Cell division & Cell cycle

Cell division
Multi cellular organisms grow from a

single cell by cell division. Two types of nuclear division- mitosis and meiosis. Asexual reproduction and growth, both are the result of mitotic cell division. The formation of sex cells involves a nuclear cell division called meiosis.

Mitosis
Process in which a cell nucleus divides and

produce two daughter nuclei. Nuclei containing identical sets of chromosomes to the parent cell. Results in increase in cell number. It is the method by which growth, repair and replacement of cells occur in eukaryotes. In unicellular organisms mitosis results in asexual reproduction.

Cell cycle
Cell division bring about growth and

asexual reproduction. Division of cells occurs in a sequence of events. The sequence of events which occurs between one cell division and the other is called cell cycle.

 This include three stages Interphase- period of synthesis and

growth. cell increase in mass and size. DNA replication occurs. Carry out normal cellular activities Mitosis - the process of nuclear division. consist of four phases- prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides into two.

Controlling of cell cycle

Cell cycle is controlled by a number of

chemical signals. These signals are made in response to different genes. The control chemicals are small proteins called cyclins. These attach to enzyme called cyclindependent kinases (CDKs) and form CDK complex.

 This complex adds a phosphate group

to other proteins. (phosphorylation) Changing their shape and bringing about the next stage in cell cycle. Example :- chromosomes become denser when chromatin is phosphorylated. Nuclear membrane begins to break, when nuclear membrane proteins are phosphorylated.

Phases of cell cycle

Controlling of cell cycle

INTERPHASE
Period of non- division and longest part of

the cell cycle. Chromosomes are actively involved in protein synthesis. This include three phases first phase of growth (G1) synthesis of DNA (S) second phase of growth (G2)

Appearance of cells in interphase

EVENTS THAT OCCUR IN INTERPHASE

PHASE
G1

EVENTS WITHIN THE CELL Cellular synthesis including organelles mRNA,tRNA,rRNA formation Cell growth occurs DNA replication Histones synthesized over DNA strand Chromosomes become chromatids Cellular synthesis including organelles Energy store increase Mitotic spindle begins to form

G2