyn d liu bng trung k bng cch s dng chc nng nh tuyn v ngng a d liu vo trung k. Modified Attributes : Thay i cc c im ca trung k lu lng (v d nh bng thng kh dng). Reroute : Chn mt con ng i khc cho trung k lu lng. Destroy : Loi b hon ton trung k lu lng v thu hi tt c cc ti nguyn c cp pht cho n.

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4.5. Cch thit lp ng rng buc (tunnel) 4.5.1. Thuc tnh ti nguyn lin kt Router ti u ngun (head-end) ca mt trung k phi nm c thng tin thuc tinh ti nguyn ca tt c cc lin kt trong mng tnh ton ng LSP. iu ny ch c th t c bng cch s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn Link-state (nh IS-IS hay OSPF) v ch c kiu giao thc ny mi qung b thng tin v tt c cc lin kt n tt c cc router. V vy, OSPF v IS-IS c m rng h tr MPLS-TE: IS-IS c cc trng type-length-value mi nh km cc thng tin ny trong cc thng bo PDU Link-State ca n. OSPF c cc nh ngha thng bo Link-State mi (kiu 10 LSA) Mt khi router u ngun nhn c cc thng bo ny n khng ch bit c topology mng m cn bit c thng tin ti nguyn kh dng ca tng lin kt. iu ny rt cn thit tnh ton cc ng tha mn cc i hi ca trung k lu lng.

Hnh 4.5 - LSA loi 10 trong bn tin OSPF.

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Hnh 4.5.2 - TLV 135 trong bn tin ca IS-IS. H s cp pht cc i Trong cc thuc tnh ti nguyn lin kt, quan trng nht l h s cp pht cc i. Thuc tnh ny cp n bng thng cn li trn mi lin kt. Hn th na, do c nhiu mc u tin cho trung k, thng tin ny cn c cu hnh cho mi mc u tin. C 3 thnh phn trong thuc tnh ny: Bng thng cc i: Cung cp thng tin v bng thng cc i c th c s dng trn mi lin kt theo mi hng. Tham s ny thng c thit lp l bng thng c cu hnh trn mi lin kt. Bng thng d tr ti a: Cung cp thng tin bng thng d tr ti a, mc nh c thit lp mc 75% bng thng ti a. Bng thng cha c d tr: Cung cp thng tin v bng thng cn li cha c d tr. Lp ti nguyn (Resource - Class) Thuc tnh lp ti nguyn ca mt lin kt l mt chui 32 bit dng kt hp vi thuc tnh Affinity ca bao gm hay loi tr mt lin kt (link) trn ng ca trung k lu lng.
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Hnh 4.5.3 Minh ha cch dng bit Affinity v Resource-Class TE metric: Mi lin kt (link) c mt cost hoc metric tnh ton nh tuyn trong hot ng ca IGP. TE metric l mt trng s qun tr c gn cho cc lin kt (link) tnh ton LSP cho cc trung k lu lng. Gi tr TE metri mc nh bng IGP cost ca link. Router u ngun s dng TE metric nh tuyn rng buc. 4.5.2. Tnh ton LSP rng buc (CR-LSP) LSP cho mt trung k lu lng c th c khai bo tnh hoc tnh ton ng. Vic tnh ton s xem xt n ti nguyn kh dng, cc thuc tnh lin kt (link) v c cc trung k khc v vy n c tn gi l tnh ton rng buc. Kt qu ca vic tnh ton ny l tm ra mt chui cc a ch IP i din cho cc hop trn ng LSP gia u u v u cui ca trung k lu lng. Sau thc hin bo hiu LSP v hon thnh vic thit lp ng bng cc giao thc bo hiu cho MPLS nh RSVP-TE. Tin trnh tnh ton ng rng buc (CR-LSP) lun lun c thc hin ti u ngun trung k lu lng v n c kch hot l do nhng nguyn nhn nh sau: o Mt trung k lu lng mi xut hin. o Mt trung k ang tn nhng thit lp LSP tht bi. o Ti ti u ha mt trung k ang tn ti. 4.5.2.1. Qung b thuc tnh ca lin kt (link)

LSR u ngun (head end LSR) phi nm c cc thuc tnh ti nguyn ca tt c cc lin kt (link) trong mng tnh ton ng LSP. V cc LSR ch c th thc hin c vic ny bng cch s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt (link-state routing protocol) nh l IS-IS hay OSPF, v ch c giao thc nh tuyn ny
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mi qung b thng tin v tt c cc tuyn lin kt (link) n tt c cc router trong mng. Do m IS-IS v OSPF c m rng ph hp vi mi trng hot ng ca MPLS-TE: IS-IS c cc trng Type-Length-Value mi (kiu 22 TLV) nh km cc thng tin ny trong cc thng bo PDU link-state ca n. OSPF c cc nh ngha thng bo Link-state mi ( kiu 10 LSA). Vic s dng OSPF cho mng MPLS l mt n lc mi v mi nhn ca IETF Working groups. S ci tin thao thc OSPF v IS-IS: Mt nt mng c th tin hnh nh tuyn bng giao thc CSPF cn phi c nhng thng tin khng ch l trng thi ca ng dn m cn nhng c tnh khc nhau, chng hn nh bng thng cha c s dng. Da vo nhng thng tin ny, mt nt mng xt xem ng dn c vi phm yu cu rng buc t ra hay khng. Gii php c a ra l ci tin cc giao thc nh tuyn nh OSPF v IS-IS. Trc y, OSPF ch mang thng tin v trng thi ng truyn th nay vi giao thc OSPF thng tin v c tnh ca ng dn c mang trong thnh phn Opaque LSA (Opaque Link State Advertisement). Cn i vi giao thc IS-IS, thnh phn cha thng tin ny l LSP (Link State Packet). Thng tin bao gm mt tp hp cc thnh phn type-length-value, mi thnh phn l mt c tnh xc nh ca ng truyn. Nh cp trn, khi thit lp mt LSP yu cu phi c s dnh sn ti nguyn trn ton b ng truyn v v vy s c s thay i v c tnh ca ng truyn. Khi c s thay i nh vy, nt mng m ng dn kt ni vo s thc hin qu trnh qung b thng tin ny n tt c cc nt mng. iu ny dn n mt s lng ln thng tin cp nht li bng nh tuyn i trong mng gy nn tnh trng qu ti. Hin tng ny s nh hng khng tt n hiu sut hot ng ca mng nn mt s ngng c t ra trnh khng xy ra tnh trng ni trn. V d s thay i ca bng thng cha c s dng ca ng dn ch c thng bo khi n vt qua mt gi tr ngng qui nh t trc. C hai giao thc OSPF v IS-IS u c nhng k
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thut thc hin vic qui nh mt gii hn cn c vo mt nt mng tin hnh qung b thng tin lin quan n mt ng dn. Tr li vn qung b cc thuc tnh lin kt (link), mt khi LSR u ngun (head-end LSR) nhn c cc thng bo ny th n khng ch bit c m hnh (topology) mng m cn bit c thng tin ti nguyn kh dng ca tng lin kt (bng thng). iu ny rt cn thit cho vic tnh ton cc ng tha mn cc yu cu trung k lu lng. Cc giao thc IGP s qung b cc thuc tnh ti nguyn trong cc trng hp nh sau: Khi lin kt (link) thay i trng thi (v d :up, down,.). Khi tham gia thit lp mt LSP nhng khng thnh cng. Theo mt thi gian nh trc (timer), router s kim tra cc thuc tnh ti nguyn v thc hin qung b thng tin cp nht. Khi lp ti nguyn ca lin kt (link) thay i do thc hin vic ti cu hnh bng tay hoc do bng thng kh dng bin ng qua cc ngng t trc. 4.5.2.2. Qu trnh t thc hin gii thut chn ng

Vic chn ng cho mt trung k lu lng s dng trng s TE cost cu mi lin kt (link) ring bit. Mc nh th trng s TE cost ny bng vi metric IGP ca lin kt (link). Gii thut chn ng rng buc c thc hin theo cc bc sau: Ct b cc lin kt c lp ti nguyn (resource-class) b loi do php tnh Affinity ra khi m hnh mng (topology). Tip theo l ct b cc lin kt c bng thng d tr khng theo yu cu ca trung k. Thc hin gii thut tm ng i ngn nht (v d thut ton tm ng ngn nht Dijktra) tm ng c tng TE cost nh nht trn phn mng cn li sau khi ct b cc lin kt (link) khng t yu cu.

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Sau khi thc hin cc bc nu trn m vn cn nhiu ng ng c (candidate paths) cho LSP ( do cc ng ny c tng TE cost bng nhau) th tip theo ng s c chn theo tiu chun sau: ng c bng thng ti thiu cao nht. ng c s hop (chng) nh nht. Chn la ngu nhin. Khi chn c LSP th giao thc RSVE c s dng dnh trc bng thng thc s, phn phi cc nhn cho ng v hon thnh vic thit lp ng LSP. 4.5.3. Pht hin v ngn vng lp trong MPLS Vng lp c th xy ra i vi cc gi d liu iu khin LSP lm cho LSP khng th c thit lp hoc xy ra trong gi d liu MPLS lm cho gi khng n c ch v lm trn ngp mng. trnh vng lp, MPLS dng khung (frame-mode) s lm tng t nh IP bng cch s dng trng TTL trong tiu chn thm ( shim header). Gi tr ny s b gim dn khi qua mi hop (chng) v gi tin s b hy nu gi tr ca n v 0. MPLS dng t bo (cell-mode) nh ATM khng c trng TTL, ngi ta cu hnh gii hn khng gian b m tiu th ca mt knh o. Nu vng lp xy ra th n ch c th tiu tn ti a lng b m m n c gii hn. Chuyn mch vn c th hot ng bnh thng i vi cc vng lp pht sinh do cu hnh sai, cn cc vng lp ngn hn do trng thi mng thay i s b ph v khi mng t n trng thi hi t. C hai cch pht hin v ngn vng lp: Cch th nht l thng bo ng i (path vector diffusion). Vng lp c ngn chn bng danh sch cc a ch LSR m bn tin yu cu nhn i qua. LSR nhn c s thm a ch ca n vo vector trc khi gi bn tin yu cu nhn cho chng k. Nu mt LSR thy a ch ca n trong danh sch ny, n s ngn vic xy dng LSP ang b vng lp ny.

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Cch th hai l nh du tuyn (colored thread). Phng php ny c dng khi thit lp LSP theo cch cp pht nhn theo yu cu xui dng. Mi mt tuyn s c nh du mt mu khc nhau. Do , cc LSR trung gian khi gp bn tin yu cu nhn c mu ny s kt lun rng con ng b vng lp v kch hot ngng xy dng LSP ny v i mt khong thi gian cho n khi bng nh tuyn n nh. Ngoi ra, cc thng ip yu cu v p ng ca LDP v TDP cn dng phng php m hop hot ng tng t nh TTL trnh vng lp. 4.5.4. Ti ti u ha Cc c trng v trng thi mng bin ng theo thi gian. V d nh cc ti nguyn cp pht c thu hi li, cc ti nguyn mi tr nn kh dng, cc ti nguyn b li c ti kch hot. Do , cc trung k lu lng ti u c thit lp trc c th khng cn ti u na. V th, mun duy tr mng lun trng thi ti u nht th phi thc hin ti ti u ha (re-optimization). Ti ti u ha LSP l mt chc nng quan trng ca MPLS - TE. C mt kha cnh quan trng ca bt c thit k mng MPLS-TE no lin quan ti ti ti u ha l khi no v bao lu mt ln th vic tnh ton ti ti u ha c thc hin? Mt router Cisco da trn nhiu s kin thc hin vic ti ti u ha LSP, c cc trng hp nh sau: Ti ti u ha nhn cng (Manual reoptimization): mt lnh c a ra cho router u ngun (head-end router) thc hin tnh ton ti ti u TE LSP m n ang lm router u ngun. Nu c mt ng ti u hn LSP hin ti th TE LSP s c ti ti u ha theo c ch make-beforebreak. Ti ti u ha da trn timer nh thi (Timer-based reoptimization): mt timer nh thi c cu hnh router u ngun (head-end router). Sau khi ht khong thi gian nh trc ny th router u ngun ny bt u tnh ton li tm ng LSP no ti u nht.

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Ti ti u ha iu khin theo s kin (Event-driven reoptimization): trong mt vi trng hp th ti ti u thc hin theo cc s kin c bit din ra trong mng. V d nh c mt tuyn lin kt (link) no c phc hi v iu ny mang li mt lng bng thng kh dng trong mng, do cc route u ngun phi tnh ton li ng LSP no ti u nht. iu ny gip cho mng trnh c tnh trng bt n. Thng qua cc c ch va nu, nu MPLS-TE thy xut hin ng cho LSP ti u hn ng hin ti ang c s dng th: u tin, LSR u ngun s c gng thng bo thit lp LSP mi ti u hn LSP hin ti. Nu vic thit lp LSP mi thnh cng th LSP c s c thay th bng LSP mi ti u hn. MPLS-TE thc hin c ch make-before-break m bo vic thit lp LSP mi ti u hn LSP hin ti khng gy ra sai hng dch v. Do , trong qu trnh thit lp LSP mi th LSP c vn c s dng, cho n khi LSP mi c xy dng xong th mi chuyn ton b trung k lu lng t LSP c sang LSP mi.

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Hnh 4.5.4 Ti ti u mt LSP. Trong m hnh mng nh hnh 4.10 th tt c cc tuyn lin kt (link) u c IGP metric l 1, bng thng kh dng l 10Mbps ( tr ng R4-R5 l 15Mbps). Theo nh hnh 3.9 ta thy u tin ng TE LSP l ng T1, l ng ngn nht gia R1 v R5 (3Mbps) tun theo bng thng rng buc, l ng R1R2R3R4R5. Ngay lp tc, R6 cng bo hiu ng T2 (R6R2R7R8R4R5) l TE LSP t R6 ti R5 (8Mbps), y cng l ng i ngn nht cung cp bng thng 8Mbps. V vy, ti thi im T0 c hai ng T1 v T2 u hot ng. Sau , ti thi im T1, ng TE LSP T1(R1R2R3R4R5) ngng hot ng v n gii phng mt lng bng thng l 3Mbps. Khi , R6 thc hin qu trnh nh gi li ng ti u nht ti u TE LSP v n pht hin ra rng c mt con ng ti u hn (ng ngn nht) tn ti gia R5 v R6 l ng R6R2R3R4R5. V n thc hin ti nh tuyn ti u ng LSP gia R6 v R5. y l mt v d c bn lm r hn khi nim ti ti u trong MPLS - TE.

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4.5.5. MPLS-TE v cn bng ti Cn bng ti cng l mt khi nim rt quan trng trong k thut lu lng. Cn bng ti l kh nng chia ti lu lng (traffic load) gia hai router qua nhiu ng khc nhau. Trong nh tuyn IP, cc ng phi c cost bng nhau (tr giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)) v ti chia s trn cc ng ny cng bng nhau. Chnh xc hn l c hai phng php thc hin cn bng ti trong nh tuyn IP l cn bng ti trn mi gi tin (load balancingperpacket) v cn bng ti trn mi ch n (per-destination). i vi cn bng ti trn mi gi tin, thut ton cn bng ti thc hin vic chi ti bng nhau mt cch nghim ngt trn tt c cc ng. i vi cn bng ti trn mi ch n th cc gi thuc cc lung ging nhau lun lun i theo mt ng ging nhau. Do , phng php ny th c th ti gia cc ng khng bng nhau mt cch chnh xc. L do ti lu lng c chia trn nhng ng c cost bng nhau trong nh tuyn IP l trnh thng tin nh tuyn vng lp (routing loop). Tht vy, nu khng c s pht trin ca cc k thut nh tuyn IGP, th nu nh cc gi c phn phi gia cc ng c cost khng bng nhau th mt s gi s c gi ngc tr li cc router dc theo ng i ca chng. Ngc li, MPLS c s mm do hn. Th nht, router u ngun thit lp nhiu TE LSP n mt ch xc nh, c th cc ng c cost khng bng nhau. Vic ny s khng gy ra nh tuyn vng lp (routing loop) v tt c cc gi c chuyn mch nhn trn tt c cc TE LSP trong s ng thun vi cc tuyn ng tng minh ngay ti thi im thit lp cc LSP. Th hai, cc TE LSP khc nhau c th c cc c im khc nhau. V d, nu hai TE LSP c thit lp gia R1 v R2, mi ng c bng thng ln lut l 10 Mbps v 20Mbps. Router u ngun R1 chia s ti gia hai ng LSP cn xng vi bng thng tng ng ca mi ng (gi tin c gi nhiu gp hai ln ng 20Mbps so vi ng 10Mbps). Lu l cc k thut cn bng ti lu lng ca mng IP (mi gi,mi ch n: per - packet, per destination) cng c p dng cho mng MPLS.
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4.5.6. Bo v v khi phc ng MPLS l m hnh mng hybrid c thit k hot ng trn nn IP. Hot ng ca MPLS gn cht vi cc giao thc nh tuyn nn trong ti ny ch cp ti vn khi phc trong MPLS da trn lp mng. C ch bo v v khi phc ng trong MPLS cung cp dch v tin cy cho vic chuyn ti lu lng trong mng MPLS v ti nh tuyn lu lng qua mt ng chuyn mch nhn LSP. Trong phn ny, chng ta cn lu mt s khi nim sau : ng lm vic: L ng chuyn ti trung k lu lng trc khi xy ra li. y l ng c bo v bi c ch khi phc. ng khi phc: L ng m trung k lu lng s c ti nh tuyn sau khi li xy ra, c thit lp bo v cho ng lm vic. PSL (Path Switch LSR): L LSR ng trc v tr li trn ng lm vic chu trch nhim chuyn mch hoc ti to lu lng sang ng khi phc. PML (Path Merge LSR): L LSR im cui ca ng khi phc, c tc dng trn lung d liu t ng lm vic sang ng bo v. POR (Point of Repair) l LSR m nhn vic sa cha LSP b s c. POR c th l PSL hoc PML. FIS (Fault Indication Signal): L bn tin ch th c li xy ra trn ng, c chuyn tip bi cc LSR trung gian cho khi n n c POR. FIS c pht nh k bi cc nt cn k v tr li. FRS (Fault Recovery Signal) l tn hiu bo hiu ng c khi phc tr li. MPLS Protection Domain l mt min MPLS m cc LSR u c thit lp c ch bo v. Bypass Tunnel l mt ng khi phc c cng PSL v PML vi ng lm vic

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Revertive Mode l ch hot ng m ng lm vic chnh s c s dng li khi c phc hi. 4.5.6.1. Phn loi c ch bo v khi phc

Bo v ton cc v bo v cc b Bo v ton cc l bo v m trong LER pha ngun ng vai tr l PSL v POR, nhn tn hiu FIS t nt pht hin li. ng phc hi v ng lm vic trong trng hp ny l tch bit hon ton. Bo v cc b l loi bo v m trong im pht hin li ng vai tr l PSL v cng c th cng l POR nu c cu hnh tng ng. C hai loi bo v cc b l bo v lin kt v bo v nt. Bo v lin kt Mc ch ca bo v lin kt LSP l bo v mt LSP khi li lin kt c th. ng LSP d phng tch ri khi ng LSP chnh ti cc lin kt yu cu bo v. Khi lin kt c bo v hng, lu lng trn LSP chnh s c chuyn sang LSP d phng ti im u ca lin kt li.

Hnh 4.5.5 - Bo v lin kt. Khi lin kt c bo v hng, bn tin PATH_ERR v cc c ch trng thi lin kt IGP c s dng thng bo cho headend. Mt c c bit trong bn tin PATH_ERR lin kt hng c 1 ng d phng.
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Ti nh tuyn vi ng hm c cu hnh trc hu nh rt nhanh. Qu trnh ch din ra trong khong 50ms v tr ch l thi gian xc nh lin kt li v chuyn mch sang ng d phng (bao gm c vic x l nhn). Khi lin kt R2-R4 b li lu lng s c ti nh tuyn sang ng hm d phng NHOP R2-R3-R4 Bo v nt Mc ch ca bo v nt l bo v LSP khi xy ra li nt. Trong bo v nt, ng LSP d phng tch ri khi khi LSP chnh ti cc nt c th c bo v. Khi nt b li, lu lng trn ng LSP chnh s c chuyn sang ng LSP d phng ti nt upstream kt ni trc tip vi nt b li.

Hnh 4.5.6 - Bo v nt. LSP d phng b qua nt next-hop trn ng LSP chnh. Cc ng LSP d phng ny thng c gi chung l ng hm d phng next-next-hop (NNHOP) v chng kt cui ti nt theo sau nt next- hop trn ng LSP chnh. Khi xy ra li, ng hm d phng NNHOP nt trc nt b li ti nh tuyn lu lng trn ng LSP chnh sang NNHOP v vy b qua nt next-hop b li. ng hm d phng NNHOP cng cung cp bo v lin kt bi v chng b qua cc lin kt b li i cng vi nt .

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4.5.6.2.

Ti nh tuyn v chuyn mch bo v

Ti nh tuyn l ch m khi pht hin c li xy ra nh vo FIS, POR s tm ng mi nh vo cc giao thc nh tuyn. Sau khi tm c ng i, PSL s chuyn sang ng mi. Chuyn mch bo v c c ch hot ng gn ging vi ti nh tuyn bo v ch khc ch ng bo v c tnh ton trc . Chnh v iu ny lm cho phng php ny tn t thi gian khi phc hn phng php ti nh tuyn bo v. M hnh MAKAM y l m hnh bo v v khi phc MPLS n gin nht. N cung cp c ch bo v ton cc cho mt LSP bng cch thit lp ng khi phc gia ingress-LSR v egress-LSR. ng lm vic v khi phc tch ri nhau c v lin kt v nt. Khi pht hin li bt k v tr no trn ng lm vic, tn hiu FIS c dng chuyn thng bo li v cho ingress-LSR (PSL). Ingress-LSR s thc hin chuyn mch lu lng sang ng khi phc. M hnh ny h tr c ng khi phc thit lp sn (chuyn mch bo v) v ng khi phc thit lp ng (ti nh tuyn).

Hnh 4.5.7 - M hnh MAKAM. u im: t tn ti nguyn bi mt ng backup c th dng d tr cho cc trng hp li khc nhau xy ra trn cc link thuc ng hot ng chnh.

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Nhc im: nu lin kt b li xa Ingress-LSR lm cho qu trnh khi phc chm i do cn ch tn hiu bo hiu FIS tr v. Ngoi ra, do cc hng i cc LSR thuc ng c cn cha cc gi tin nn s b mt cc gi tin ny khi chuyn hng sang ng bo v. trnh mt cc gi tin trn, cn phi khi phc li ng c khi li c khc phc, tuy nhin ta s gp phi vn gi sai th t. Cch ny ch nn dng trong trng hp li c sa cha nhanh v hng i pha Egress-LSR ln. M hnh Haskin (Reverse Backup) M hnh ny khc phc c nhc im mt gi ca m hnh Makam m khng cn phi phc hi li ng c. Bng cch thit lp mt ng d phng o ti nt pht hin li, mt ng d phng o c thnh lp vi chiu lu lng ngc vi chiu ca ung c. Khi lu lng quay tr v n PSL, lu lng c chuyn sang ng khi phc ton cc. Tuy nhin m hnh ny c nhc im l hao tn ti nguyn do ng d phng o v ng khi phc phi thit lp sn.

Hnh 4.5.8 - M hnh Haskin. Mt ci tin khc gip qu trnh trn din ra nhanh hn l gi km thng tin FIS trong cc gi tin gi ngc v t ng d phng o. Cch ny gip chuyn mch ti Ingress LER nhanh hn m khng cn ch tn hiu FIS ti ri mi nhn d
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liu t ung d phng o. Tuy nhin, do cc gi vn khng c qun l th t nn hin tng cc gi sai th t vn s xy ra. M hnh Hundessa M hnh ny khc phc nhc im ca m hnh Haskin thng qua vic kim sot s th t cc gi gi v t ung d phng o.Khi gi u tin quay v PSL trn ng d phng o c tc dng nh tn hiu FIS bo cho PSL bit c li. PSL nh du gi cui cng truyn ra ng lm vic (ang c li) bng cch t mt bit trong trng EXP ca nhn, sau ngng y gi ra ng li. Khi gi c nh du quay tr v PSL trn ng o, PSL mi tip tc chuyn cc gi mi trc tip ra ng khi phc. 4.5.6.5. M hnh Simple Dynamic y l m hnh bo v cc b trong LSR pht hin li cng ng thi l PSL. Khi pht hin lin kt vi mnh b li, LSR ny s tnh ng ngn nht ti PML. Vi m hnh ny PML bt buc phi l Egress-LSR. ng d phng ny c th c thit lp tng minh (da vo giao thc bo hiu CR-LDP hoc RSVP- TE) hoc c ti nh tuyn nh cc giao thc bo hiu.

Hnh 4.5.9 - M hnh Simple Dynamic(Link protection).

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Hnh 4.5.10 - M hnh Simple Dynamic(Node protection). Nu nt pht hin li khng c ng bo v d tr (ch chuyn mch bo v) hoc khng c kh nng tm ng ti ch da vo giao thc nh tuyn (ch ti nh tuyn) hoc LSR ny ht phin lm vic th LSR Upstream k cn s m nhn vai tr ca PSL. C ch ny ging vi c ch bo v cho LSP l bo v nt Simple Dynamic c u im l ng ti nh tuyn lun l ng ngn nht ti ch (loi tr ng b h) tuy nhin vic tnh ton ti nh tuyn s khng th kim sot c ti nguyn mng v s c th gy nh hng n cc LSP khc trong mng, iu ny tuyt i nn trnh trong trng hp thc hin MPLS c h tr QoS. M hnh Shortest Dynamic Cng ging nh m hnh Symple Dynamic, m hnh shortest Dynamic cng l m hnh bo v cc b. iu khc bit y l trong m hnh ny PML phi l LSR downstream k cn vi link hoc LSR b sai. Do ng backup trong trng hp ny cn gi l Bypass Tunnel. Trong m hnh ny ng bo v thng c tnh ton t trc v trn thc t ngi ta ch s dng giao thc bo hiu RSVP-TE thit lp ng bo v Shortest Dynamic. Ch bo v dng phng php khi phc ny cng c hai loi l bo v nt v bo v lin kt.

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Hnh 4.5.11 - M hnh Shortest Dynamic (Link protection). 4.6. Tng kt chng:

Trong chng ny, nhm thc hin ti nghin cu, trnh by, lm r mt s khi nim c bn cng nh mt s gii thut v k thut c trong k thut lu lng mng MPLS. Bn cnh , nhm thc hin cng tp trung lm r mt s c ch bo v v khi phc ng trong k thut lu lng mng MPLS, cc u im v hn ch ca tng c ch. Qua thy c mt s u im vt tri ca k thut lu lng mng MPLS so vi mng IP truyn thng.

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CHNG 5: M PHNG HOT NG CA MPLS TE TRN GNS3 This ensures end-to-end circuits over ANY type of transport medium using ANY network layer protocol. In view of the fact that MPLS supports Internet Protocol revised versions (IPv4 and IPv6), IPX, AppleTalk at Layer3; Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay, and PPP (Point to Point Protocol) at Layer 2, it is referred as Layer 2.5 protocol.

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