C s d liu vn bn quy phm php lut

lnh vc Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn

------------------------------------------------------------Quyt nh ca B trng
B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn
S 72/2002/Q-BNN, ngy 13 thng 8 nm 2002
V vic ban h nh tiu chun ngnh
------***------

B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn

- Cn c Ngh nh s 73/CP ngy 01 thng 11 nm 1995 ca
Chnh ph quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v t chc b
my ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn;
- Cn c vo Php lnh cht lng hng ho ngy 24 thng12 nm
1999;
- Cn c vo Quy ch lp, xt duyt v ban hnh Tiu chun
ngnh ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 135/1999-Q-BNN-KHCN
ngy 1/10/1999;
- Theo ngh ca ng V trng V Khoa hc cng ngh v
cht lng sn phm, Cc trng Cc Phng chng lt bo v qun l
iu
Quyt nh
iu 1. Ban hnh km theo quyt nh ny tiu chun ngnh:
14TCN 130-2002: Hng dn thit k bin.
iu 2. Tiu chun ny c hiu lc sau 15 ngy k t ngy k
ban hnh.
iu 3. Cc ng Chnh vn phng B, V trng V Khoa hc
Cng ngh v CLSP, Cc trng cc Phng chng lt bo v Qun l
iu, Th trng cc n v lin quan chu trch nhim thi hnh
Quyt nh ny./.
KT. B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn

Th trng Nguyn nh Thnh : k

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Nhm
Tiu chun ngnh

14 TCN 130 - 2002

hng dn thit k bin

(Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 72/2002/Q-BNN, ngy 13 thng 8
nm 2002 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn)
1.

Quy nh chung

1.1.

Phm vi p dng

1.1.1.

Hng dn ny dng thit k bin mi, tu sa

bin c (gm cng trnh v cng trnh bo v ) v cng
trnh bo v b bin, bi bin vng khng c .

1.1.2.

bin trong hng dn ny bao gm:

bo v vng dn c, kinh t trong vng b bin l;
ln bin m mang vng t mi trong vng b bin bi;
quy cc vng b bin, hi o, phc v cc mc ch: qun
s, khai thc thu sn, du lch v.v...;
dc theo hai b on ca sng ( ca sng), chng l
sng v chng s ph hoi ca cc yu t bin.

a)
b)
c)
d)
1.2.

Cc cn c thit k

1.2.1.

Cc ti liu v quy hoch vng d n c duyt;

1.2.2.

Cc lut, php lnh, ngh nh, vn bn hin hnh c lin

quan;

1.2.3.
1.2.4.
1.2.5.

Cc ch , chnh sch, tiu chun, quy trnh, quy phm,

nh mc n gi hin hnh c lin quan.
Cc h s k thut, d n c lin quan.
Cc ti liu, s liu c bn: c cc c quan c t cch php
nhn lp hoc xc nhn theo ng cc quy trnh, quy phm, hng
dn hin hnh:
a) Ti liu v a hnh, a mo theo quy nh cho giai on
thit k;
b) Ti liu v cu to a cht v a cht cng trnh theo quy
nh cho giai on thit k;
c) S liu v kh tng thu thp v thc o (c bit l ti liu v
gi bo, gm tn sut, cng , phn b theo thi gian v khng
gian);

14 TCN 130 - 2002

d) S liu v thu hi vn iu tra, thu thp v thc o: mc nc,

dng chy, sng, chuyn ng bn ct trong vng cng trnh v
ln cn;
e) Tnh trng thin tai v din bin: st l, bi lng, thit hi xy
ra vng cng trnh;
f) Hin trng v quy hoch pht trin dn sinh, kinh t, mi trng
v x hi ca vng d n v. v...

2.

tiu chun thit k ca bin v cng trnh bo v

bin

2.1.

Tr s gia tng cao an ton (a) ca cng trnh v cng trnh

bo v : xc nh theo bng 2-1.
Bng 2-1. Tr s gia tng cao an ton (a)

Cp cng trnh
Tr s gia tng cao an
ton (m)

c
bit

II

III

IV

0,5

0,4

0,4

0,3

0,3

Ghi ch: Cp cng trnh ca bin v cng trnh bo v bin ly

theo quy nh hin hnh.

2.2.

H s an ton n nh chng trt (k) ca cng trnh bng t:

khng c nh hn cc tr s quy nh trong bng 2.2.
Bng 2.2. H s an ton n nh chng trt (k)

Cp cng trnh

c
bit

II

III

IV

1,30

1,25

1,20

1,15

1,10

1,20

1,15

1,10

1,05

1,05

iu kin s
dng
bnh
H s thng
an
iu kin s
ton
dng bt thng
2.3.

H s an ton n nh chng trt (k) ca cng trnh thnh ng:

khng c nh hn cc tr s quy nh trong bng 2.3.

Bng 2.3. H s an ton n nh chng trt (k) ca cng trnh

thnh ng
Tnh cht
nn
H
s
an
to

iu kin c
s dng bit
bnh th- 1,15
ng

Cp cng trnh

Cp cng trnh

II

III

IV

1,10

1,05

1,05

1,00

c
bit

II

III

IV

1,35 1,30 1,25 1,20 1,15

14 TCN 130 - 2002

iu kin 1,05
s dng
bt thng

2.4.

1,05

1,00

1,00

1,00

1,20 1,15 1,10 1,05 1,05

H s an ton n nh chng lt (k) ca thnh ng: khng c nh hn cc tr s quy nh bng 2-4.

Bng 2-4. H s an ton n nh chng lt (k) ca thnh

ng
Cp cng trnh
iu kin s dng
H s bnh thng
an
iu kin s dng
ton
bt thng

c
bit

II

III

IV

1,60

1,55

1,50

1,45

1,40

1,50

1,45

1,40

1,35

1,30

Ghi ch: Cc bng 2.2; 2.3; 2.4:

-

iu kin s dng bnh thng l iu kin thit k;

iu kin s dng bt bnh thng l iu kin trong thi k thi cng

hoc khi c ng t;

Cc gi tr h s an ton thc t tnh c ca cng trnh khng c vt qu 20% vi iu kin s dng bnh thng v10% vi iu kin s
dng bt thng.

3.

Tuyn bin

3.1.

Yu cu chung
Tuyn bin c chn trn c s so snh kinh t-k thut cc phng n, trn c s xem xt:
- S ph hp quy hoch tng th pht trin ton vng;
- iu kin a hnh, a cht;
- Din bin ca sng v b bin;
- V tr cng trnh hin c v cng trnh xy dng theo quy
hoch;
- An ton, thun li trong xy dng, qun l, khai thc v khu
vc c bo v;
- Bo v cc di tch vn ho, lch s v a gii hnh chnh.

3.1.1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

V tr tuyn cn m bo:
i qua vng c a th cao, a cht nn tng i tt;
Ni tip vi cc v tr n nh, tn dng cng trnh c;
i qua vng thun li cho b tr cc cng trnh ph tr;
Khng nh hng n cng trnh thot l (i vi ca sng);
So snh hiu qu kinh t- k thut ca 23 v tr tuyn

14 TCN 130 - 2002

chn mt v tr t hiu qu tng hp tt nht;

f) nh hng ca tuyn n hot ng giao thng bn cng v
vng t pha sau, n bi tm, vng du lch, di tch lch s v
danh lam thng cnh c th chp nhn;
g) V tr tuyn quan trng cn tin hnh th nghim m hnh
thu lc xc nh.
3.1.2.

Hnh dng tuyn cn m bo:

a) B tr tuyn cn n gin, tt nht l ng thng, trnh
gy khc, t li lm. Trong trng hp phi b tr tuyn lm,
cn c cc bin php gim sng hoc tng cng sc chng
ca ;
b) Thun li trong vic gim nh tc dng ca sng v dng chy
mnh nht trong khu vc;
c) Khng to ra mt xch yu ni ni tip vi cc cng trnh ln
cn, khng nh hng xu n cc vng t lin quan.

3.2.

Tuyn quai ln bin, cn m bo:

- Nm trong quy hoch tng th h thng cng trnh khai thc
vng t mi ca sng ven bin cng nh cc yu cu v thot l,
giao thng thu, mi trng du lch;
- Thng nht vi quy hoch h thng knh mng thu li, h thng
ngn v cng thot, h thng giao thng phc v thi cng v
khai thc;
- Kh thi trong thi cng, c bit l hp long , tiu thot ng, bi
p t mi quai, ci to th nhng (thau chua, ra mn), c
cu cy trng, quy trnh khai thc.v.v...
- Tuyn quai phi xc nh trn c s nghin cu v quy lut
bi xi trong vng quai v cc yu t nh hng khc nh iu
kin thu thch ng lc vng ni tip, sng dng, ngn chn
dng bn ct ven b, s mt cn bng ti ct vng ln cn.

3.2.1.

Cao trnh bi c th quai ln bin

Cn so snh la chn trn c s kinh t - k thut phng n quai
ln bin trong hai trng hp sau:
a) Quai vng t l ra mc nc bin trung bnh triu cao
(ng bng Bc B thng ly mc +0,5m n +1,0m, h cao
lc a theo 14 TCN 102 - 2002).
b) Quai rng ra cc vng c cao thp hn, sau dng cc
bin php k thut xc tin qu trnh bi lng cho vng bi trong
t mc tiu khai thc.

3.2.2.

Cc tuyn ngn vng bi trong quai

Tuyn bao ngoi l vnh chnh bo v vng t ln bin,

14 TCN 130 - 2002

trong tuyn chnh cn b tr cc tuyn ngn, chia ton

vng ra thnh cc v chia mi thnh nhiu mnh, thch hp vi
iu kin t nhin v yu cu khai thc.
3.3.

Tuyn vng bi bin xi (bin ln)

3.3.1.

Yu cu chung
vng bi bin b xm thc, tuyn b ph hoi do tc ng trc
tip ca sng vo thn , st st do bi trc b xi, chn b
moi hng. Cn nghin cu k xu th din bin ca ng b, c ch
v nguyn nhn hin tng xi bi, cc yu t nh hng khc.v.v...
tuyn cn gn lin vi cc cng trnh chng xi bi.
Khi cha c bin php khng ch c hin tng bin ln th tuyn
khng lm vnh cu, cn b tr thm tuyn d phng kt hp
vi cc bin php phi cng trnh gim tn tht khi tuyn
chnh b ph hoi.

3.3.2.

Tuyn chnh
Theo iu 3.1 v xt n cc yu t c th vng bin ln
nh ra v tr tuyn chnh hp l nh sau:
-

Nm pha trong v tr sng v ln u (cch mt chiu di sng

thit k);

Song song vi ng mp nc khi triu kit.

3.3.3. Tuyn d phng

-

Khong cch gia tuyn d phng v chnh t nht bng

2 ln chiu di sng thit k.

Gia hai tuyn chnh v d phng nn b tr cc ngn,

khong cch gia cc tuyn ngn nn bng 3 4 ln khong
cch gia hai .

3.4. Tuyn vng ca sng

vng ca sng l ni tip gia sng v bin, chu nh
hng tng hp ca yu t sng, bin. Tuyn ca sng cn m
bo thot l v an ton di tc dng ca cc yu t nh hng ca
sng, bin.
i vi ca sng tam gic chu c nhiu nhnh, cn phn tch din
bin ca tng nhnh c th quy hoch tuyn c li nht cho
vic thot l.
i vi ca sng hnh phu, cn khng ch dng ng cong ca
tuyn (qua tnh ton hoc thc nghim) khng gy ra hin
tng sng dn, lm tng chiu cao sng, gy nguy him cho b
sng.

14 TCN 130 - 2002

4. thit k mt ct v kt cu bin
4.1.

Ch dn chung

4.1.1.

Thit k mt ct bin cn tin hnh cho tng

phn on. Cc phn on c chia theo iu kin nn , vt
liu p , iu kin ngoi lc v yu cu s dng. Mi phn
on c chn mt mt ct ngang i din lm i tng thit k
thn .

4.1.2.

Ni dung thit k mt ct v kt cu bin bao

gm: Xc nh cao trnh nh, kch thc mt ct, kt cu nh
v thn .

4.1.3.

Mt ct v kt cu bin phi m bo cc yu
cu k thut v so snh kinh t- k thut.

4.2.

Cao trnh nh
Cao trnh nh thng thng xc nh theo cng thc:
Z = Ztp + Hnd+Hsl + a

(4-1)

i vi loi b tr cho sng v l trn hai pha, cao trnh nh

khng xt n yu t nc dng v cao gia tng:
Z = Ztp+Hsl

(4-2)

Trong :
Z
Ztp
Hnd
Hsl
a
4.2.1.

Cao trnh nh thit k, m;

Mc nc bin tnh ton, m;
Chiu cao nc dng do bo, m;
Chiu cao sng leo, m;
Tr s gia tng cao an ton, m;

Xc nh mc nc bin tnh ton Ztp

Mc nc bin tnh ton l mc nc tnh ton theo tn sut m bo
ti v tr cng trnh, bao gm mc nc triu thin vn v cc gi tr
bin thin do nh hng ca sng, l, a chn, gi triu, bin i
thi tit, bin i mc nc chu k di v.v... khng k n nc
dng do bo.
Mc nc bin tnh ton Ztp c xc nh trn c s phn tch tn
sut m bo mc nc bin cao nht nm v tr cng trnh (ph
lc A).
Trng hp khng c s liu thc o, hoc s b tnh ton c th
ly tr s cc i ca mc nc triu thin vn tnh ton theo chu k
19 nm xc nh.
Tn sut m bo mc nc bin tnh ton thit k i vi cp cng
trnh quy nh bng 4.1.

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Bng 4.1. Tn sut m bo mc nc triu tnh ton thit k

Cp cng trnh ca
Tn sut mc nc bin thit
k, %.
4.2.2.

c bit

I v II

III v IV

Xc nh chiu cao nc dng do bo Hnd

Chiu cao nc dng do bo, xc nh theo ph lc C.
Chiu cao nc dng thit k cho cc cp quy nh trong bng
4-2.
Bng 4-2. Chiu cao nc dng thit k cho cc cp
Cp

c bit v I

II,III v IV

Theo tn sut 10%

(bng C-3)

Theo tn sut 20%

(bng C-3)

n v

1,0m

0,8m

T v tuyn 110 n v
tuyn 80

1,5m

1,0m

V tr
Bc v tuyn 160
T v tuyn 16
tuyn 110

4.2.3.

Tnh ton chiu cao sng leo Hsl: Xc nh theo

ph lc D.

4.2.4.

Tr s gia tng cao an ton a: Quy nh trong

bng 2.1.
Ghi ch:
a) Trong cng mt tuyn , tnh ton cc phn on c cao trnh
nh khc nhau, th ly theo tr s cao nht.
b) Trng hp pha bin ca c tng chng sng kin c, n nh,
th cao trnh nh l cao trnh nh tng, nhng cao trnh
nh t phi cao hn mc nc triu thit k t nht l 0,5 m
m bo mt kh ro.
c) Ngoi tnh ton theo cng thc (4-1) ra, khi xc nh cao trnh nh
thit k cho t cn phi xt thm d phng do ln. Tu
theo yu t a cht nn , cht t thn v cht t
dp, c th ly bng 3%- 8% chiu cao thn . Trong cc trng hp
sau, ln cn tnh ton theo iu 4-3:
-

Chiu cao ln hn 10m;

Nn rt yu;

14 TCN 130 - 2002

4.3.

Thn khng c m cht;

t p c nn cht thp.

Thit k mt ct ngang v kt cu bin

4.3.1.

Hnh dng mt ct v cc b phn to thnh

a) bng t: Mt ct ngang bin thng c dng hnh thang
( mi nghing). Trong hng dn thit k ny ch yu cho mi
nghing.
Cc yu t cu to mt ct ngang in hnh thc t c th khng
cc b phn c th hin trn hnh 4-1a.
b) mt ct phc hp: Do yu cu v s dng hoc hn ch v
iu kin a hnh, a mo, thiu t p v.vc th phi s
dng cc dng mt ct phc hp:
-

tng ng pha bin (hnh 4-1b);

tng hn hp nghing v ng pha bin (hnh 4-1c).

14 TCN 130 - 2002

C. dng mt ct hn hp nghing v ng pha bin

Hnh 4.1. Cc dng mt ct ngang bin
a) mi nghing; b) tng ng pha bin;
C. dng mt ct hn hp nghing v ng pha bin

Kt cu tng ng hoc tng hn hp nghing v ng pha

bin: thng l cng trnh kiu trng lc, kt cu xy, khi xp b
tng; C nhim v chn t v chn sng.
i vi loi c dng mt ct phc hp: cn x l tt kt cu ni
tip gia tng v khi t sau tng, m bo cng lm vic n
nh. Ch tc ng moi xi chn tng do sng v dng chy
bin; nu cn th t mng tng su v b tr thm chng xi
chn tng.
4.3.2.

Chiu rng v kt cu nh
a) Chiu rng nh : Xc nh theo cp cng trnh, yu cu v
cu to, thi cng, qun l, d tr vt liu, giao thng (ng quay
xe, trnh xe) v.v nu cn th m rng cc b.
Theo cp cng trnh, chiu rng nh qui nh nh bng 4-2.
Bng 4-2. Chiu rng nh theo cp cng trnh
Cp cng trnh

c
bit

II

III

IV

Chiu rng nh B(m)

68

Trng hp cn m rng thm so vi qui nh trong bng 4-2

cn c tho thun ca c quan qun l iu c thm quyn.
b) Kt cu nh :
- Cn c vo mc cho php sng trn, yu cu v giao thng,
qun l, cht t p , ma gi xi mn v.v xc nh
theo cc tiu chun mt ng tng ng.
- Mt nh cn dc v mt pha hoc hai pha ( dc
khong 2%- 3%), tp trung thot nc v cc rnh thot nc mt.
- Trng hp t p , mt bng p b hn ch, c th
xy tng nh t cao trnh nh thit k.
c) Tng chng trn nh (gi tt l tng nh):
Tng chng trn nh b tr vai ngoi, mp pha bin. Tng ch c t sau khi thn n nh, mng c lp vi
cng trnh gia c mi. Mt pha bin ca tng nn c dng mt

10

14 TCN 130 - 2002

cong ht sng.
Tng nh khng nn cao qu 1,0 m, kt cu bng b tng, b tng
ct thp, nhng thng thng bng xy, c khe bin dng c kt
cu chn nc cch nhau (1020) m i vi tng BTCT, (1015)m i
vi tng b tng v gch xy. nhng v tr thay i t nn,
thay i chiu cao tng, kt cu mt ct v.v... cn b tr thm
khe bin dng.
Thit k tng nh, cn tnh ton cng , kim tra n nh trt,
lt, ng sut nn, cng nh yu cu chng thm v.v...
4.3.3.

Mi
a) dc mi : c th hin qua qua h s mi dc m = ctg, vi
l gc gia mi v ng nm ngang. dc mi c xc nh
thng qua tnh ton n nh, c xt n bin php thi cng, yu
cu s dng khai thc v kt cu cng trnh gia c mi. Thng thng
ly m = 23 cho mi pha ng v m = 35 cho mi pha bin.
b) C trn mi pha ng: Khi c chiu cao ln hn 6m,
pha ng c m < 3, c th t c v tr cch nh t
(23) m, chiu rng ca c 1,5 m. Mi pha trn v pha di
bc c c th khc nhau, thng mi di thoi hn mi trn.
c) Thm gim sng trn mi pha bin: b tr vng sng gi ln
gim chiu cao sng leo, tng cng n nh cho thn ; C
th b tr thm gim sng khong cao trnh mc nc bin tnh
ton. Chiu rng thm gim sng cn ln hn 1,5 ln chiu cao
sng v khng nh hn 3m.
Nu ly mdi thm < mtrn thm th chiu cao sng leo nh hn so vi trng hp mdi thm > mtrn thm.
Ti v tr thm gim sng, nng lng sng tp trung, cn tng cng
gia c, c bit l vng mp ngoi, ng thi b tr l thot nc. nhng vng bin quan trng, cao trnh v kch thc thm
gim sng cn xc nh qua th nghim trn m hnh vt l.
d) Gia c mi pha bin: hng dn chi tit trong phn 5.
e) Gia c mi pha ng: c thit k trn c s phn tch
cht t, cng ma, mc cho php sng trn, chiu cao ,
yu cu s dng (ng ln xung, cnh quan mi trng v.v).
Thng ch nn trng c. Trng hp chu sng v l trn t hai
pha, pha ng cng cn gia c nh ch dn mi pha bin.

4.3.4.

Thn
a) Nn : mi thng c p trc tip trn t t nhin, sau
khi x l lp ph b mt. Nu tuyn i qua vng t yu,
d gy ra ln ln, mch n, si v.v cn c bin php x l nn trc khi p .

11

14 TCN 130 - 2002

b) Vt liu p : Ch yu l cc loi t khai thc ti vng ln

cn cng trnh.
i vi t ng cht, nn chn t st c hm lng ht st
15%30%, ch s do t 1020, khng cha tp cht. Chnh lch
cho php gia hm lng nc ca t p v hm lng nc ti u
khng vt qa 3%.
Khng nn dng t bn bi tch, t st c hm lng nc t nhin
cao v t l ht st qu ln, t trng n, t c tnh phn tn
p .
Nu ngun t p ch c ct ht ri, thnh phn ht mn nh
hn 25%, th phi bc ngoi mt lp t tht vi chiu dy khng
nh hn 0,5 m.
c) Tiu chun v nn cht ca thn :
- nn cht c nh gi thng qua ch tiu:
+ i vi t c tnh dnh:
Rs =

Trong :

Rs
ds

' ds
' d max

(4-3)

- nn cht thit k;
- Dung trng kh thit k ca t thn ;

dmax - Dung trng kh cc i t c trong th

nghim nn tiu chun on th nghim (xem
phn 6).
+ i vi t khng c tnh dnh:
Rds =

Trong : Rds
eds

emax eds
emax emin

(4-4)

- nn cht tng i thit k;

- H s rng nn cht thit k;

emax, emin - H s rng cc i v cc tiu t trong th

nghim tiu chun.
- nn cht thn bng t quy nh trong bng 4-3
Bng 4-3: Quy nh nn cht thn bng t
Cp cng
trnh ca
bin

c bit v I

II v III 6m

III < 6m v IV

Rs

0,94

0,92

0,90

Rds

0,65

0,62

0,60

d) Cng trnh qua thn : Cng trnh ct qua thn phi

12

14 TCN 130 - 2002

thit k ring, c bit ch x l ni tip gia thn v cng

trnh, m bo an ton cho v nhim v ca .
4.3.5.

H thng thot nc mt
Cc cng trnh t cao hn 6m vng ma nhiu, nn b tr rnh
tiu nc nh , mi , chn v nhng ch ni tip mi
vi b t hoc vi cc cng trnh khc.
Rnh tiu nc song song vi tuyn trc c th b tr mp trong
ca c hoc chn . Rnh tiu nc theo chiu ng mi dc
, t cch nhau 50m n 100m, lin thng vi rnh tiu nc dc
theo phng trc . Rnh c th bng tm b tng hoc xy,
kch thc v dc y ca rnh cn xc nh theo tnh ton
hoc theo kinh nghim t cng trnh c iu kin tng t.

4.4.

Tnh ton n nh cng trnh bin

4.4.1.
4.4.2.

Ni dung tnh ton

n nh chng trt mi ;
Ln thn v nn ;
n nh thm cho (cho ca sng vng c bin triu
cao, ma nhiu).
Tnh ton n nh chng trt mi

a) Chn mt ct tnh ton: Phi c tnh cht i biu, c la

chn trn c s nhim v on , cp cng trnh, iu kin a
hnh a cht, kt cu , chiu cao thn , vt liu p
v.v...
b) Cc trng hp tnh ton:
- Trng hp bnh thng:
+ Mi pha trong thi k thm n nh hoc khng n
nh, thi k triu cao;
+ Mi pha ngoi trong thi k triu rt nhanh.
- Trng hp bt thng:
+ Mi trong v ngoi thi k thi cng;
+ Mi trong v ngoi gp ti trng bt thng mc nc trung
bnh nhiu nm.
- vng ma nhiu: cn kim tra n nh chng trt ca mi
trong thi k ma.
c) Phng php tnh ton: Theo phng php trong Qui phm thit
k p t m nn(QPTL-11-77) hoc cc phng php khc
cng nh s dng cc phn mm tnh ton trn my tnh c cp c
thm quyn cho php.
d) H s an ton chng trt: Theo hng dn phn 2.

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

4.4.3 Tnh ton ln

a) Ni dung: Xc nh ln tng cng ca thn v nn
v tr ng tim nh v cc v tr cn thit khc.
b) Mt ct tnh ton: Theo iu kin a cht ca nn , lp
t p, mt ct thn v ti trng m chia thnh nhiu
on, chn mt ct i biu tnh ton ln.
c) ln cui cng (tng cng) ca thn v nn c tnh
ton theo cng thc:
n

S = m
i =1

e1i e2i
hi
1 + e1i

Trong :
S
- ln cui cng (tng cng), mm;
n
- S lp t trong phm vi chu nn;
e1i
- H s rng ng vi ng sut do trng lng bn thn t ( =
yh1) gia lp th i ca nn;
e2i
- H s rng ng vi tng ng sut do tc dng tng hp ca
trng lng bn thn trung bnh v trng lng gia ti trung bnh (2=
yh1+1) gia lp th i ca nn;
hi
- dy ca lp t th i (mm);
m - H s hiu chnh: m= 1,0 i vi nn thng thng;
m= 1,3 1,6 i vi nn bin t yu.
d) dy tnh ton ca phn nn chu nn c xc nh theo
iu kin sau:
z
= 0,2

(4-6)

Trong : - ng sut do trng lng bn thn ca nn b

mt lp tnh ton, KPa;
z - ng sut ca lc gia ti ca t nn b mt lp tnh
ton, KPa.
dy tnh ln ca nn n v tr m ng sut tng thm (gia
ti) ca t nn t n 20% ng sut bn thn chu ti ca t
nn th hin phn 4-6.

5.

Cng trnh gia c mi bin

5.1.

Dng kt cu v thnh phn cng trnh

5.1.1.

Dng kt cu v iu kin p dng

14

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Dng kt cu gia c mi, tu kh nng kinh t, k thut, c th la

chn cn c vo bng 5.1.
Bng 5.1.Dng kt cu bo v mi v iu kin s dng
TT

Kt cu lp gia
c mi

Trng c

hc ri

hc lt khan

hc xy

Thm r

Tm b tng c
sn, ghp ri

Tm b tng c
sn, lin kt
mng.

Hn hp nhiu loi

iu kin p dng
- Sng c Hs 0,5m, dng chy c v < 1m/s
hoc c bi cy ngp mn trc ;
- Mi c t mn c pht trin.
- Ni c ngun phong ph;
- Mi thoi, yu cu m quan t.
- Ni c ngun phong ph, c loi p
ng yu cu;
- Nn thot nc tt.
- Mi tng i tt;
- Sng ln, dng chy mnh, loi ri khng
p ng yu cu.
- Kh nng cung cp ln kh khn;
- Sng ln, c dng chy mnh;
- C r thp chng mn.
- Sng ln, dng chy mnh;
- Yu cu m quan.
- Sng ln, dng chy mnh;
- C yu cu m quan;
- Mi t ln st, t thot nc;
- C iu kin thi cng v ch to mng.
- Mc nc dao ng ln, mi gia c di;
- Yu cu s dng khc nhau.

Mi pha ng: cn c cng ma, yu cu v sng trn, chiu

cao , tnh cht t, yu cu v s dng v.v quyt nh
hnh thc kt cu gia c, thng trng c.
- Mi pha bin: Cn c iu kin chu lc, s dng, vt liu
xy dng, thun li cho thi cng v duy tu, cn thng qua lun
chng kinh t - k thut xc nh.
- Cc dng kt cu thng dng: hnh 5.1:
+ hc lt khan;
+ Khi b tng c sn;
+ Kt hp gia tm b tng c sn ( mi phn di) v hc lt
khan ( mi phn trn)
-

Trng hp c vt liu nha ng phong ph, c th s dng kt cu

thm b tng nha ng.

15

14 TCN 130 - 2002

5.1.2.

Thnh phn cng trnh k bin

a) Thnh phn chnh ca k bin: nh k, lp ph mi, chn
khay.
b) Cc thnh phn ph bao gm: tng m hoc tng lc, l thot
nc, thm gim sng, m tiu sng, tng ht sng, khe bin dng.

5.1.3.

Yu cu i vi vt liu, cu kin ca k bin

a)
-

Yu cu chung:
Chng xm thc ca nc mn;
Chng va p di tc dng ca sng, gi, dng chy;
Thch ng vi s bin hnh ca b, bi bin;
Ch to, thi cng n gin.

b) Cc yu cu i vi hc:
m bo kch thc hnh hc, trng lng tnh ton qui nh cho vin
v tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- i vi ph ngoi mt dc, cng khng thp hn
50MPa;
- i vi lp m, cng cn t trn 30MPa;
- Khng s dng phin thch, phong ho v c khe nt;
- hc dng xy cng cn c cng 50MPa, mc va
xy5.
c) Cc yu cu i vi b tng:
- i vi cu kin b tng, mc b tng 20;
- i vi cu kin b tng ct thp, mc b tng 30.
5.2.

Thit k lp ph mi

5.2.1.

Trng lng ca vt liu, cu kin ph mi (khi

ph mi)
Trng lng n nh ca khi ph mi chu tc dng ca sng,
gi xc nh theo cng thc Hudson:
G=

3
B .H SD
3

.ctg
K D . B

(5-1)

Trong :
G
- Trng lng ti thiu ca khi ph mi nghing (t);
B
- Trng lng ring trong khng kh ca vt liu khi ph (t/m3);

- Trng lng ring ca nc bin; 1,03 t/m3;

- Gc nghing ca mi so vi mt phng nm ngang (ctg

= m), ;
HSD
- Chiu cao sng thit k, ly HSD = HS1/ 3= HS13% (m);

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

KD

- H s n nh, tu theo hnh dng khi ph, ly theo bng

5.2.
Bng 5.2. H s n nh khi ph mi

Loi khi ph
hc
hc
Tm b tng c sn
Tm b tng c sn

Cch xp
ri 2 lp
Lt khan
Ghp c lp
T chn thnh mng

KD
3
4
3,5
5 6(*)

Ghi ch: (*) cn kim nh gi tr thc t i vi tng loi mng.

17

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 5.1. Mt ct ngang mt s dng kt cu gia c mi

a) hc lt khan;

b) Khi b tng c sn;

c) Kt hp dng a v b.

18

14 TCN 130 - 2002

5.2.2.

Chiu dy lp ph mi
a) Lp ph mi bng hc lt khan: Khi 1,5 m 5 th dy n
nh di tc dng ca sng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
d = 0,266.

H
L
. s .3 s
d m Hs

Trong :
mi (m);

d
d,
m
Ls
Hs

(5-2)
- Chiu dy lp hc lt (mt lp ) trn

- Trng lng ring ca v nc (t/m3);

- H s mi dc;
- Chiu di sng (m);
- Chiu cao sng (m):
+ Khi h/Ls 0,125 ly Hs = Hs4%;
+ Khi h/Ls < 0,125 ly Hs = Hs1/3 = Hs13%;

b) Lp ph mi bng tm bn b tng:
- Tnh theo cng thc trong quy phm thit k Trung Quc
(GB50286- 98):

L
. S
B l t .m

B = .HS.

(5-3a)

B
- Chiu dy tm bn b tng ( m);

- H s: = 0,0075 i vi bn lt khan; = 0,10

i vi bn phn trn lt khan, phn di cht mch;
Hs
- Chiu cao sng tnh ton (m), ly Hs1%;
Ls
- Chiu di sng (m);
lt
- Chiu di cnh tm b tng theo phng vung
gc vi ng mp nc (m);
m
- H s mi dc;
, B - Trng lng ring ca nc v ca b tng (t/m3).

Trong :

- Tnh theo cng thc Pilarczyk, K.W:

B =

HS

Trong :

Hs

2
. 3

(5-3b)
- Chiu cao sng thit k (m), ly Hs1/3;
- H s sng v:

tg
Hs ;
Ls

- H s ph thuc vo hnh dng v cch lp

t cc cu kin, ly theo bng 5.3.
Cc k hiu khc nh cng thc 5-3a.

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

Bng 5.3. H s theo cu kin v cch lp t

Loi cu kin v cch lp t

Tm lt t nm
4 4,5
Tm lt t trn lp geotextile v nn t st
5
tt
Tm lt t chn
6
Tm lt t chn trn lp m tt
8
Tnh ton theo cng thc 5.3a v 5.3b, chn kt qu ln hn
thit k.
5.2.3.
Cc loi cu kin lt mi bng btng c sn: Thng dng c thng k trong bng 5.4.
Bng 5.4. Cc loi cu kin lt mi bng b tng c sn
Loi
kin

Cu to b
Phng
mt
cu
Hnh dng
thc
trc tip vi lin kt
sng

- Ch nht
Tm lt c - Lc lng
lp
- Ch T

Trn
Khuyt lm
M li
L thot nc

Ghp
nhau

- Trn
- M li
- L thot nc
Trng lng tm b tng c sn tnh theo
cc tm btng theo cng thc 5-3.

Tm lt lin
kt mng

- Ch nht
- Lc lng

Hnh

cnh
5.2

Xu cp
Rnh, hm 5.3
m dng
cng thc 5-1, chiu dy

Tm c hnh lc lng, ch T thng dng mi dc hn so vi tm

c hnh ch nht.
Cch lt: Tm lc lng t gc nhn theo chiu mi dc nh hnh
5.2e v 5.2f, tm ch nht t mch ghp so le.
Kch thc l thot nc nh hn 0,8 ng knh lp m, c th
dng l hnh loe (di nh, trn to).
5.2.4.

L thot nc v khe bin dng

a) Gia c mi kn nc: nh xy, b tng ti ch v.v phi c l
thot nc phn ngp nc, b tr theo hnh hoa mai, ng knh l
5 10 cm; Khong cch gia cc l t 2 3 m.
b) Khe bin dng b tr cho kt cu gia c mi loi kn nc, cch
nhau t1520m dc theo hng trc .

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 5.2. Mt s loi bn b tng c sn lt c lp trn mi

bin
a/ Tm ch nht c g nh;

d/ Tm ch nht l mt

co;
b/ Tm ch nht c khuyt lm;
c/ Tm ch T;

e/ Tm lc lng c g nh;
f/ Tm lc lng c l thot nc.

21

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 5.3. Mt s loi bn b tng c sn c c cu t chn, lin

kt mng
a) Chn lch, mt phng;

d) Xu cp;

22

14 TCN 130 - 2002

b) Chn lch, mt c l;
c) Chng bc thang;

5.3.

e) Mc mang.

Thit k tng m, tng lc

Gia lp ph mi v t thn , phi b tr lp m trong kt cu
gia c ri, lp m kt hp lm nhim v tng lc (tng lc ngc)
bng vt liu truyn thng hoc s dng geotextile.

5.3.1.

Tng lc ngc truyn thng

- Tng lc ngc phi tho mn iu kin:

d
20> 15 > 5
d'15

d50
> 20
d '50

d15
>5
d'85

(5-4)

Trong : d l ng knh ht ca lp ngoi, d l ng knh ht ca

lp trong lin k:
+

c ng cong phn b ht ca cc lp lc phi gn song song vi

ng cong phn b ht ca t b.

Trong trng hp mi gia c bng cc tm btng, lp trn cng

ca tng lc ngc cn c d50 > rD vi rD l chiu rng khe h gia
cc tm btng.

- Chiu dy ca mi lp lc 0 c xc nh theo cng thc:

0= 50.d15

(5.5a)

Hoc ly theo kinh nghim:

+

lp trong: 02= (1015) cm;

lp ngoi: 01= (15 20) cm;

5.3.2.
-

5.4.

(5.5b)

Tng lc ngc s dng geotextile

Geotextile t trc tip trn mi , c nh nh v tri
xung tn chn khay, cn c bin php chng chc thng ca r
cy, sinh vt v nng mt tri v.v
La chn loi geotextile thch hp theo ch dn thit k v s
dng vi a k thut lc trong cng trnh thu li.
Cn b tr lp dm dy 1015 cm gia vi a k thut v lp
bo v.

Thit k chn khay

Cn b tr chn khay v tr ni tip chn v bi bin. Loi

23

14 TCN 130 - 2002

hnh v kch thc chn khay xc nh theo tnh hnh xm thc

bi bin, chiu cao sng (Hs) v chiu dy lp ph mi .
5.4.1.

Chn khay nng

p dng cho vng c mc xm thc bi bin t, chn khay ch
chng dng chy do sng to ra chn . Cc dng chn khay
nng gm c:
- Dng thm ph cao: hc ph phng trn chiu rng t 3 4,5
ln chiu cao sng trung bnh, chiu dy t 1 2 ln chiu dy
lp ph mi (hnh 5.4a).
- Dng thm chn trong t: hc hnh thnh chn hnh
thang ngc, thch hp cho vng t yu (hnh 5.4b).
- Dng m nh: Lng th to thnh con chch vin chn , c
tc dng tiu nng sng, gim sng leo, gi bn ct, ph hp cho
vng bi thp (hnh 5.4c).

5.4.2.

Chn khay su
p dng cho vng bi bin xm thc mnh, trnh moi hng khi
mt bi b xi su. Chn khay su cm xung khng nh hn 1,0
m. Chn khay su c nhiu loi, thng dng cc loi sau:
- Chn khay bng cc g: hnh 5.4 d.
- Chn khay bng cc BTCT hoc bng ng b tng ct thp:
hnh 5.4e.

5.4.3.
-

Kch thc chn khay

chn khay phi n nh di tc dng ca dng chy do sng
to ra chn .
Vn tc cc i ca dng chy do sng to ra chn c xc
nh:
Vmax =

.Hs
.L s
4h
.sinh.
g
Ls

Trong :

(5-6)

Vmax - Vn tc cc i ca dng chy (m/s);

Ls, Hs - Chiu di v chiu cao sng thit k (m);
h
- su nc trc (m);
g
- Gia tc trng lc (m/s2);

- Trng lng n nh ca vin chn khay k mi bin G d c xc nh theo bng 5.5.

Bng 5.5. Trng lng n nh vin theo Vmax
Vmax(m/s)

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

24

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Gd (kg)

40

80

140

200

25

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 5.4. Cu to chn khay k mi bin

26

14 TCN 130 - 2002

5.5.

Tnh ton n nh cng trnh gia c mi

5.5.1.
-

Tnh ton n nh tng th gm:

n nh trt ca cng trnh gia c b cng vi thn v n
nh trt theo mt y cng trnh gia c b.
n nh trt ca cng trnh gia c b cng vi thn theo ph
lc G.
n nh trt theo mt y cng trnh gia c b c th n
gin ho thnh trt tng th theo mt phng gy khc FABC
(hnh 5.5).

G1

G3
C

G2

D
A
3

Hnh 5.5. S tnh ton n nh tng th cng trnh gia c

mi
Gi thit cc gi tr su trt khc nhau t, thay i B tnh ra
h s n nh trt theo phng php cn bng gii hn v tm ra
mt trt nguy him nht.
H s n nh ca khi t BCD c tnh ton nh sau:

K=

G3.sin 3 + g3cos 3.tg 3 + P2.sin( 2 + 3)tg

P2.cos( 2 + 3)

P2 = G2.sin 2 G2.cos 2.tg

C.t
P1.cos(
1 2 )
sin 2

P1 = G1.sin1 f1.cos
1

Trong :
;

(5-8)

(5-9)
f1

(5-7)

- H s ma st gia cc lp gia c v thn

- Gc ma st ca t nn;

27

14 TCN 130 - 2002

C
t
G1
G2
G3
5.5.2.

Lc dnh ca t nn;
su trt;
Trng lng khi gia c;
Trng lng khi t trt ABD;
Trng lng khi t trt BCD.

Tnh ton n nh ni b lp gia c

Kt cu gia c khng chc chn, hoc chn su kh xut hin trt
tng th, th phi n nh ca ni b khi cng trnh gia c.
Khi gia c v thn l vt liu c cng chng ct khc nhau,
khi mc nc thp thng xy ra trt theo mt tip xc c cng
chng ct yu (hnh 5.6).

G2
MN kit

P1

1:
m

G1

P2

1:m2

Hnh 5.6. S tnh ton trt ni b cng trnh gia c mi

Gi thit mt trt i qua giao im gia mc nc trc cng trnh
v mt nt trt ca chn . Mt trt l mt gy abc.
H s n nh ca lp gia c mi
a1.f22 a2.f2 + a3 = 0

(5-10)

Vi:
a1 =

n.m.(m
2 m1)

(5-11)

1+ m12
2
m2.G2
m2 m1 n.(m1 .m2 + m1)
2
a2 =
. 1+ m1 +
+
G1
1+ m12
1+ m12

a3 =

G2
1+ m1.m2
. 1+ m12 +
G1
1+ m12

Trong :

m1

(5-12)

(5-13)
- H s mi dc ca trn im b;

28

14 TCN 130 - 2002

k=

m2

- H s mi dc ca mt trt di im b;

- n= f1/f2;

f1

- H s ma st gia lp gia c vi t ;

f2

- H s ma st trong gia vt liu gia c mi.

tg
f2

Trong :

(5-14)

f2

- Gc ma st ca khi gia c mi;

- Tr s h s ma st xc nh qua phng

trnh.
5.5.3.

Tnh ton n nh lp gia c b khi c s dng

geotextile
n nh chng trt lp ph bo v m bo:
G1 < f1 x G2 hoc

G1
= tg < F1
G2

(5-15)

6.

Thit k cng trnh ngn ct gim sng gi bi

6.1.

Ch dn chung
Khi bi bin b xm thc mnh bi sng v dng chy, bin
ngoi bo v trc tip bng k gia c mi cn bo v kt hp
bng cc gii php sau:
- Rng cy ngp mn trng trn vng bi trc ;
- H thng m hn ngn ct;
- H thng gim sng;
- H thng cng trnh kt hp gia m hn ngn ct v gim
sng.

6.1.1.

Rng cy ngp mn v iu kin ng dng

a/ Tc dng ca rng cy ngp mn
Trng cy chn sng ng quy cch l mt bin php k thut rt
c hiu qu, gim chiu cao sng bo v bin, chng st l
v chng xi b bin, b sng, tng kh nng lng ng ph sa.
Bi bin c bi cao dn ln, hnh thnh cc min t mi c th
quai ln bin.
b/ iu kin pht trin rng cy ngp mn
- Kh hu: Vng ven bin, thch nghi cho vic trng cy ngp
mn, min Bc ma ng c nhit thp hn nn loi cy
t v cy nh b hn rng ngp mn min Nam.
- Lng ma: Rng ngp mn cn c nc ma, c bit trong thi k

29

14 TCN 130 - 2002

ra hoa kt tri, nc ma s pha long nng mui trong t, nht

l nhng ngy nng nng.
Thu triu: Cn c nc thu triu ln xung hng ngy, lu thng,
nu ngp ng lu ngy cy ngp mn s cht, cn trng cy
ngoi m nui thu sn.
mn ca t v nc: Loi cy nh c, ng, vt, trang pht
trin nhng ni c mn trung bnh (1,5 2,5)%; Chu
mn cao hn c cy mm, cy s.

Mt s cy a thch nc l, c mn thp, nh cy bn chua, cy

da nc.
- a hnh, a cht:

6.1.2.

Rng ngp mn pht trin bi ly bng phng, dc thoai thoi,

vng ven bin ca sng c nhiu o che chn, t chu nh hng ca gi bo.

Mi loi cy ngp mn thch nghi vi a hnh khc nhau, nh

cy mm, cy bn sng ni t thp, cy tra, cy cc thng
sng ni t ch ngp lc nc thu triu.

Cy ngp mn pht trin tt nc triu c t ph sa cha

nhiu mn hu c v khong cht. i vi t t ph sa, ht ct
nhiu, cy ngp mn vn c th sng nhng chm ln, cy thp
b nhng cnh nhiu.
Cc gii php cng trnh ngn ct, cn sng

chng xi mn bi bin thng b tr h thng m hn theo phng vung gc vi phng chuyn ng ca dng bn ct ven b (ng b). Tng cn sng song song v cch mt khong vi ng b;
Cng trnh ch T gi tt l k T (kt hp c m hn ngn ct v tng cn sng - hnh 6.1).
a/ Chc nng ca m hn ngn ct:
- Ngn chn dng bn ct ven b, gi bn ct li gy bi cao cho
vng bi b xm thc.
- iu chnh ng b bin, lm cho phng ca dng gn b thch
ng vi phng truyn sng, gim nh lng bn ct tri.
- Che chn cho b khi b sng xin gc truyn ti, to ra vng nc
yn tnh, lm cho bn ct tri bi lng li vng ny.
- Hng dng chy ven b i ra vng xa b.
- Gim dng ven b.
b/ Chc nng ca tng cn sng
- Che chn sng cho vng sau tng, gim yu t tc dng ca sng
vo vng b bi, chng xm thc.
- Thu gom bn ct tri hnh thnh di bi tch gia tng v b,

30

14 TCN 130 - 2002

lm gim dng ven b.

c/ Chc nng ca cng trnh dng ch T (k T): Kt hp chc nng
ca hai loi trn.
Cn c vo cc yu t sau cc yu t sau chn loi cng trnh
cho thch hp:
- vng b bin y ct tng i th, bn ct tri b bin chim u
th, vng b bin tng i nh, dc y ln, sng truyn
xuyn gc vo b, di sng v hp th s dng h thng m hn
s c hiu qu hn.
- vng y bin thoi, sng tc dng vung gc vi ng b, di
sng v rng, thng s dng tng cn sng hoc k T.
Cn so snh kinh t - k thut gia phng n b tr m hn, tng
cn sng v cc phng n khc la chn. gim yu dng
chy ven b cn s dng k T.
- i vi cng trnh theo phng ngang, c th s dng kt cu khi
c hoc kt cu xp.
Cng trnh khi c ngn chn bn ct c hiu qu hn, nhng c
th xy ra pha xi h lu, d xy ra dng chy mnh dc theo trc
, dn n xi chn v mi cng trnh. Cn la chn kch thc,
dng kt cu, phng thc b tr ph hp.
- i vi cng trnh dc theo phng dc, nn s dng kt cu khi
c hoc kt cu xp, c h s rng nht nh.

31

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6.1. Cc gii php bo v bin bng cng trnh ngn ct,
cn sng
6.2.
6.2.1.

Thit k rng ngp mn chng sng

bo v

Cc loi cy ngp mn c tc dng chng sng,

1. Cy s
- Tn khoa hc: Aegiceras comicalatun
- Cy bi, cao 0,53 m, nhiu cnh, nhnh, sinh trng vng bi ly.
-

Thch nghi mn khc nhau, c 3 min Bc , Trung, Nam.

Trng bng qu, cm trc tip cung qu xung bn, 1kg c
1..2001.500 qu.

2. Cy mm
-

Tn khoa hc:
Avicennia alba (hoc mn trng);
Avicennia alnata (mm hoc mn qun);
Cy gc cao 1012 m, sinh trng vng t bn cht;
Mc ch yu t Vng Tu tr vo;
Trng bng cch rc qu ln bn hoc lm bu m ri cm, 1kg
c 300400 qu.

3. Cy mn bin
-

Tn khoa hc: Avicennia marina.

Cy bi, cao 0,55 m t t ph sa v 1012 m t bn.

Mc nhiu cc bi mi bi ca sng min Bc, c ba min

Bc, Trung, Nam.
Trng bng cch cm qu xung bn hoc lm bu m ri cm.

4. Cy vt
+
+
+
+

Tn khoa hc:
Bruguiera gumriohiza (vt d, vt r li);
Bruguiera uylindrica (vt tr, vt khoang);
Bruguiera parviflora (vt tch);
Bruguiera saxangula (vt en, bng ht).
Cy gc cao t 5 25 m.
Loi 1: cy cao t 58 m, thng mc vng t bn chc min
Bc v min Trung. Cy loi 2;3;4: cy cao hn, mc vng t
Vng Tu tr ra.

32

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Trng bng cch cm 1/3 tr mm xung bn hoc lm bu

cm.

5. Cy trang
- Tn khoa hc: Kandelin candel.
- Cy g cao t 410 m, mc bn ct, bn xp, c mn thay
i, chu c bin i nhit ln;
- Mc nhiu ven bin, ca sng 3 min Bc, Trung, Nam;
- Trng bng cnh cm 1/3 tr mm xung bn.
6. Cy c
Tn khoa hc;
+ Rhizophora apicullata (c, c i);
+ Rhizophora styloza ( c i, c ng);
+ Rhizophora mucronata (ung, c hp);
+ Rhizophora styloza (c vi, c chng);
- Cy gc cao 28 m, c cy cao 2030 m, sng ni t bn pha
ct.
- Loi 3 v 4: cy thp nh 28 m c mt c ba min Bc,
Trung, Nam. Loi 4 sng ch yu min Bc. Loi 1: cy cao
hn sng min Nam Trung B v Nam B;
- Trng bng cch cm 1/3 tr mm xung bn, bn ct.
-

7. Cy cc
-

Tn khoa hc:
+ Lumizera littorea (cc, cc );
+ Lumnizera racemosa (cc vng, cc trng);

Cy cao 515 m a sng trn bn ct cht, chu mn. i khi sng

trn c b rung mui b hoang. Loi 2: c mt c 3 vng Bc,
Trung, Nam. Loi 1: phn b t Nam Trung B tr vo.

Trng cy bng cch gieo ht vo bu m, sau 68 thng mi

em trng, t l sng thp, tng trng chm.

8. Cy trm
- Tn khoa hc: Melaleuca cajuputi (trm, c trm, trm gi);
- Cy cao 10 15 m, sng vng ngp mn theo ma, mn rt
thp, ngt vo ma ma. Cy sng ch yu vng ng Thp Mi,
U Minh v mt s t Min Trung;
- Trng cy bng cch gieo ht trc tip hoc cy cy non hoc m cy ging sau mt nm mi em trng;
- Vi chng loi cy thp (cy cao di 10 m) trng khong cch cc
cy 1m x 1m, mt 10.000 cy/ ha.

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

Vi cy cao trn 10 m, trng khong cch 2,5 m x 2,5 m, mt

1.000 cy/ ha.

9. Cy da nc
- Tn khoa hc: Nypa jruticasn;
- Sng vng t bn bi t, theo trin sng nc l, nc lu thng
(vng Qung Nam, Nam Trung B v Nam B);
- Trng bng cch trc tip n qu xung bn hoc m cy trong
bu, sau hai thng em trng.
10. Cy bn
Tn khoa hc:
+ Sonneratia alba (bn trng, bn ng);
+ Sonneratia caseolaris (bn chua, cy lu);
+ Sonneratia ovata (bn i, bn hi);
- Cy cao 4 15 m, thch sng vng t bn dy, nc l ca sng.
-

Loi 2: c c 3 min Bc, Trung, Nam; kh nng ti sinh v

sinh trng nhanh. Loi 1 sng Min Nam. Loi 3 sng Vng Tu
tr vo.
Trng cy bng cch gieo m hoc bng cy.

11. Cy xu
Tn khoa hc:
+ Xylocarpus molucensis gratum (xu i);
+ Xylocarpus molucensis (xu sung);
- Cy cao 1015 m, thng mc ni t bn ct, ch ngp khi
triu trung bnh n triu cao;
- Cy xu i mc c ba min Bc, Trung, Nam; cy xu sung ch
mc t Nam Trung B tr ra;
- Trng bng cch m ht trong bu, sau 8 10 thng bng cy
non em trng.
-

6.2.2.

Quy cch rng ngp mn

a/ Mt
- Trng cc cy theo hnh thc hoa mai;
- Vi chng loi cy thp (di 10 m) trng khong cch cc cy 1m
x 1 m, mt 10.000 cy/ ha;
- Vi cy cao (trn 10 m) trng khong cch 2,5 m x 2,5 m, mt
1.000 cy/ha.

b/ Phm vi
Chiu rng rng cy (Bc) ti thiu phi ln hn 2 ln chiu di bc

34

14 TCN 130 - 2002

sng. Theo kinh nghim Bc = 4080 m i vi ca sng v B c ti

thiu bng120200 m i vi bin.
6.3.

B tr v cc loi kt cu cng trnh ngn ct, gim sng

6.3.1.

Cu to m hn v s b tr
a/ Cc b phn to thnh m hn gm: mi, thn v gc: hnh 6-2.
M hn t b vn ra bin, lm gim tc dng ca sng v dng chy
vo b bin, ngn chn bn ct chuyn ng dc b, gy bi lng
vo gia hai m hn, m rng v nng cao thm bi cng c ,
b.
b) B tr h thng m hn bo v b bin v gy bi bi bin
-

Tuyn b tr; Cn hoch nh ng b mi cho on b cn bo

v, ng b mi ny cn trn thun, ni tip tt vi ng b
on khng c m hn. Chiu di ca m hn khng qu ngn,
cn ra ti di sng v v vng c dng ven mnh.

Phng ca m hn; t vung gc vi ng b bin. Nu hng

sng n nh, theo hng sng ti b chn phng ca m hn
c li nht cho vic bi lng gia cc m hn.

Theo kinh nghim: Nn chn gc gia hng sng v trc m hn

l = 1000 1100, khng nn ly 1200 . Chn gc din
tch tam gic ABC (hnh 6-3) t cc i: v cn tho mn:
=

+
2

Khi = 30035o th nn ly: = 1100;

Khi = 60090o th nn ly: = 900;

(7-1)

C th dng m hn c dng ch T, hoc ch Z tng hiu qu

cn sng, gy bi (dng m hn ny thng c kinh ph cao, kh duy
tu, bo v): hnh 6.4.

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-2: Cc b phn ca m hn

OB: Gc; BC:Thn; CE: mi.
H ng sng

Trc m hn

ng b

Hnh 6-3: S b tr m hn

Hnh 6-4. S mt s dng m hn (mt bng)

-

Chiu di m hn: M hn cn b tr thnh h thng, chiu di

m hn c th ly bng chiu rng bi cn bo v cng thm 1/5
khong cch gia hai m hn. Thng ly bng 4060 m i vi bi
si nh, 100150 m i vi bi t ct.

Khong cch gia cc m hn: thng ly bng 1,52,0 ln chiu

di m hn, i vi b bin si ; 1,01,5 ln i vi b bin
t ct: hnh 6-5 v 6-6.

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-5. S bi lng gia cc m hn trong trng hp = 300

550
Ghi ch: l - Chiu di m hn

Hnh 6-6. S bi lng gia cc m hn trng hp sng vung

gc vi b
Ghi ch: l - Chiu di m hn

i vi d n c quy m ln, phi b tr mt s m hn th nghim,

tin hnh quan trc hin trng rt kinh nghim thit k cho
ph hp.
6.3.2.

B tr v cu to gim sng

a) Cu to gim sng
dc, cch b mt khong cch nht nh, trc thng song
song vi b, gim sng, bo v b gi l gim sng.
gim sng c hai u v thn . Thn c mt mt ct
ngang gn nh ng u trn sut chiu di v c 2 pha chu ti
trng khc nhau: pha bin v pha b (hnh 6-7).

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-7: S cu to gim sng

a) Mt bng; b) Nhn chnh din t b; c) Ct ngang
gim sng loi nh (cao trnh nh cao hn mc nc)
hoc ngm (cao trnh nh thp hn mc nc); lin tc
(chy sut chiu di dc on b cn bo v) hoc t khc
(tng khc t cch nhau trn cng mt tuyn, qung t gia 2
khc gi l ca ).
b) nh gi hiu qu ca gim sng
Hiu qu tiu sng ca ngm: h s tiu sng Km = Hsi/Hs.
-

i vi tng mng (hnh 6-8):

Km

H
a

= si = 1 0,12
1
Hs
h

H s 4 h 14

s Ls

(6-1)

Trong :
a- su nc nh ;
B- chiu rng nh ;
Hs/Ls - dc sng n;
h- v su trc ;
d- Chiu cao gim sng;
Hs i - Chiu cao sng sau ;
Hs - Chiu cao sng trc .

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-8: Hiu qu gim sng ca tng mng

- i vi tng ng mt ct ch nht (hnh 6-9):
3

H
1
a
K m = si = 1 1
Hs
2
h

Hs 12 h 5 B 5

s Ls Ls

(6-2)

Hnh 6-9: Hiu qu gim sng ca mt ct ch nht

Cng thc 6-1 v 6-2 thch hp cho trng hp 0,46 h/d 1,0. Khi
h/d < 0,7 tc dng ca ngm khng r rt.
- i vi (hnh 6-10):
+ Trng hp a/Hs 0 ( ngm):
a

L
K m = th 0,8
+ 0,038 s K b
Hs

Hs

(6-3)

+ Trng hp 0,25 > a/Hs > 0 ( nh):

39

14 TCN 130 - 2002

L
a
K m = th 0,030 s K b th
Hs
2Hs

(6-4)

B
0,4
K b = 1,5exp
Hs

Cng thc (6-3) thch hp khi B = (13) Hs ; Ls/Hs = 10 30, mi dc

v sau u c m = 2; h/Hs = 2,5;
Trong :

Hsl, Hsl - Chiu cao sng trc v sau , m;

a
- su nc trc nh m; ngm a c gi
tr m, nh a c gi tr dng;
d
- cao ngm (m);
B
- Chiu rng nh (m).

40

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-10. Hiu qu gim sng ca

c) B tr gim sng
gim sng c th di lin tc, ph ht chiu di b b st l, thng b tr tng on, cha cc ca nhm trao i bn ct ngoi
v trong .
-

V tr t : Cn c vo mc ch khai thc, s dng vng bi

cn c bo v, so snh hiu qu kinh t k thut cc phng n
va quyt nh. Khong cch gia b v gim sng nn ly
khong 1,0 1,5 chiu di sng nc su.

Chiu di on gim sng t khc ly bng1,5 3,0 ln

khong cch gia v ng b, Khong cch gia hai on
t khc (ca ) ly bng 1/3 1/5 chiu di mt on v
bng hai ln chiu di sng.

Cao trnh nh : i vi ngm: c th ly bng H Tp - 1/2 H

S v tr + ln;

i vi nh: c th ly bng HTp + 1/2 H

Chiu rng nh gim sng: Xc nh qua tnh ton n

nh cng trnh, thng ly ln hn su nc di Ztp v tr
.

6.3.3.

S v tr

+ ln.

H thng cng trnh phc hp ngn ct - Gim

sng
Trong iu kin thu hi vn phc tp, cn kt hp cng trnh
ngang b v cng trnh dc b, phi hp hiu qu chn ct dc b
v gim sng, chn ct ngang b. Tu theo yu cu c th c th
b tr cng trnh theo 3 s sau:
a) S 1: kt hp gia h thng m hn v gim sng, to
thnh mt t hp bao ngn (hnh 6-11).

Hnh 6-11. bao ngn

b) S 2: H thng m hn (hnh 6-12).

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-12: H thng cng trnh ch T

c) S 3: h thng cng trnh phc hp gia phng ngang, phng dc v cao thp khc nhau (hnh 6-13).

Hnh 6-13. H thng cng trnh phc hp

6.4.
6.4.1.

Thit k cng trnh ngn ct, cn sng dng thnh ng

Cc loi kt cu cng trnh dng thnh ng
a) Cng trnh bng kt cu trng lc: Dng ngn ct, cn sng
vng gn b, bo v bin, khng cn s dng cc loi thng
chm, cc tr ng knh ln, thng s dng kt cu khi chung
(hoc ci) v kt cu khi xp.
- Cng trnh c kt cu chung (hoc ci) g hoc b tng ct
thp (hnh 6.14a). G trm dng ng chung rt tt, trong
chung (hoc ci) cht bao ti ct, hc.
- Cng trnh c kt cu khi xp b tng: hnh dng n gin
nh (hnh 6.11b).
b) Cng trnh bng kt cu cc, c:
- Loi 1 hng cc g n: cn ng thng, b tr dch dc, so le,
c thanh ging, chiu cao khong 1,5 m (hnh 6,15 a). Quanh
chn cc ri hc chng xi: dng ngn ct ven b;
- Loi 2 hng cc g: to thnh tng vy c lin kt ngang, dc,
cht vt liu to khi gia 2 hng cc (hnh 6-15b).
- Cc b tng ct thp n hoc kp: c bn chn, s dng trong

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

6.4.2.

cng trnh chn sng khng ln, thi cng ng cc b tng ct

thp thun tin (hnh 6-15c).
Cng trnh c thp n hoc kp: dng trong vng sng ln, bi
bin tng i su, yu cu n nh cao (hnh 6-15d).
Cu to cng trnh thnh ng dng trng lc

a) Trng lng v kch thc khi xp

-

Trng lng khi b tng khng nh hn cc tr s trong bng 6-1.

Bng 6-1. Trng lng khi b tng xp
Chiu cao sng thit 2,63, 3,64, 4,65, 5,66, 6,16, 6,67,
5
5
5
0
5
0
k, m:
Trng lng khi xp,
30
40
50
60
80
100
tn:

C th dng cc khi c tr l sau khi lp t s b tng

b sung tng trng lng.
Cc khi xp nn t chng loi. T l gia kch thc cnh di v
chiu cao 3 ln, gia kch thc cnh ngn v chiu cao 1 ln.
Khi b tng nh cn ph ht chiu rng mt ct ngang, chiu
dy 1,0 m, c lin kt cht ch vi thn .
b) Cch xp khi
- Chiu rng khe thng ng gia cc khi xp khong 2 cm, b
tr lch nhau vi khong cch nh bng 6-2.
Bng 6-2. lch v tr cc khe
lch v tr cc khe
Trn mt ct ngang
Trn phu din dc hoc trn
mt bng

Trng lng khi xp (tn)

> 40
40
0,8 m
0,5 m

0,9 m
0,6 m

- Trong trng hp c bit: khong cch chnh lch gia cc khe

bin dng c th ly t 10 30 cm, khe bin dng lin thng t
nh n y tng rng t 2 5 cm. Khe bin dng nn b tr
cc v tr c s thay i v dng kt cu, chiu cao thn tng
hoc dy b, tnh cht t nn.
c) B cng trnh
-

dy b c xc nh qua tnh ton, nn 1,0 m.

hc b c trng lng t 10 100 kg. B cn c m nn
theo yu cu m bo k thut.

Dc theo chn b, cn c sn gia c bng hc, rng khong

43

14 TCN 130 - 2002

0,25 ln chiu cao sng thit k. Chiu dy lp gia c y 0,5

m, thng dng 2 lp xc nh theo vn tc dng chy do sng
to ra thnh ng (ph lc H).

Hnh 6-14. S cu to cng trnh thnh ng dng trng lc

a) Bng chung g, hoc b tng;
b) Bng khi xp b tng.

44

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-15. S cu to cng trnh dng thnh ng c kt cu

45

14 TCN 130 - 2002

cc c

46

14 TCN 130 - 2002

d) on u mi: Quy nh l phn ngoi cng ca cng trnh c

di bng 2 ln chiu rng nh, cn tng cng gia c phn vai
b bng cc khi b tng hnh hp lp phng nng gp 23 ln
khi ph mi. Nu l b p cao, mi b cn ly thoi hn so vi
on trong.
e) on gc: thng dng kt cu mi nghing, ni tip tt vi b,
khng cn gia c c bit nu khng c tp trung nng lng sng
r rt.
6.4.3.

Tnh ton cng trnh thnh ng trng lc

a) T hp ti trng
- T hp thit k: vi cc trng hp sau:
+ Mc nc cao thit k v chiu cao sng ly chiu cao sng
thit k.
+ Mc nc thp thit k v chiu cao sng thit k xc nh
bng phng php tnh ton khc x t cc yu t sng nc su
trong iu kin mc nc thp thit k.
+ Trng hp mc nc cao thit k trc cng trnh c sng ng
v mc nc thp thit k, sng b v, cn phi tnh ton theo
mc nc gy ra p lc sng ln nht trong qu trnh mc nc
thay i t mc nc thp thit k n mc nc cao thit k.

- T hp kim tra: vi cc trng hp sau:

+

Mc nc cao kim tra v chiu cao sng ly chiu cao sng

thit k.

Mc nc thp kim tra, khng xt n tc dng ca sng.

Trong qu trnh thit k v kim tra c th khng xt n t hp

sng c hai pha trong v ngoi , m coi pha khut sng c
mc nc tnh.
b) Ni dung tnh ton, bao gm:
- n nh chng lt dc theo y v theo cc khe nm ngang,
khe rng trong thn cng trnh;
- n nh chng trt theo y cng trnh v theo cc khe nm
ngang trong thn cng trnh;
- n nh chng trt theo y b;
- Sc chu ti ca b v t nn;
- n nh tng th;
- Ln nn;
- Trng lng n dnh ca cc vin , cu kin b v gia c y.
Cch tnh ton theo ph lc H.

47

14 TCN 130 - 2002

6.4.4.

Tnh ton cng trnh thnh ng bng cc, c

a) T hp ti trng
- T hp c bn (thit k): ch yu l p lc sng;
- T hp c bit: ch yu l cc lc xut hin trong qu trnh thi
cng.
b) p lc t v phn lc nn
- i vi cc cng: p lc ch ng v b ng tnh theo phng
php Coulomn.
- i vi cc mm: p lc t cn tnh s tng tc gia cng p
lc t vi bin dng ca tng cc.
c) Xc nh su chn cc, ni lc trong cc
Dng phng php gii, hoc gii tch theo tiu chun hin hnh
tnh (hnh 6-16).
- Chiu su chn cc, t (m);
-

M men bng cc, M (tm);

vng ca cc, f (mm).

d) Tnh bn ca cc v cc cu kin khc

- bn ca cc: Xc nh theo mc iu 6.4.4 v nhng yu cu
khi thi cng, ch to. Cn kim tra nt v cc yu cu khc theo
iu kin lm vic ca cc.
- Cc cu kin khc nh: Thanh neo, dm m, dm p, khi ph mt,
cc chng xin, bn chn, khi hoc g cn sng nh v.v
phi tnh ni lc v bn.

48

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-16. Cc s tnh ton cc n (t do)

e) Phm vi gia c chn cng trnh (hnh 6-17)
lk =

LS
4

Trong :

(6-5)
lk - Phm vi gia c chn cng trnh;
LS - Chiu di sng c ngha ti chn cng trnh.

Hnh 6-17. Phm vi gia c chn cng trnh bng cc, c

6.5.

Thit k cng trnh ngn ct, gim sng dng mi nghing

6.5.1.

Cc loi hnh mt ct ngang mi nghing

Cu to mi nghing ngn ct, gim sng bao gm:

- Thng tng: khi tng nh ;
- Trung tng: li , mi , lp ph mi;
- H tng: lp m, lng th chn .
Thng c 4 loi hnh mt ct (hnh 6-18):
a) Loi 6-18a: Li khng phn loi, c bc mt lp

49

14 TCN 130 - 2002

hc ln xp khan, lp ph mi bng hc hoc khi b tng, c

lng th chn pha bin.
b) Loi 6-18b: Ti mc nc thi cng t bc c. Mi pha trn bc c
l lt khan hoc xy.
c) Loi 6-18c: Cc khi b tng hnh hp c cht trc tip trn
m , hnh thnh thn .
d) Loi 6-18d: Trn nh c t khi b tng dng tng gc.
Mt ct cn chn thch hp vi cc iu kin t nhin ti vng
xy dng. Nn s dng cc khi b tng d hnh trong mi
nghing.
Mt s v d: xem hnh t 6-19 n 6-22.

50

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-18. Cc dng mt ct ngang mi nghing

51

14 TCN 130 - 2002

52

14 TCN 130 - 2002

6.5.2.

Xc nh kch thc mt ct ngang

a) Cao trnh v chiu rng nh cng trnh: Cn c yu cu k

thut v ngn ct v mc gim sng cho pha sau cng trnh
xc nh.
- Nu ch ngn ct, nh cng trnh ch cn ngang vi mc nc
gi c tn sut bo m 50%.
- Nu kt hp gim sng, th tham kho phn hiu qu gim sng
iu 6.3.2.
- Ngoi ra cn xt thm cc vn sau:
+ Sng v dng chy khi trn qua khng nh hng n din
bin lung v s i li ca tu thuyn.
+ Nhu cu i li, giao thng trn nh trong giai on thi cng
v khai thc.
+ Chiu rng ca nh cng trnh: Mi nghing ly bng
1,11,25 ln chiu cao sng thit k, c th ly bng chiu
su nc thit k ( u mi), ti thiu nn bng 3 ln chiu
rng khi ph mi pha bin.
b) Khi tng nh, nhm:
- Tng cao nh m khng m rng thn cng trnh;
- Chng s ph hoi ca sng trn;
- To ng giao thng i li.
chn sng, cao trnh nh tng khng nn t thp hn so vi
mc nc cao thit k mt ln chiu cao sng thit k. Nu khng
c yu cu cao v chn sng th c th t thp hn.
Nu mi pha bin ph hc hoc b tng khi hnh ch nht
th nh ca mi dc cn cao hn mc nc thit k t 0,6 0,7
ln chiu cao sng thit k. Chn tng nh phi cch mp li
mi nghing ti thiu l 1m. Phn gia mp li v chn tng
nh gi l vai phi rng lp t c t nht mt hng
khi ph.
Nu mi pha bin c ph mt lp tetrapod hoc dolos th cao

53

14 TCN 130 - 2002

trnh nh mi khng c thp hn cao trnh nh tng. Vai

phi rng xp c 2 hng, 2 lp khi ph (hnh 6-23).

Hnh 6.23. S vai v tng nh

c) Lng th chn mi pha bin
Cao trnh nh lng th thng thp hn cao trnh mc nc thp
thit k khong 1 ln chiu cao sng thit k. Chiu rng nh
mt lng th khng nh hn 1,0 m.
i vi mt ct ngang c bc c, chiu rng bc c ly khong 2,0
m.
d) dc mi
Thng kt cu hc thit k vi mi dc c m = 2,0 3,0. Khi b
tng nhn to c th lp t trn mi dc m = 1,5 2,0.
Ghi ch: i vi mt ct dng khi b tng trn m , chiu rng
thn ti mc nc thit k khng c nh hn 3 ln chiu cao sng
thit k.

54

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-25 c,d,e. Cc dng lng th chn dc mi

6.5.3.

Trng lng n nh ca khi ph mi nghing

a) Khi b tng d hnh ph mi nghing
Khi b tng d hnh c s dng lm khi ph mi cho cc cng
trnh chu tc ng ca sng ln, mt s loi thng s dng gii
thiu trong hnh 6-26.
Khi tetrapop (hnh 6-27) v dolos (hnh 6-28) c th s dng rng
ri trong cng trnh m hn v dc b trong h thng bo v b
bin.

55

14 TCN 130 - 2002

56

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 6-27. Khi tetrapod

Th tch khi tetrapod {V} = 0,28 H3
Kch
thc X

X/H

0,30
2

0,15
1

0,47
7

0,47
0

0,23
5

0,64
4

0,21
5

0,60
6

0,30
3

1,09
1

1,20
0

Hnh 6-28. Khi dolos

Th tch khi dolos {V} = 0,16 C3
A = 0,020
C

B = 0,32 C

D = 0,057

E = 0,364

b) Trng lng khi ph

- Trng lng n nh khi ph trn mi nghing ca m hn hay
dc xa b tnh ton theo cng thc Hudson (5-1), h s K D i
vi cc khi b tng d hnh ly theo bng 6-3.
Bng 6-3. H s KD i vi cc khi b tng d hnh
Cu kin

S lp

KD

Tetrapod

68

Dolos

10 12.

- Cc trng hp cn tng trng lng so vi tnh ton theo cng thc

Hundson:
+ Cn xt n tm quan trng, tnh phc tp, ngun ti liu
u vo khng tin cy v.v tng ln thch ng.
+ nm trong vng sng v, trng lng khi ph cn tng ln t 10
25% so vi vng sng khng v.
+

Vng u mi , trng lng khi ph cn tng ln t 20 30%

so vi trng lng tnh ton cho thn .

57

14 TCN 130 - 2002

- Cc trng hp xt gim trng lng:

+

+ Chn mi vng nc su: v tr thp hn mc nc thit

k mt khong t 1,0 1,5 ln chiu cao sng thit k, trng lng khi ph mi pha b ly bng trng lng tnh ton cho khi
ph mi pha bin.

+ Phn mi di mc nc thp thit k, c th s dng c

trng lng bng lt di lp ph mi ngoi, nhng khng nh
hn 150 200 kg, phi kim tra theo sng tnh ton sau .

c) Trng lng khi gia c nh: Thng ly bng trng lng khi ph
mi ngoi tng ng.
Nu nh thp (trn mc nc cao thit k khng n 0,2 ln
chiu cao sng thit k), trng lng khi gia c nh (khng phi tng nh), thng ly gp 1,5 ln trng lng khi ph mi ngoi tng
ng.
6.5.4.

Cu to cng trnh mi nghing

a) Chiu dy lp ph mi pha bin f tnh theo cng thc:
f = n.Cf

G
B

(6-6)

Trong :
t
n
Cf

- Chiu dy lp ph, m;
- S lp khi ph;
- H s, cho bng 6-4;
Bng 6-4. H s Cf

Loi
khi

Cu to

Cf

P%

hc
Tetrapod
Dolos

2 lp
Xp hai lp
Xp hai lp

1,0
1,0
1,2

40
50
60

1,1

60

hc

Xp (ng) 1
lp

P%

Xp khng theo quy

tc
Xp theo quy tc

1,3 1,4

b) S lng khi b tng ph mi tnh: theo cng thc:

NK

= F.n.C(1 p) B
G

2 3

(6-7)

Trong :
NK - S lng khi ph, chic;

58

14 TCN 130 - 2002

F - Din tch trung bnh lp ph mi (tnh vung gc vi dy),

m2;
n - S lp khi ph;
p - H s rng (%), tra bng 6-4.
c) Khi lng b tng lp ph mi tnh theo cng thc:
G

A = N K
B

(6-8)

Trong : - A: Khi lng b tng, m3 ;

- Cc k hiu khc c ngha nh gii thch trn.
d) lt di lp ph mi, li v lp m
- Lp lt ngay di lp ph mi: cn bo m kch thc khng
b sng moi qua khe gia cc khi ph v gy ln st cho lp ph
v trong thi gian thi cng khng b sng cun i khi cha c khi
ph che ch.
Thng trng lng vin lp lt ly bng 1/10 1/20 trng lng khi
ph lp ngoi. Chiu dy lp lt thng ly bng 2 ln ng knh vin
lt.
- Li : thng dng hc c trng lng t 10 100 kg.
vng y c th b xi di tc dng ca sng, khi ph mi v
hc ln ca lng th chn mi cng cn t trn lp m (loi
10 100 kg), dy lp m khng nh hn chiu dy lp
chng xi y.
e) Lp gia c y
Dc chn mi nghing, nu y bin d xi cn b tr sn gia
c y. Chiu rng gia c y bng 0,25 chiu di sng pha
u v mi pha chu tc dng sng ln, nhng phn khc
ly bng 2,0 m.
6.5.5.

Tnh ton n nh cng trnh mi nghing

a) i vi khi tng nh
- p lc sng tc ng ln khi tng nh (hoc khi b tng ph
nh), c xc nh theo phng php nh i vi cng trnh tng
ng, cn ch :
+

Nu trc tng, mi ch ph hoc mt khi b tng hnh

vung, th khng cn xt n tc dng chit gim ca cc
khi i vi tng.

Khi cc khi ph nh cao hn nh tng, v vai c hai hng,

hai lp khi tetrapod hoc dolos, p lc sng i vi tng (p lc
ngang v p lc y ni), th cn nhn vi h s chit gim

59

14 TCN 130 - 2002

0,6.
- Tin hnh kim tra n nh lt, trt ca khi tng theo cc phng
php nh i vi cng trnh tng ng.
b) i vi n nh t nn
-

Cng trnh mi nghing trn nn khng phi nham thch th kim

tra n nh tng th theo phng php trt cung trn, trng hp
c lp kp t yu, phi tnh theo phng php mt trt gy khc
(theo ph lc G).

Gia c nn t yu cho cng trnh mi nghing, thng s dng

lp m ct thot nc. Khong cch thot nc c kt theo phng
thng ng thng nh hn 5 m. dy lp ct m thng 12 m.
Chiu rng lp ct m phi rng hn chiu rng y . Khi lp
t yu dy, cn gia c theo phng php thot nc bng ging
ct. Khi chiu dy lp t yu mng, c th dng phng php
hc p tri.

7.

yu cu k thut thi cng Bin v cng trnh bo v

Bin

7.1.

Yu cu k thut thi cng v kim tra cht lng p

7.1.1.

Yu cu k thut p
a) Ln ga m bo mt ct : S dng cc v dy ln ga
hin trng mt ct theo bn v thit k, cch nhau khng qu
50 m.
b) o c: Khi lng p xc nh trn c s o c mt ct
ngang trc v sau khi p (ton b hoc mt phn). Cn o
c, m bo chnh xc theo yu cu cc kch thc v v tr
cng trnh theo thit k.
c) Chun b nn ( mi v nng cp)
San bng cc l hng, ch trng v.vtrn thn c v tin hnh
m k theo tiu chun.
Lm m nn , m k b mt nn c hoc mi ni
tip tt vi lp t p ca mi. Ngoi ra, cn phi nh cp
mi thn c, vi chiu cao ln nht mi cp bng 2 ln chiu dy
lp m (khong 30 cm).
d) p t: Phi loi b tt c r cy, bi cy, c hay tt c cc loi
vt liu d b phn ra khc khi thn . p theo tng lp
lin tc, trc ht p theo chiu ngang, sau p ln dn theo
cao ca . Ni ly t phi cch chn t nht 20 m (nm
ngoi phm vi bo v).

60

14 TCN 130 - 2002

e) Cng tc m nn: Tu theo loi t p m chn phng php

m thch hp:
-

t pha ct hoc ct: s dng m hoc ti nc;

t st t: p dng theo phng php sau:

+

Xn, ct to thnh nhng khi t st c kch thc u nhau;

Vn chuyn khng lm ph v kt cu ca khi t st;

Xp nhng khi t st theo chiu ngang thnh tng lp u

nhau, gim ti a cc l hng gia cc khi t st;

Lp cc l hng bng t st v lm nhn mt tip xc;

Nn chia mi nhm thi cng mt khi lng thch hp (khong

10%) ch xp cc khi t st vo ng v tr.

g) Lm th nghim
- i vi t t dnh kt: xc nh s lng lt m cn t
c dung trng kh thit k ca t th lm th nghim nh
sau:
+ Kch thc : 6x2x60 m;
+ Chun b nn thch hp v dn sch c, rc;
+ Khi p , phi tin hnh m tng lp chiu dy 15 cm;
S dng t c ngm nc t nhin, chia lm 3 phn:
2
+ Phn 1: din tch 400 cm , m 6 ln;
2
+ Phn 2: din tch 400 cm , m 8 ln;
2
+ Phn 3: din tch 400cm , m 12 ln.
+ Ngay sau khi m nn xong, ly mu kim tra dung trng
kh ti ch ca t.
+ Tin hnh phn tch cp phi ht, xc nh gii hn chy v
gii hn do ca cng mt vt liu t c dng.
+ Ly kt qu tt nht lm tiu chun cho vic kim tra cht
lng sau ny.
+ Chn cc mu t c dung trng kh ti a xc nh c
bng phng php lm th nghim tin hnh phn tch
thm (bng phng php o thm v phng php nn
ln).
+ Dung trng kh vt liu p phi t t nht bng 95% ca
dung trng kh tiu chun, sau khi tin hnh lm th
nghim.
+ i vi mi loi t, u tin hnh lm th nghim v kt
qu tng ng s c s dng lm tiu chun k thut dng thit
k v chn loi t thch hp thi cng.
- Cch lm th nghim i vi t dnh kt: Vi phng php

61

14 TCN 130 - 2002

m nn i vi t st t nu iu 7.1.1.e chun b mt
on th nghim, tin hnh xc nh dung trng kh ca t
cc v tr khc nhau vi phng php thch hp, ly tr s trung
bnh lm dung trng kh tiu chun.
Khi p , dung trng kh phi t 95% dung trng kh tiu
chun.
7.1.2.

Cc quy nh v kim tra cht lng

a) Kim tra v mt ct
Khi thi cng xong, c 100 m phi kim tra kch thc hnh hc mt
ct theo tiu chun hin hnh.
b) Kim tra cht lng m

7.2.

V ngm nc v dung trng kh cn ly mu th nghim

khong cch u nhau (1 mu/300 m 3 t p) vi cc thit b
chuyn dng tin hnh phn tch ti cng trng v trong phng
th nghim.

Loi v s ln th nghim kim tra nh sau:

+

Dung trng v ngm nc ca t ti cng trng: Vi t ri,

nn th nghim t nht 6 mu v ly kt qu trung bnh cho
mi v tr. Vi t kt dnh, sau khi thc hin m nn nh
nu iu 7.1.1.e, cn ly mu kim tra dung trng hin
trng cn ly mu ln hn (gm c phn tip gip gia cc
ming t st) bng cch ly mu dao vng trn ming t
st mu hnh khi, b mt nhn, vung gc cnh (kch thc
thch hp mi b l 30 cm hoc 40 cm).

Phn tch cp phi ht: Ly mt lng mu t thch hp ( gn

khu vc ly mu th nghim dung trng ca t) phn
tch cp phi ht.

Tin hnh xc nh gii hn chy v gii hn do theo tiu chun

hin hnh.

Yu cu k thut thi cng k gia c b

7.2.1.

7.2.1.1.

Quy trnh k thut thi cng k

a) Chiu dy k: Phi m bo dy thit k.

b) Cht lng : Phi m bo cc tiu chun k thut ca tiu
chun "Cng trnh thu li - Xy lt - Yu cu k thut thi cng
v nghim thu: 14TCN 12-2002" v cc yu cu ca thit k.
c) Cp phi (cch thi cng xp )
-

Xp t sao cho cc vin ln c phn b ng u trn

ton b din tch v nh hn c t xen k mt di, gia

62

14 TCN 130 - 2002

cc vin ln. B mt k khng c khe h ln, khe h phn di

cc vin c bt lp bng nh, lm cho cc vin c
t kht nhau, k c dy ng u, khng c dm
trn b mt k.
-

xp bng th cng, cc vin dng vung gc vi b mt

ca mi dc.

Vin c mt kch thc ln hn chiu dy ca k, th c th

t chiu nh hn vung gc vi mi .

d) gn va lin kt thnh khi ln

C th gn cc vin c trng lng 40 50 kg vi nhau bng va
thch hp m bo yu cu v kch thc v trng lng tnh ton
thit k. Chn vt liu v phng php ghp bng va nh
sau:
- t khun (g hoc thp) ln b mt theo tun t t thp
ln cao;
- c cht lng tt, sch, mt c ti nc v t ln mi k sao
cho khong cch gia cc vin nh nht, va s c pht vo
cc khe h gia cc vin .
- Cc lp lc bng ct si cn tin hnh ng thi vi vic t xp
k.
- Khi ri ct, si lc hoc vi lc, trc khi t vin cn ri
mt lp giy du hoc bao xi mng ri ri lp va dy 0,10m
trnh va xi mng lm gim tc dng lc.
- Khi c ghp xong trn ton b cc khun mi tin hnh pht
va xi mng, cn dng x beng ny va nht ht vo cc
khe. Va dng pht l loi mc 10 n 12,5 m bo tiu
chun "Va thu cng, yu cu k thut v phng php th:
14TCN 80 2001".
7.2.1.2. Kim tra cht lng k sau khi thi cng
a) Cht lng ca vin : Cn kim tra bng mt thng v cng
nn phng th nghim i vi c kch c khc nhau nu c s
khc bit khi kim tra hin trng.
b) B dy v cch xp : Chiu dy k phi m bo khng chnh
vi thit k qu 5%, m bo Tiu chun 14 TCN 12 - 2002.
c) Cp phi k
-

Chn ly din tch 50 m2, tin hnh o ng knh ngoi ca

mi vin (i vi c cc vin xi mng), nh du bng sn
hoc phn.

Xp cc vin c cng kch thc vo trong mt nhm (theo bng

7.1), tnh ton xc nh t l % cho mi nhm.

63

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Bng 7.1. Phn nhm

STT

Nhm

STT

Nhm

0,801,0
m

0,300,40 m

0,600,70
m

0,200,30 m

0,500,60
m

0,100,20 m

0,400,50
m

0,050,10 m

T cc ng knh o c, xc nh din tch ca mi vin

nhn vi chiu dy trung bnh ca k v trng lng ring ca
thuc mi nhm. Bng cch ny s xc nh c s phn b ca cc
vin c kch thc trung bnh trn b mt k . Cn m bo
s c mt ca 50% s c trng lng trung bnh (W50), sai s
cho php 10%.
d) Cht lng k xy va: st m bo 39 cm. C 30 m3 va
phi ly 6 mu va gi v phng th nghim kim tra.
7.2.2.

K b tng lt mi
a) Yu cu vt liu: ct, si, nc, xi mng v.v... dng ch to b tng
lt mi theo 14TCN 66 - 2002 n 14TCN 73 - 2002: Vt liu lm
thu cng - Yu cu k thut v phng php th.
b)Kim tra cht lng b tng: Theo 14 TCN 63 - 2002 n 14 TCN 65
- 2002.

7.3.

Quy trnh thi cng v gim st cht lng lp lc si v ct

7.3.1.

Chiu dy v cch t: Phi t ng v tr, cp

phi v chiu dy nh trong bn v thit k. Cc lp lc, khng cn
dm, nhng phi thi cng m bo u nhau theo chiu dy quy
nh.

7.3.2.

Cp phi lp lc: Theo bng 7..2 v 7.3.

Bng 7.2. Cp phi ct hp l i vi lp lc (theo tiu chunM)

Kch thc l sng

S sng N

S % trng lng gi trn

sng

4,67 mm
2,38 mm

N4
N8

0
515

1,19 mm

N16

1025

0,59 mm

N30

1030

64

14 TCN 130 - 2002

0,297 mm

N50

1535

0,149 mm

N100

1220

Pan

37

Bng 7.3. Cp phi si thch hp vi lp lc

7.3.3.

7.4.

S sng N

S % trng lng gi
trn sng

19-38,1

3/4-11/2

4055

9,51-19

3/8-3/4

3035

1,19 mm

N04-3/8

1525

Kim tra cht lng lp lc: Phi m bo chiu dy

thit k, cho php chnh lch 10%.
-

Vt liu s dng lm lp lc p ng yu cu cht lng gii hn

v cp phi nh bng 7.2; 7.3;

Theo chiu di , c 20 m ly cc mu si ct dng lm lp lc

phn tch cp phi ht.

Quy trnh k thut thi cng v kim tra cht lng vi lc

geotextile

7.4.1.
-

7.4.2.

Kch thc l sng

t vi lc
Nu c th th tho ht nc khu vc t vi lc hoc thc hin
lc triu rt thp.
Chun b mt bng mi ri vi lc: lm sch, phng ch g
gh trn mi.
vng khng c nc th o chn khay n cao trnh thit k
v t vi lc, ghim cht vi chn khay v mi theo ch dn
trong thit k.
vng c nc, vi lc t vo rnh khay v ghim neo. Phi ri vi
tip t chn ln mi trong iu kin c nc, ch ghim neo cn
thn phn chn v mi ngp nc, trnh b y ni ra khi v
tr tc dng do nc v sng.
Ch tip gip gia hai tm vi cn chng m l 30 50 cm. Nu
may ni hai tm th cng ch ni phi t t nht 80% cng
ca vi lc. Phn nh ca tm vi lc cn c nh chc
chn, khng cho nc chy pha di v chng ph hu do ngoi tri
thi gian di (khng qu 5 ngy), khng phi di nng, nng.

Kim tra cht lng thi cng vi lc: thc hin ngoi
hin trng ng thi kim tra kch thc chn khay v xp t
k. Cht lng vi phi t yu cu thit k v kim tra theo 14 TCN
91 - 1996 n 14 TCN 99 - 1996: Vi a k thut - Yu cu k

65

14 TCN 130 - 2002

thut v Phng php th.

7.5.

Quy trnh k thut v kim tra cht lng trng c mi h

lu

7.5.1.

Quy trnh k thut: Cc ming c ti kch thc

khong 30x30 cm, dy 510 cm c ghim neo bng cc tre trn mi
dc.

7.5.2.

Kim tra cht lng: bng mt, m bo c che ph

bo v mi theo thit k.

7.6.

Quy trnh k thut trng cy ngp mn

m bo phm vi v mt trng, cht lng, loi cy theo yu cu
thit k.

7.6.1.

Quy trnh k thut

S vt c trng pha bi trc chn cn bo m khong cch
gia cc cy 1mx1m, xen cho, mt 10.000 cy/ha, cch chn
khong 1m. Chiu rng di cy bng 35 ln bc sng vi gi cp
32 m/s. Trung bnh b rng di cy khong 3050 m.

7.6.2.

Kim tra cht lng: bng mt thng v phm vi v

mt .
Thi gian kim tra tin hnh theo quy nh ca thit k.

7.7.

Yu cu k thut v thi cng m hn mi nghing

7.7.1.

ct x l nn
a) Phi nghin cu cc yu t nh hng nh su, dng chy v
sng khc phc hin tng tri dt ct. Nn th nghim xc nh
v tr phng tin neo u. Nu su ln, lu tc dng chy ln c
th dng phng php rt ct bng phu, bm phun v.v
b) ct: cn phn on thi cng, sau khi xong tng on
phi kp thi ph . di phn on tu theo iu kin t
nhin, nng lc thi cng xc nh. Yu cu v cht lng ct:

7.7.2.

nh lp ct khng thp hn 0,2 m; Khng cao hn 0,5 m so vi

cao trnh thit k.

Chiu rng nh lp ct khng nh hn chiu rng thit k

v khng vt qu mi pha 3 m.
v khi b tng hnh hp

a) Phn on thi cng: Cn c thit k, nng lc thi cng v mc

nh hng ca triu, sng, dng chy i vi cc v tr trn thn
xc nh trnh t thi cng phn on, phn lp.
b) V tr : Cn c vo su, vn tc dng chy v sng
xc nh v tr neo th ca x lan ch .

66

14 TCN 130 - 2002

c) Trnh t trn nn t yu:

- Khi c lp hc gia ti, phi th phn gia ti, sau th thn
ln trn.
- Khi cn p tri i vi nn th th t gia ln dn ra hai bn.
d) Th ph mi dc v lp m: Phi m bo dy thit k,
dc ph mi khng ln hn dc thit k.
e) Sai s cho php: i vi to ng vin mt ct thit k
ca bng 7-4.
Bng 7-4. Sai s cho php i vi ng vin mt ct thit k
ca
Trng lng
th (kg)

10100

10020
0

20030
0

30050
0

50070
0

70010
00

Chnh
lch
cao cho php
(cm)

40

50

60

70

80

90

f) Vic san i b mt v lt : chnh lch cao gia ng vin thit k v mt ct thc t quy nh trong bng 7.5.
Bng 7-5. Chnh lch cao cho php gia ng vin mt ct
thc t so vi thit k
Cng vic
San i

Xp t

Trng lng (kg)

Chnh lch cao cho

php (cm)

10100

20

100200

30

200300

40

300500

50

500700

60

7001000

70

g) Khng ch ng bin: Trc lc khi b tng hnh hp, nn

t cc khi k cnh khng ch. ng bin thc t v ng bin
thit k khng lch qu 30 cm.
7.7.3.

Ch to, lp t v xy cc khi ph
a) Cp pha ch to cc khi b tng: Cn c b mt nhn, kt cu
kin c v khng bin dng, thng c lm bng kim loi. Thit k
cp pha lp ghp, tho d hoc hn hp (bn y bng b tng,
phn cn li bng kim loi).
b) Cp pha kn ch to cu kin b tng: Nu b mt nh c
bt kh, th trc khi b tng ngng kt, dng va trt mt lt, mit vi
ln m bo trn phng. Sai s kch thc v khim khuyt

67

14 TCN 130 - 2002

b mt cu kin c sn khng c vt qu cc tr s bng 7.6.

Bng 7.6. Sai s kch thc v khim khuyt b mt cu kin c sn
Hng mc
Kch thc

Khim
b mt

-Chiu di cnh
-ng cho
-Chiu cao
- V tr l
khuyt -St cnh
- su mt r
- Sai lch ch
ghp cp pha

Sai s cho php

(cm)

Ghi ch

1,0
2,0
1,0
2,0

Dng cho cu
kin c kch thc hnh hc quy
chun.

5,0
0,5
2,0

Dng cho cc
loi cu kin b
tng.

c) Vn chuyn: Cng b tng cu kin phi t cc yu cu v

cu mc khi vn chuyn.
d) Lp t: Phi xt n nh hng ca sng, tin m bo
ph kn lt trc khi b xi. Trc lc lp t, cn kim tra tu sa
b sung dc v tnh trng b mt lp lt, cn lm phng
bng cch san ri nh lp cc khe ln. Sai s cho php, i
vi phn thi cng trn nc khng ln hn 5 cm, phn di nc khng ln
hn 10 cm.
e) Cc khi ph cui dc: m bo tip xc cht ch vi lng th
chn .
f) Dng khi dolos hoc tetrapod ph mi: m bo mt ng
u trn ton mi.
- Cch lp t khi dolos: Cnh t ng pha di dc v ln
cnh nm ngang ca khi pha di, cnh t ngang ln lp lt
mi . Thanh ni vt qua cnh ngang ca khi ln cn sao cho
lt di khng l ra (hnh 7-1).

68

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 7-1. S lp t khi dolos trn mi nghing

-

Cch lp t khi tetrapod: hnh 7-2.

g) Sai s lp t cu kin c quy nh nh sau:

- i vi khi dolos v tetrapod: s lng lp t thc t so vi thit
k khng sai lch qu 5%.
-

i vi tm khi vung: Chnh lch cao so vi khi ln cn

khng qu 15 cm, khe lt gia 2 khi khng ln hn 10 cm.

h) i vi trng hp ph mi bng hc lt khan: nn chn vin tng

i gn vi hnh lng tr, chiu di khng nh hn chiu dy thit
k. Vin t dng ng, trng lng khng nh hn trng lng
thit k. Lp ph bng hc cn t cc yu cu sau:
- Trn 90% din tch bo m dy thit k;
- Khe rng gia hai vin lt khng ln hn 2/3 ng knh b
nht ca lt pha di, khng tn ti khe lin thng vung gc
vi mt lp ph:
+ Chiu rng khe ghp cho php
: 3 cm;
+ Chiu rng khe tam gic cho php
: 7 cm;
+ nhp nh mt mi cho php
: 3 cm.
- lt khan cn chn cht, nh c gi pha di, dng x beng
by ly mt vin ln ri khi mi th 2-3 vin xung quanh cng b
by ln.

69

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh 7-2. Phng php lp t khi tetrapod trn mi nghing

a) Mt ct ngang, b) Mt bng
i) Mt mi ph xy va: Cc vin khng trc tip chm vo
nhau, m phi c va y khe, cht mch kn. Xy cn t cc
yu cu cho php sau:
- Mch xy
: 4cm;
- rng khe tam gic :8 cm;
- li lm mt mi
: 3cm.
8.

qun l, duy tu, bo dng bin

8.1. Quy nh chung

8.1.1.

Phm vi bo v ca bin l t chn tr ra 100 m

v pha bin v 200 m v pha ng.

8.1.2.

bin c u t xy dng xong phi bn giao cho c

quan qun l khai thc s dng theo quy nh hin hnh.
bin t cp III tr ln do lc lng chuyn trch qun l, di cp III do
lc lng qun l nhn dn qun l.
UBND cc cp c nhim v t chc thc hin h a phng
mnh m bo an ton cho theo tiu chun k thut.

8.2. Bo dng v sa cha cng trnh

Cng tc bo dng v sa cha cn tin hnh nh k, nhm m
bo cht lng cng trnh gm cc bc sau:
8.2.1.

Kim tra, gim st trng thi lm vic ca cng

trnh v s thay i iu kin thu lc
a) Kim tra nh k: Tin hnh mt n 2 ln trong nm trn c
s cc yu t sau:
- Mt v cng bo c th xy ra trong khu vc (d bo theo
tnh cht ma ca tng khu vc);

70

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Tm quan trng v v tr chin lc chung ca cng trnh;

Tu v tr v tm quan trng ca b phn cng trnh cn kim
tra:
+ Tp trung v tr chu tc ng thng xuyn tc ng ca ti
trng (nh thn mi k, cc v tr chuyn tip v.v);
+ Kim tra mi mn, rn nt, dch chuyn hoc b ph v ca
di tc ng ca sng v dng chy.
- v mi k nn kim tra v gim st theo nhng hng mc sau:
+ Chiu cao nh , ln ca thn ;
+ Cht lng bo v mi, thn (n nh mi, hang hc ng
vt v.v);
+ Kch thc hnh hc mi k (mt ct dc ngang, chiu dy);
+ V tr cc vin trn mi k (chuyn v so vi v tr ban u);
+ Cc tnh cht c l ca mi k;
+ Cht lng ca cc cng trnh chuyn tip (chn k, tng lc
v.v);
+ S pht trin ca h xi trc chn (nu c).
-

Cc b phn cng trnh nm trn mc nc triu thp, c th kim

tra nh k theo thi gian bng 8.1.

Bng 8-1. Thi gian kim tra nh k b phn cng trnh nm trn mc nc chiu thp

Hng mc

Chu k di nht

Hnh hc mi k
V tr cc vin trn mi k
Tnh cht c l ca k
S pht trin ca h xi

12 thng
12 thng
12 thng
6 thng

Cc b phn cng trnh nm chm lu di di nc, chu k kim

tra nn t nht mt ln trong nm.

b) Kim tra theo tnh hung: Theo tnh hung cn bo, trc khi bo
n (d bo), nn kim tra tnh hnh k chun b i ph
cc tnh hung c th xy ra. Sau cn bo, cn kim tra tnh hnh
h hng ca , k c k hoch sa cha, khc phc kp thi.
c) iu kin thu lc tc ng n cng trnh: Cn c thit b
theo di s thay i cc iu kin thu, hi vn lm c s
phn tch nh gi chiu hng thay i (tt hay xu) ca cc ti
trng ln cng trnh. Cn c vo cc ti liu ny c th ra k
hoch nng cp ci to , k trong tng lai.
8.2.2.

Sa cha, thay th cc b phn cng trnh khng

cn ph hp

71

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Cc h hng thng d c nhn thy trn mi k, khi c chuyn v rt

ln cn phi xp t cc vin li c dy cn thit
cu to hai lp . Vt liu c th ti s dng nhiu ln nh: cn
thay th nhng vin b v, b mi mn v.v Nu trn mi xut
hin nhng ch trng vi din tch ln, chng t tng lc c cht lng
thi cng khng t yu cu, gy ra s ra tri ca vt liu thn .
Trong trng hp ny thn v mi k phi sa cha mt cch kp
thi.
Chn k phi bo dng thng xuyn, c bit trong trng hp c h
xi pht trin mnh trc chn . Khng h xi pht trin qu
su v tin gn v pha chn k. Cn b sung ti h xi
chn k vi kch thc ln v b rng thch hp.

Kt. B trng b nng nghip v ptnt

Th trng Nguyn nh Thnh : k

72

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Ph lc A
Tnh ton mc nc bin thit k
A.1.

Tn sut mc nc bin thit k

Thng xc nh theo tn sut mc nc bin cao nht nm. Mi nm
o c hn 700 s liu ng vi nh triu vng bn nht triu v
hn 360 vng nht triu xut hin di tc dng tng hp cc yu t
thin vn, kh tng, c tnh cht ngu nhin. S hng ln nht trong
lit l mc nc bin cao nht nm. Vi n nm s liu thc o mc
nc bin, s c n tr s mc nc cao nht nm. Tn sut xut hin
ca mc nc bng hoc cao hn mt tr s no l P %, chu k
lp (Hon k hay s nm xut hin tr li) l T (nm):
T =

100
P

(A-1)

Nu thit k bin cho thi hn s dng N nm, th trong nin

hn s dng, xc sut xut hin mc nc nh hn Z50 (chu k lp T
= 50 nm, tn sut P = 2%) l:
F = (1-P%)N

(A-2)

Vi F: l sut an ton. Trong thi gian s dng, sut nguy him c

th gp Z50 l:
Q = 1-(1-P%)N

(A-3)

Khi N = 50 nm, t cng thc (A-2) v (A-3) c th tnh ra trong thi

hn s dng 50 nm, sut an ton bin khng gp mc nc
Z50 (50 nm xut hin mt ln) ch c 36,4 %, cn sut nguy him
l 63,6%.
Thng yu cu phi c s liu lin tc mc nc bin cao nht nm
khng t hn 20 nm v mc nc c bit xut hin trong lch
s. ng cong phn tch tn sut mc nc cao nht, thng dng ng cong tn sut l thuyt phn b dng cc tr I (phn b
Gumbel). khu vc ca sng vng triu, chu nh hng dng chy
sng thng dng ng cong tn sut l thuyt phn b dng
Pearson III.
- Phng php phn tch tn sut dng cc tr I:
V d: c n gi tr mc nc cao nht nm, xp th t Zi, tr s trung
bnh l:
_

Z=

1 n
Zi
n i =1

(A-4)

Sai s qun phng ca mc nc Zi trong n nm l:

73

14 TCN 130 - 2002

S=

_
1 n 2
Z

(
Z
i )2
n i =1

(A-5)

Tr s mc nc cao Zp tng ng vi tn sut (P%) l:

_

(A- 6)

Zp = Z+ pn S

Vi pn l h s lin quan n tn sut P(%) v s nm c s liu n,

theo bng A-1.
Tnh cc tr s Zp theo cng thc (A-6), v ln trn giy k xc sut
ng cong tn sut l thuyt mc nc triu cao, ng thi chm ln
cc im tn sut kinh nghim kim tra mc ph hp gia
l thuyt v thc t.
Mc nc cao nht nm Zi sp xp theo th t gim dn, tn sut
kinh nghim P ca s hng th m c tnh nh sau:
P=

m
x100%
n+1

(A-7)

Quan h gia chu k lp T (nm) v tn sut nm P(%) theo cng

thc (A-1).
- Phng php phn tch tn sut mc nc theo dng phn b
Pearson III: theo hng dn hin hnh.
A.2.

Tnh ton mc nc bin thit k khi trong s liu iu tra c

mc nc c bit ln
Trng hp ngoi s liu mc nc bin thc o n nm, thng qua
iu tra c c s liu mc nc c bit ln ZN xut hin trong N
nm lch s, th tin hnh phn tch tn sut nh sau:
- Tr s trung bnh: theo cng thc A-8 sau:
1
N 1 n
Z = ZN +
Zi
N
n i =1
- Sai s qun phng: theo cng thc A-8 sau:

S=

2
1 2 N 1 n 2
Zi Z
ZN +

N
n i =1

Vi Zp tnh theo A-6, nhng Z v S trong cng thc , c tnh

theo A-8 v A-9, tr s pn tra theo bng A-1, s liu l N.
- Tn sut kinh nghim ca mc nc c bit ln: P =

1
x100%;
N +1

Tn sut kinh nghim ca cc mc nc khc tnh theo A-7.

Bng A-1. Tr s pn ca quy lut phn b cc tr loi I

S

Tn sut (%)

74

14 TCN 130 - 2002

nm
8

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

22

24

0,1

0,2

0,5

10

25

50

75

7,10 6,33 5,32 4,55 3,77 3,00 2,74 1,95 0,84

0,13
3
6
1
1
9
1
9
3
2
0
6,90 6,16 5,17 4,42 3,91 2,91 2,67 1,89 0,81
0,13
9
2
4
5
6
6
0
5
4
3
6,75 6,02 5,05 4,32 2,84 2,84 2,60 1,84 0,79
0,13
2
1
5
2
7
7
6
8
0
6
6,62 5,90 4,95 4,23 3,51 2,78 2,55 1,80 0,77
0,13
2
5
7
8
6
9
3
9
1
8
6,51 5,80 4,87 4,16 3,45 2,74 2,50 1,77 0,75
0,13
3
7
4
6
6
1
9
7
5
9
6,41 5,72 4,80 4,10 3,40 2,69 2,47 1,74 0,74
0,14
8
3
2
5
4
9
0
8
1
1
6,33 5,65 4,74 4,05 3,36 2,66 2,43 1,74 0,72
0,14
7
0
1
2
0
3
7
2
9
2
6,22 5,58 4,68 4,00 3,32 2,63 2,40 1,70 0,71
0,14
6
6
7
5
1
2
8
3
8
3
6,19 5,52 4,63 3,95 3,28 2,60 2,39 1,68 0,78
0,14
6
3
4
9
3
1
7
2
0
5
6,13 5,47 4,58 3,92 3,25 2,57 2,35 1,66 0,69
0,14
7
1
9
1
0
5
5
4
9
6
6,08 5,42 4,55 3,88 3,22 2,55 2,33 1,64 0,69
0,14
7
6
1
8
3
2
5
9
2
6
6,04 5,38 4,51 3,86 3,19 2,53 2,31 1,63 0,68
0,14
3
7
8
0
9
3
7
6
5
7
6,00 5,35 4,49 3,83 3,17 2,51 2,30 1,62 0,68
0,14
6
4
0
6
9
7
2
5
0
8
5,93 5,28 4,43 3,78 3,13 2,48 2,27 1,60 0,66
0,14
3
8
5
8
8
4
2
3
9
9
5,87 5,23 4,38 3,74 3,10 2,45 2,24 1,58 0,65
0,15
0
2
7
7
4
7
6
4
9
0

0,89
7
0,87
9
0,86
5
0,85
4
0,84
4
0,83
6
0,82
9
0,82
3
0,81
7
0,81
1
0,80
7
0,80
3
0,80
0
0,79
4
0,78
8

90
1,458
1,426
1,400
1,378
1,360
1,345
1,331
1,320
1,308
1,299
1,291
1,283
1,277
1,265
1,255

75

14 TCN 130 - 2002

5,81 5,18 4,34 3,71 3,07 2,43 2,22 1,56 0,65

0,15
6
3
6
1
4
3
4
8
1
1
5,76 5,14 4,31 3,68 3,04 2,41 2,20 1,55 0,64
28
0,15
9
1
0
1
8
2
5
3
4
2
5,72 5,10 4,27 3,65 3,02 2,39 2,21 1,54 0,63
30
0,15
7
4
9
3
6
3
8
1
8
3
5,64 5,02 4,21 3,58 2,97 2,35 2,15 1,51 0,62
35
0,15
2
7
4
9
9
6
3
4
5
4
5,57 4,96 4,16 3,55 2,94 2,32 2,12 1,49 0,61
40
0,15
6
8
4
4
2
6
6
5
5
5
5,52 4,92 4,12 3,51 2,91 2,30 2,10 1,47 0,60
45
0,15
2
0
6
9
3
3
4
9
7
6
5,47 4,88 4,09 3,49 2,88 2,28 2,08 1,46 0,60
50
0,15
9
1
0
1
9
3
6
6
1
7
5,41 4,82 4,03 3,44 2,85 2,25 2,05 1,44 0,59
60
0,15
0
0
8
6
2
3
9
6
1
8
5,35 4,77 4,00 3,41 2,82 2,23 2,08 1,43 0,58
70
0,15
9
4
0
3
4
0
3
0
3
9
5,31 4,73 3,97 3,38 2,80 2,21 2,02 1,41 0,57
80
0,15
9
8
0
7
2
3
2
9
7
9
5,28 4,70 3,94 3,36 2,78 2,19 2,00 1,40 0,57
90
0,16
7
9
5
6
4
9
8
9
2
0
5,26 4,68 3,92 3,34 2,77 2,18 1,99 1,40 0,56
100
0,16
1
6
5
9
0
7
8
1
8
0
5,13 4,56 3,82 3,26 2,69 2,12 1,94 1,36 0,59
200
0,16
0
8
6
3
8
9
4
2
4
2
5,03 4,48 3,75 3,20 2,64 2,08 1,90 1,33 0,53
500
0,16
2
1
2
0
5
6
5
3
5
4
4,99 4,44 3,72 3,17 2,62 2,06 1,88 1,32 0,52
1000
0,16
2
5
2
4
3
9
9
1
9
4
26

0,78
3
0,79
9
0,77
6
0,76
8
0,76
2
0,75
8
0,75
4
0,74
8
0,74
4
0,74
0
0,73
7
0,73
5
0,72
3
0,71
4
0,71
0

1,246
1,239
1,232
1,218
1,208
1,198
1,191
1,180
1,172
1,165
1,160
1,155
1,134
1,117
1,110

76

14 TCN 130 - 2002

A.3.

4,93 4,39 3,67 3,13 2,59 2,04 1,88 1,30 0,52

0,16 0,70
6
5
9
7
2
4
6
5
0
1,110
4
5

Tnh ton mc nc cao thit k trong trng hp ti liu

khng y
a) Trong khu vc d nh xy dng cng trnh khng c s liu
mc nc di k, c th din ton mc nc cao thit k theo phng
php so snh cc tr lch pha c t nht 5 nm s liu thc o.
Trm chn lm trm tham chiu cn c s liu thc o ca khng di 20 nm lin tc v tho mn cc iu kin tng t v tnh cht
triu, v tr a l gn, chu nh hng ca sng (bao gm c ma
l) nc dng, nc h tng t nhau. Gi thit hiu mc nc triu cao
thit k v mt phng bin trung bnh cng chu k lp ca hai
trm t l thun vi hiu tr s trung bnh ca mc nc cao nht
nm v mc nc bin trung bnh hai trm:
Zy - A y
Zx A x

Ry

(A-10)

Rx

Vi:
Zz, Zy - Mc nc cao thit k cng chu k lp ca trm x(
bit) ca trm y (cn xc nh);
Ax, Ay- Mt phng bin trung bnh ca trm x ( bit) v ca trm
y (cn xc nh);
Rx, Ry - Hiu s gia tr s trung bnh mc nc cao nht nm cng k
v mt phng bin trung bnh hai trm x ( bit) v y (cn xc
nh).
Do :

Zy = A y +

Ry
Rx

(Zx A x )

(A-11)

b) Nu ti v tr thit k cng trnh khng c s liu thc o lin

tc trong 5 nm, lc ti trm y cn tin hnh o c mc nc
ng thi vi trm x trong mt thi gian ngn (khong 1 thng) th
xc nh mc nc cao thit k ca trm y nh sau:
-

S dng s liu quan trc ng b trong 1 thng, tm mt

phng bin trung bnh on k trong thi on chnh lch
chiu cao nht ca thng hai trm (tr s trung bnh ton
hc ca mc nc triu thc o trong thi on ), biu th l
Asx v Asy.

S dng s liu mc nc thc o ca thng , v ng qu

trnh mc nc triu ca hai trm, v chp 2 mt phng bin
trung bnh ca hai trm vo nhau, iu chnh sao cho thi gian
chn triu v nh triu ca hai ng qu trnh trng
nhau, so snh dng triu v chnh lch triu ca chng c tng t nhau khng.

77

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Nu dng triu hai trm tng t nhau, mc nc hai trm khng

bng nhau l do chnh lch triu hai trm khng bng nhau gy
ra. Gi thit rng hiu s gia mc nc cao thit k ca hai trm
Zx v Zy v mt phng bin trung bnh nhiu nm A x v Ay t l
thun vi chnh lch triu ca hai trm:
Zy - A y
Zx A x

Ry

(A-12)

Rx

V hnh thc, cng thc A-12 ging vi cng thc A-10, nhng v
phi ca hai cng thc khc nhau: T s

Ry
Rx

A-12 biu th tr s

trung bnh ca t s chnh lch triu hai trm, phn bit tnh
ton chnh lch triu Ryi v Rxi ca mi ngy ( vng bn nht triu
Ry 1 n Ry
Ry

=
=
c hai tr s trong mt ngy) v
, sau tnh
R xi R x i
R x n i 1 R x i
R yi

. Vi n l s chnh lch triu thng k thc t trong mt thng thc

o.
- Gi thit hiu s gia mt phng bin trung bnh nhiu nm v
on k hai trm bng nhau:
Ay- Asy= Ax- Asx= A

( A-13)

hoc
Ay= Asy+ (Ax- Asx)
Trong A l tr s hiu chnh thng ca mt phng trung bnh
hai trm.
Tnh:
Zy =

Vi:

Ry
Rx

(Zx A x ) + A sy + (A x A sx)

(A-14)

Ax - mt phng bin trung bnh ca trm x ( bit);

Zx - mc nc cao thit k nm mt chu k lp no ca trm x

( bit);
Zy - mc nc cao thit k cng chu k lp trm y (cn xc nh).
Biu quan h cc mc nc triu c trng cng thc A-13 v A14 trong hnh A-1.

78

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh A-1. Quan h cc mc nc triu c trng

A.4.

Mc nc triu cc tr ti mt s trm tiu biu ca Vit Nam

Mc nc triu cc i v cc tiu trong chu k 19 nm (19721990)
v mc nc triu cc tr thin vn ca cc trm mc nc tiu biu dc
b bin Vit Nam trong bng A-2.

Bng A-2. Mc nc triu cc i, cc tiu v cc tr thin vn cc trm

(Ngun: ti KHCN-06-10, Phn vin C hc Bin, Vin C hc Vit Nam)

T
T

Tn trm

Hn Du
(20040,
106049)

Hn Gai
(21057,
107004)
Ca ng
(21002,
107022)
C T
(20058,
107046)
Ba Lt
(20021,
106038)

Mc
nc
TB
(cm)

Cc tr theo d bo chu k Cc tr thin

19 nm
vn
ma
Mc
min Mc nc
Ngy
Ngy
x
nc
max
thng
thng
(cm
min
(cm
nm
nm
)
(cm)
)
(cm)

191

23/12/19
87
15/12/19
89

404
404

04/07/19
89

-7

401,96

-9,42

206

23/12/19
87

442

01/01/19
87

-5

441,14

-6,58

219

23/12/19
87

478

14/06/19
87

-4

468,51

-14,30

-9

468,62

-11,57

11
11

364,40

10,85

208

192

14/0623/12/19
87
23/12/19
87
01/07/19
88

467

364
364

2223/12/19
87
15/06/19
87
23/12/19
87

79

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Lch Trng
(19053,
105056

Lch Thi
(19006N,
105040E)

150

Ca Hi
(18046,
105045)

171

Ca Nhng
(18015,
106006)

1
0

Nht L
(17029,
106027)

1
1

Ca Gianh
(17042,
106028)

1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7

Ca Vit
(16053,
107010)
Thun An
(16053,
107037)
Nng
(16007,
108013)
Dung Qut
(15024,
108045)
Quy Nhn
(13045,
109013)
Nha Trang
(12012,
109018)

184

133

82

107

23/12/19
87

341

15/06/19
87

-9

343,76

-10,50

01/01/19
87

267

14/06/19
87
15/06/19
87

17
17

271,99

12,67

25/11/19
87

324

15/06/19
87

-20

323,61

-11,41

242,36

-1,43

1314/06/19
87
23/12/19
87
13/06/19
87
15/11/19
89
2324/11/19
72
28/10/19
88

241
241
142
142
210
210

1415/06/19
87
31/12/19
87

00
00

03/01/19
87

-10

143,74

-10,65

13/07/19
87

-13

183,25

-1,50

60

24/10/19
72

103

13/07/19
87

106,53

2,72

50

05/07/19
72

75

23/02/19
72

23

76,40

23,50

90

2122/11/19
72

162

14/06/19
87

161,95

5,74

120

14/06/19
87

200

13/06/19
87

27

200,85

26,50

125

24/11/19
87

234

11/07/19
87

20

211,73

31,47

123

21/12/19
87
22/12/19
87

229
229

12/07/19
87

46

203,43

48,57

80

14 TCN 130 - 2002

186

14/06/19
87

282

13/06/19
87
01/01/19
87
22/12/19
87

200

21/12/19
87

314

11/07/19
87

52

300,06

59,05

416
416

12/07/19
87

-5

407,31

3,83

435
435

12/07/19
87

-8

405,47

14,89

02/01/19
87

436

12/07/19
87

417,69

12,18

275

22/11/19
72
23/11/19
87

468
468

12/07/19
87

-3

445,00

11,84

240

01/01/19
87

376

01/01/19
87

376,85

-0,99

250

12/06/19
87

401

01/01/19
87

12

402,53

10,74

80

12/06/19
87
13/06/19
87

134
134

14/06/19
87

26

135,37

26,34

76

24/11/19
87

153

19/07/19
87

25

147,43

32,96

140
140

19/07/19
86

27

142,14

29,33

128
128

17/05/19
87

30

129,09

28,89

1
8

Mi La Gn
(11010,
108042)

1
9

Phan Thit
(10055,
108006)

2
0

Vng Tu
(10020,
107004)

259

2
1

Ca i
(10012,
106045)

260

2
2

Tr Vinh
(9056,
106025)

265

2
3

Ca nh An
(9032,
106022)

2
4
2
5
2
6

Cn o
(8041,
106036)
Ca B
(8047,
105011)
Ca ng c
(9002,
104048)

2
7

Rch Gi
(10000,
105005)

2
8

H Tin
(10022,
104028)

76

2
9

Ph Quc
(10013,
103058)

87

01/01/19
87
02/01/19
87
02/01/19
87
23/12/19
87

01/01/19
89
04/06/19
89
15/05/19
87
16/05/19
87

55
55
55

282,12

54,37

81

14 TCN 130 - 2002

3
0

Trng Sa
(8038,
111055)

119

01/01/19
87

220

01/01/19
87

221,49

1,03

Ghi ch: H cao s dng trong bng trn l h cao hi (0 hi

trng vi mc nc rng thp nht c th xy ra, cc vng khc nhau c
mc chun khc nhau).

82

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Ph lc B
Tnh ton cc yu t sng do gi
(Theo kt qu ti KHCN 06 10 ca Vin C hc Vit Nam)
B.1.

Ch dn chung

B.1.1.

Cc s liu v gi dng tnh sng

a) Tc gi: Tc gi tnh ton l tc gi ly trung bnh

trong 10 pht t ghi ca my o gi cao 10m trn mt nc:
Tnh:

W10=kl . k . k10 .Wt

(B-1)

Trong :
Wt - Tc gi thc o, ly trung bnh trong 10 pht v vi tn
sut quy nh;
kl

- H s tnh li tc gi o c bng my o gi:

k l = 0,675 +

4,5
1
Wt

k - H s tnh i tc gi sang iu kin mt nc:

+ Khi o trn bi ct bng phng k =1.
+ Khi o trn cc loi a hnh A, B, C tr s k ly theo bng B-1.
Bng B-1. H s K theo a hnh
Tc gi
Wt
(m/s)
10
15
20
25
30
35
40

Gi tr ca k cc loi a hnh
A

1,10
1,10
1,09
1,09
1,09
1,09
1,08

1,30
1,28
1,26
1,25
1,24
1,22
1,21

1,47
1,44
1,42
1,39
1,38
1,36
1,34

Ghi ch:
-

Dng a hnh A: a hnh trng tri (b bin, b h trng tri,

ng c, ng c c rng tha hay rng non).

Dng a hnh B: vng thnh ph, k c ngoi , cc vng rng rm v

cc a hnh tng ng c cc vt chng ngi phn b u khp, vi
chiu cao chng ngi vt cao hn 10m so vi mt t.

Dng a hnh C: khu thnh ph vi cc nh cao hn 25m.

k10 -

H s chuyn i sang vn tc gi cao 10m trn mt n c,

83

14 TCN 130 - 2002

xc nh theo bng B-2.

Bng B-2. H s K10 chuyn i

Khong
my o
nc, m
K10
Khong
my o
nc, m
K10

cch gia
gi v mt

cch gia
gi v mt

10

11

12

1,14

1,11

1,07

1,04

1,02

1,00

0,98

0,97

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

0,96

0,95

0,94

0,93

0,92

0,91

0,90

0,89

b) gi: Xc nh theo thc t a im d bo:

- Nu l vng nc hp, gi D xc nh theo phng php gii
" gi tng ng De (hnh B -1):

r cos
=
cos
2

De

(B-3)

Trc ht, t v tr d bo v mt ng thng theo hng gi chnh

(tia x chnh). ng ny, c i=0, =00.
Tip theo, trong phm vi 450 ca hai pha tia x chnh, c 7,5 0 v
mt tia x, gc ca chng i=7,5i. Khong cch n trn gi l r i.
gi tng ng De l tr s trung bnh hnh chiu ca cc tr s r i
ln tia x chnh.

Hnh B-1. Xc nh gi tng ng De

84

14 TCN 130 - 2002

- i vi vng khng c yu t a hnh hn ch, gi tr trung bnh

ca gi D (m), i vi mt tc gi tnh ton W (m/s) cho trc,
c xc nh theo cng thc:.
D = 5.1011

(B-4)

Trong : l h s nht ng hc ca khng kh, ly bng 10 5

(m2/s).
- Gi tr ln nht ca gi Dmax, theo 22TCN222-95, c xc nh
theo bng B-3.
Bng B-3. Gi tr ln nht ca gi
Tc gi tnh ton W 20
(m/s)

25

30

40

50

gi Dmax (km)

1200

600

200

100

1600

Ghi ch:
-

Tc gi tnh ton khi gi nh hn 100 km, c xc nh theo

s liu quan trc thc t i vi tc gi cc i hng nm, khng
xt n di thi gian c gi.

Khi gi ln hn 100km, tc gi tnh ton phi xc nh c xt

n s phn b tc gi theo khng gian.

B.1.2.

Mc nc tnh ton sng: L mc nc cao nht nm, c tn

sut m bo tng ng vi cc cp cng trnh, theo bng B-4.

Bng B-4. Tn sut mc nc tnh ton
Cp cng trnh
Tn sut Mc nc cao nht nm (%)

c bit

I v II

III v IV

10

Nu mc nc cha k n chiu cao nc dng do bo, th phi cng

thm tr s nc dng tnh ton vo mc nc tnh ton sng.
B.1.3.

Cc yu t sng (Hnh B.2)

Phn sng trn mt nc tnh gi l ngn sng, im cao nht ngn

sng l nh sng. Phn sng di mt nc tnh gi l bng sng,
ch thp nht ca bng sng gi l chn sng. Khong cch thng
ng gia nh sng v chn sng gi l chiu cao sng HS.
Khong cch nm ngang gia hai nh sng hoc hai chn sng
k nhau gi l chiu di sng LS. T s gia chiu cao sng v
chiu di sng HS/LS gi l dc sng. ng nm ngang chia i
chiu cao sng gi l ng trung bnh sng.

85

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh B-2. Cc yu t sng

ng trung bnh sng thng c v tr cao hn ng mt nc tnh,
cao chnh lch gi l dn, k hiu l . Thi gian thc
hin mt ln nh ln, tht xung ca sng gi l chu k sng T S.
Trong qu trnh ni sng, loi sng c cc yu t di chuyn v
pha trc gi l sng tin. Tc m ngn sng di chuyn theo phng ngang gi l tc sng C. cao sng H S, chiu di sng LS,
dc sng, tc sng C v chu k sng T S u l nhng i lng ch yu xc nh hnh thi sng, gi chung l cc yu t sng.
B.1.4.

Cc c trng thng k ca sng

Trn thc t, sng l mt qu trnh ngu nhin, cc yu t sng c

th tun theo mt quy lut thng k nht nh. V vy d bo
sng, cn dng cc c trng thng k ca sng:
a) Loi 1 l s dng gi tr trung bnh chiu cao ca mt b phn
sng ln no trong lit sng o c
V d:
- Chiu cao sng trung bnh H spj: cng chiu cao tt c cc sng lin
tc o c chia cho tng s con sng N:
H spj

1
1
= ( H S 1 + H S 2 + H S 3 + ... + H SN ) =
N
N

H
i =1

si

(B-5)

- Chiu cao trung bnh ca 1/3 con sng ln H s1/3 (cn gi l sng c
ngha Significant wave height): Sp xp chiu cao N con sng
o c theo th t ln n b, trch ra N/3 con sng t trn xung,
tnh tr s trung bnh ca chiu cao s sng :
H s1 / 3 =

3
N

N
3

H
i =1

si

(B-6)

- Chiu cao trung bnh ca 1/10 sng ln H s1/10: Sp xp chiu cao

ca tt c N con sng o c theo th t t ln n b, ly ra N/10
tr s u tin v tnh trung bnh ca chng:
N

H s1 / 10

10 10
= H si
N i =1

(B-7)

86

14 TCN 130 - 2002

b) Loi 2 l s dng chiu cao sng tn sut lu tch Hsp%.

V d:
-

Chiu cao sng c tn sut 1% (Hs1%): 1% s con sng thng k c

chiu cao bng hoc ln hn tr s .

Chiu cao sng c tn sut 5% (Hs5%): 5% s con sng thng k c

chiu cao bng hoc ln hn tr s .

Ghi ch: Hsp% ch c ngha v s phn b ca lit sng trong mt qu

trnh sng gi, khng c ngha hon k ca chiu sng (s nm lp
li).

Mt s quan h kinh nghim gia HSP% v

B-9.

Hs

c th tnh theo B-8,

H s1% = 2,42 H s

+ Trong vng nc su:

H s 5% =1,95H s
H s13% =1,61H s

(B-8)

H s1 / 3 =1,60 H s H s13%
H s1 / 10 = 2,03H s

+ Trong vng nc nng:

H s1% = 2,30H s

H s10% =1,64 H s
H s1 / 3 =1,53H s

(B-9)

H s1 / 10 =1,93H s

Hoc theo quy phm thit k ca Trung Quc (nm 1998), quan
h gia Hsp %v Hs trong bng B-5.
Bng B-5. Mi tng quan gia Hsp%,
Hs / h

P(%)

0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4

H sp
Hs

Hs

0,1

10

13

20

50

2,9
7
2,7
0
2,4
6
2,2
3
2,0
1

2,4
2
2,2
6
2,0
9
1,9
3
1,7
8

2,2
3
2,0
9
1,9
6
1,8
2
1,6
9

2,1
1
2,0
0
1,8
8
1,7
6
1,6
4

2,0
2
1,9
2
1,8
1
1,7
0
1,6
0

1,9
5
1,8
6
1,7
6
1,6
6
1,5
6

1,7
1
1,6
5
1,5
9
1,5
2
1,4
4

1,6
1
1,5
6
1,5
1
1,4
5
1,3
9

1,4
3
1,4
1
1,3
7
1,3
4
1,3
0

0,94
0,96
0,98
1,00
1,01

87

14 TCN 130 - 2002

0,5

2,8
0

1,6
3

1,5
6

1,5
2

1,4
9

1,4
6

1,3
7

1,3
3

1,2
5

1,01

Ghi ch: Chiu cao sng tnh ton khng th ln hn 0,78h (h l chiu
su nc ti im tnh ton) v gii hn sng s . Theo kinh
nghim ca chuyn gia H Lan, giai on thit k s b c th ly
Hs1/3= 0,6h.

- Chu k sng khng u c th biu th bng chu k trung bnh ca

sng Ts .
- Chiu di sng: tnh theo cng thc B-10 hoc tra bng B-6.
Ls =

gTs 2 2h
th
2
Ls

(B-10)

88

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Bng B-6. Quan h Ls=(Ts,h) (n v Ls trong bng l m)

2

10

12

14

16

18

20

1,0

5,2
1

6,6
8

11,
9

15,
2

18,
4

21,
6

24,
7

27,
9

31,
1

2,0

6,0
4

11,
3

16,
2

20,
9

25,
5

30,
1

34,
6

39,
1

43,
6

3,0

6,2
1

12,
6

18,
9

24,
9

30,
7

36,
4

42,
0

47,
5

53,
1

4,0

6,2
3

13,
3

20,
8

27,
9

34,
7

41,
4

47,
9

54,
4

60,
9

5,0

13,
7

22,
1

30,
3

38,
7

45,
6

53,
0

60,
3

67,
6

82,
0

96,
3

110
,

124
,

138,

6,0

13,
9

23,
1

32,
1

40,
8

49,
2

57,
4

65,
5

73,
6

89,
4

105
,

102
,

136
,

151,

7,0

13,
9

23,
7

33,
6

43,
2

52,
4

61,
3

70,
2

78,
9

96,
0

113
,

130
,

146
,

163,

8,0

14,
0

24,
1

34,
8

45,
2

55,
1

64,
8

74,
2

83,
7

102
,

120
,

138
,

156
,

174,

9,0

14,
0

24,
4

35,
8

46,
9

57,
6

68,
0

78,
2

88,
4

108
,

127
,

146
,

166
,

185,

10,0

14,
0

24,
6

36,
5

48,
3

59,
8

70,
8

81,
7

92,
3

113
,

133
,

154
,

174
,

194,

12,0

14,
0

24,
8

37,
6

50,
7

63,
4

75,
8

87,
8

99,
7

112
,

145
,

168
,

190
,

212,

14,0

24,
9

38,
2

52,
4

66,
3

79,
9

93,
1

106
,

131
,

156
,

180
,

204
,

228,

16,0

24,
9

38,
5

53,
6

68,
6

88,
4

97,
7

111
,

139
,

165
,

191
,

217
,

243,

18,0

24,
9

38,
7

54,
4

70,
5

86,
3

101
,

116
,

146
,

174
,

202
,

230
,

257,

20,0

38,
8

55,
0

72,
9

88,
7

105
,

121
,

152
,

182
,

212
,

241
,

270,

22,0

38,
9

54,
4

73,
0

90,
8

108
,

125
,

158
,

190
,

221
,

252
,

282,

24,0

38,
9

55,
6

73,
9

92,
5

110
,

128
,

163
,

197
,

229
,

262
,

294,

26,0

39,
0

55,
8

78,
5

93,
5

113
,

131
,

168
,

203
,

238
,

271
,

305,

28,0

39,
0

55,
9

75,
0

95,
0

115
,

134
,

172
,

209
,

245
,

280
,

315,

30,0

39,
0

56,
0

75,
4

96,
0

116
,

137
,

176
,

215
,

252
,

289
,

525,

56,
0

75,
7

96,
7

118
,

139
,

180
,

220
,

259
,

297
,

335

Chu k
sng TS
(s)

su
h
(m)

32,0

89

14 TCN 130 - 2002

34,0

56,
1

75,
9

97,
4

119
,

141
,

184
,

225
,

266
,

305
,

344,

36,0

56,
1

76,
0

97,
9

120
,

143
,

187
,

230
,

272
,

312
,

353,

38,0

56,
1

76,
1

98,
3

121
,

144
,

190
,

235
,

278
,

320
,

361,

40,0

56,
1

76,
2

98,
6

122
,

146
,

193
,

239
,

238
,

326
,

369,

42,0

56,
1

76,
3

98,
9

123
,

147
,

196
,

243
,

288
,

233
,

377,

44,0

56,
1

76,
3

99,
1

123
,

148
,

198
,

240
,

293
,

339
,

384,

46,0

56,
1

76,
3

99,
2

124
,

149
,

200
,

250
,

298
,

345
,

391,

48,0

76,
4

99,
4

124
,

150
,

202
,

253
,

903
,

351
,

398,

50,0

76,
4

99,
5

124
,

151
,

204
,

256
,

307
,

357
,

405,

55,0

76,
4

99,
7

125
,

152
,

208
,

264
,

317
,

370
,

421,

60,0

76,
4

99,
7

125
,

158
,

212
,

270
,

327
,

382
,

436,

65,0

76,
4

99,
8

126
,

154
,

214
,

275
,

335
,

393
,

449,

99,
85

126
,

155
,

216
,

280
,

342
,

402
,

462,

99,
8

126
,

156
,

224
,

305
,

399
,

505
,

70,0
Sng
nc
su

6,2
4

24,
0

24,
9

39,
0

56,
1

76,
4

623,

B.2. Cc phng php tnh ton cc yu t sng do gi

B.2.1.

Tnh ton sng theo phng php Bretshneider

Phng php Bretshneider da trn gi thit l sng sinh ra do gi

trong khu vc trong iu kin bo thit k, ph hp khu vc chu
nh hng trc tip trn hng gi thi.
0 , 42

gD
0,0125 2
0 , 750

gH S
gh
w
= 0,283 tanh 0,530 2
tanh
2
0 , 750
w

w
gh

tanh 0,530 2

(B-11)

0 , 25

gD
0,077 2
0, 375

gTp
gh
u
= 2 .1,2 tanh 0,83 2
tanh
0 , 375
w

gh
tanh 0,833 2

(B-12)

90

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Trong :
Hs
Tp
D
h
w

Chiu cao sng tnh ton (m);

Chu k nh sng tnh ton (s);
gi thit k (m);
su nc trung bnh ca khu vc (m);
Vn tc gi thit k (m/ s).

Sng c xc nh trong iu kin gi thi qua khu vc vi mt

vn tc khng i trong mt khong thi gian di (t mi lm
pht n hng gi) sng c th t c mc pht trin ln
nht, thch hp vi vic s dng ti liu thng k gi trung bnh
hng gi ca cc trm kh tng.
Trong tnh ton s b, c th tham kho cc bng tnh sn t B-71 n B-7-12 c Pilarczyk lp cho mt s khong vn tc v
gi ngn. Chiu cao sng tnh ton y l chiu cao sng c
ngha (HS 1/3).
Bng B-7. Bng tra cc yu t sng do gi
Bng B-7-1. Chiu cao sng tnh ton (m), D 5 km
su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

W 10
10 < W
15 < W
20 < W
15
20
25
0.50
0.75
1.05
1.35
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.30
0.50
0.70
0.90
1.10

Bng B-7-2. Chu k nh sng Tp (s), D 5km

su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

W 10
10 < W
15 < W
20 < W
15
20
25
2.5
3.0
3.6
4.5
2.5
3.0
3.6
4.2
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0

Bng B-7-3. Chiu cao sng tnh ton (m), 5km < D 10 km
su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

w 10
0.60
0.60
0.55

10 < w 15 15 < w 20
1.00
0.95
0.80

1.35
1.30
1.10

20 < w 25
1.70
1.60
1.25

91

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Bng B-7-4. Chu k nh sng Tp (s), 5km < D 10 km

su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

W 10

10 < W
15

15 < W
20

20 < W 25

3.0
2.9
2.8

3.7
3.6
3.4

4.2
4.1
3.8

4.7
4.5
4.2

Bng B-7-5. Chiu cao sng tnh ton (m), 10 km < D 15 km

su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

w 10
0.75
0.70
0.60

10 < w 15 15 < w 20

20 < w 25

1.15
1.10
0.90

1.95
1.75
1.30

1.55
1.45
1.15

Bng B-7-6. Chu k nh sng Tp (s), 10 km < D 15 km

su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

W 10

10 < W
15

15 < W
20

20 < W 25

3.2
3.2
3.0

4.0
3.9
3.6

4.6
4.4
4.1

5.1
4.9
4.5

Bng B-7-7. Chiu cao sng tnh ton (m), 15 km < D 20 km

su trung
bnh (m)
0 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

w 10
0.85
0.80
0.70

10 < w 15 15 < w 20
1.25
1.20
0.95

1.70
1.55
1.15

20 < w 25
2.10
1.90
1.35

Bng B-7- 8. Chu k nh sng Tp (s), 15 km < D 20 km

su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

W 10
10 < W
15 < W
20 < W 25
15
20
3.5
4.2
4.8
5.3

92

14 TCN 130 - 2002

5 < h 10
h5

3.3
3.1

4.1
3.7

4.6
4.2

5.1
4.6

Bng B-7-9. Chiu cao sng tnh ton (m), 20 km < D 25 km

su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

w 10
10 < w 15 15 < w 20 20 < w 25
0.90
1.35
1.80
2.25
0.85
1.25
1.65
1.95
0.70
1.00
1.20
1.40

Bng B-7-10. Chu k nh sng Tp (s), 20 km < D 25 km

su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

W 10
10 < W
15 < W
20
15
20
3.6
4.5
5.0
3.5
4.2
4.8
3.2
4.0
4.5

< W 25
5.6
5.3
4.8

Bng B-7-11. Chiu cao sng tnh ton (m), 25 km < D 30 km

su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

w 10
10 < w 15 15 < w 20 20 < w 25
0.95
1.45
1.90
2.35
0.90
1.30
1.70
2.05
0.75
1.00
1.20
1.40

Bng B-7-12. Chu k nh sng Tp (s), 25 km < D 30 km

su trung
bnh (m)
10 < h 15
5 < h 10
h5

Vn tc gi trung bnh (m/ s)

W 10
10 < W
15 < W
20
15
20
3.7
4.5
5.2
3.6
4.3
4.90
3.3
4.0
4.5

< W 25
5.7
5.5
4.9

B.2.2.
Tnh ton sng theo cc phn mm my tnh ca cc
m hnh ton
c s dng cc phn mm my tnh do c quan c thm quyn cho
php.
Ghi ch: Hin nay, Vit Nam phn mm ACES ver. 1.06 (1992) c
dng tnh ton cc c trng sng nc su t s liu gi bo. Cc c

93

14 TCN 130 - 2002

trng ny c ly lm u vo cho mt m hnh th hai, m hnh truyn

sng tuyn tnh RCPWAVE (1986) kt hp hiu ng khc x- nhiu x
nhm tnh truyn sng nc su vo khu vc d n. M hnh OUTRAY ca
Vin Thu Lc Wallingford (Anh) cng c cc nh t vn nc ngoi ng
dng tnh ton cho mt s cng trnh Vit Nam.

B.2.3.

Tnh ton theo biu Hindcast

B.2.3.1. Tnh ton sng khi khng c s liu thc o

1. Sng khng b v
a) Trng hp sng nc su: (D > Lo/2)
Trong : D - su nc; Lo - Chiu di sng vng nc su.
- C th s dng phng php n gin tnh cc tham s sng
biu B-3. Phng php ny dng cho cc trng hp gi va v
gi gi thit u, n nh trn khp gi.
Ghi ch: Khi tra bng cn tnh i lng ng sut gi UA t vn tc gi:
UA = 0,71 U1,23
U: Vn tc gi (m/s)
T1/3 = 0,95 Tm ; H1/3= Hmo (Ti vng nc su).
+

Cc tham s sng thu c phi c hiu chnh bng h s nng

v khc x thu c gi tr chiu cao sng c ngha dng cho
cng tc thit k. Vi cc cng trnh cp c bit v cp I cn
th nghim trn m hnh vt l.

i vi cc cng trnh bin thng thng (cp II, III,IV) c th

tnh chiu cao sng thit k theo:

HTK = Ho x Ksh xKR

Trong :
HTK : Sng thit k trong iu kin sng khng v (D > Lo/2);
Ksh : H s nng;
KR : H s khc x.
K sh =

1
2 Kd

tanh .Kd 1 +

sinh .2 Kd

(B-13)

H s Ksh : cng c th tnh n gin theo cc t s d/Lo v d/L;

Lo: Chiu di sng vng nc su;
L: Chiu di sng vng c chiu su nc = d;
K: S sng = 2/L;
d: su nc trc cng trnh. Ti mc nc thit k:
K R = b0 / b =

cos 0
cos 1

(B-14)

94

14 TCN 130 - 2002

0: Gc gia nh sng v ng ng su vng nc su;

1: Gc gia nh sng v ng ng su ti v tr tnh sng.
Th d 1: Tnh sng trong iu kin nc su: d > Lo/2
- iu kin: Vn tc gi: V = 17 m/s
Thi gian gi thi: t1 = 5 gi
t2 = 2 gi.
sng: F = 30 km.
- Tm: Chiu cao v chu k sng cho hai trng hp t1= 5gi v t2 =
3 gi.
- Gii:
+ ng sut gi: UA = 0,71U1,23 = 0,71 x 171,23 = 21,88 (m/s).
+ Vi t1= 5 gi theo biu (1) nu nh gi khng hn ch Hs c
th t 2,5 (m) nhng F = 30 km.
Tm = 5,5 (s) = T1/3 = 5,2 (s) do vy:
Hs = 1,95 (m) Trng hp hn ch v gi.
+ Vi t2 = 3 gi, F = 30 km, ri vo trng hp hn ch v thi gian
gi thi. Do vy cc tham s sng ch cn xc nh theo U A v t2
theo bin ta c:
Hs = 1,40 (m)
Tm = 4,4 (s) T1/3 = 0,95 Tm = 4,18
b) Sng thit k cho vng nc nng c xc nh theo cc biu
B-4 n B-13,
Cc biu ny c xy dng da trn cc phng trnh:

2
gF
3
0,00565

gd 4
UA
gH

tanh
= 0,283 tanh 0,530
2
2

UA

U A

gd 4

tanh 0,530

U 2

gt 3
gt
= 5,37 x10 2
U

UA
A gd
gH

= 7,54 tanh 0,833

U 2

UA
A

3
0,00379 gF

U 2

tanh
3

gd 8

tanh 0,833

U 2

(B-15)
(B-16)

(B-17)

95

14 TCN 130 - 2002

i vi y khng ng nht phi dng nh hng khng v th

nghim m hnh vt l tm thng tin chnh xc v khc x.

Nu su khng trng vi cc biu , th ni suy theo cc

biu ln cn. i vi su ds trong phm vi 15 m < ds < 90
m th s dng cc cng thc B-14; B-15; B-16.

Th d 2:
- iu kin:
+ sng: F = 24,4 km;
+ Tc c gi: U = 17 m/s;
+ su nc d = 11m.
- Tm: chiu cao sng Hs ; Chu k sng T.
- Gii:
ng sut gi UA = 0,71 U1,23 = 0,71x1,71,23 = 21,88 m/s.
T biu B-10 hoc cng thc B-14; B-15;
Hs = 1,5 (m)
T = 4,4 (s)
2. Trng hp sng v
Thng nu cng trnh ven bin t su nc ds ( su vi
mc nc thit k) s b tc dng ca sng v nu: d s 1,3 H; Vi H:
Chiu cao sng thit k.
Khi thit k cng trnh trong iu kin sng v cn thit phi tnh
c chiu cao sng v cc i H b tc ng ln cng trnh theo cng
(B-18)
thc sau:
=
Hb =

Vi:

db
Hb

(B-19)

ds
m P

ds: Chiu su nc trc cng trnh;

: T s gia chiu su nc khi sng v vi chiu cao sng v;
m: dc bi bin;
P: H s khng th nguyn (4,0 9,25);

Tnh Hb theo biu B-14 theo t s ds/gT2 v ds.

Th d 3:
- iu kin:
a: Chiu su nc trc cng trnh: ds = 2,5m;

96
(B-19)

14 TCN 130 - 2002

b: dc bi bin trc cng trnh: 1: 20 = 0,050;

c: Chu k sng trong thit k:
T1 = 6 giy
T2 = 10 giy
- Tm: Chiu cao sng v cc i tc ng ln cng trnh trong trng hp chu k sng cc i v cc tiu.
- Gii:
Vi trng hp T1= 6 giy.
Tnh:
ds
2,5
=
= 0,0071
2
gT
( 9,8)( 6) 2

Biu B-14. Quan h gia chiu cao sng v v su nc trc

cng trnh
Theo biu B-14 tng ng vi tr s ds/gT2 va tnh c ta tm ra
tr s Hb/ds ng vi ng cong dc m = 0,050.
ds
= 0,0071;
gT 2
Hb
= 1,1 H b = 1,1x 2,5 = 2,8(m)
ds

97

14 TCN 130 - 2002

- Vi T2 = 10 giy ta c:

Hb
= 1,27 H b = 1,27 x 2,5 = 3,2(m)
ds

98

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Biu B-3. Tnh sng c ngha vng nc su

99

14 TCN 130 - 2002

100

14 TCN 130 - 2002

101

14 TCN 130 - 2002

102

14 TCN 130 - 2002

103

14 TCN 130 - 2002

104

14 TCN 130 - 2002

ph lc C
Phn b nc dng do bo dc b bin Vit Nam
C .1. Cc vng nh hng bo
C.1.1.

Phn vng nh hng bo

Thng k 39 nm (t 1954 1993) vng bo b theo v nh

bng C-1.
Bng C-1. Tn s hot ng ca bo phn theo v
V
bc
21- 22
20 -21
19 -20
18 -19
17 -18
16 -17
15- 16
14- 15
13- 14
12- 13
11- 12
10- 11
9- 10
8- 9
Cng

S cn bo
b
29
39
34
29
16
9
23
23
11
9
10
4
3
2
241

P%
12,04
16,19
14,11
12,04
6,64
3,73
9,54
9,54
4,56
3,73
4,15
1,66
1,24
0,83
100%

S cn bo trung
bnh/ nm
0,74
1,0
0,87
0,74
0,41
0,23
0,59
0,59
0,28
0,23
0,26
0,1
0,08
0,06
6,18

S cn bo nh hng vo b bin min Trung v min Bc cao hn

nhiu so vi min Nam.
C.1.2.

Phn theo thi gian bo

-

Thi gian xut hin bo thng k trong bng C-2.

Khu vc b v nh hng ca bo c xu th dch chuyn t

Bc vo Nam theo thi gian: vng b bin Bc v Trung B vo
thi k t thng 5 n thng 10 v Nam B vo thi k t thng
10 n thng 11. Mt s cn bo xut hin khng theo quy lut
chung.

Bng C-2. Tn s bo hot ng phn theo cc thng trong nm

105

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Thng
S
Tn

10

11

12

39

23

31

38

46

58

30

241

0,0
5

0,3

0,1

0,5
9

0,7
9

1,1
8

1,4
9

0,7
7

0,1
8

6,1
8

C-2. Tr s nc dng
C.2.1.Vng b bin Bc v tuyn 16
- Tr s nc dng theo tn sut (%) bng C-3.
Bng C-3. Chiu cao nc dng vng b bin Bc v tuyn 16 theo tn
sut %
V tuyn
Bc 21o N
21oN 20oN
20oN 19oN
19oN 18oN
18oN 17oN
17oN 16oN

on b

0,5

Pha Bc - Ca
50
ng
Ca ng - Ca y35
Ca y - Ca Vn41
Ca Vn - o
46
Ngang
o Ngang - Ca
71
Tng
Ca Tng -
95
Nng

Chiu cao nc dng(m)

1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5 > 2,5
38

38
34

17
15

8
9

3
1

0
1

37

10

19

- Nc dng ln nht xy ra v c th xy ra: xem hnh C-1.

106

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh C-1. Nc dng ln nht v c th xy ra ti vng b bin bc v

tuyn 16 (Ngun: Phn vin C hc bin Vin c hc)
C.2.2.

Vng b bin Nam v tuyn 16

- Tr s nc dng ln nht xy ra v c th xy ra: xem hnh C-2.

107

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh C-2. Nc dng ln nht xy ra v c th xy ra t v tuyn 16

tr vo
( Ngun: Phn vin C hc bin Vin c hc)

108

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Ph lc D
Xc nh chiu cao sng LEO
D .1.

Trng hp mi nghing ch c mt dc
Chiu cao sng leo trn mi nghing n ca sng n t hng
vung gc vi b, c xc nh theo cc trng hp sau:
Trng hp h s mi dc m = 1,5 5,0

D.1.1.
Rp =

K K w K p
1 + m2

(D -1)

H s Ls

Trong :
RP - Chiu cao sng leo c tn sut lu tch l p;
K - H s nhm v tnh thm ca mi nghing, da vo tnh cht
ca vt liu gia c mt tra bng D- 1
KW - H s kinh nghim, tra bng D-2 theo i lng

W
gh

K p - H s tnh i tn sut lu tch ca chiu cao sng leo, xc

nh theo bng D -3. Tn sut lu tch chiu cao sng leo ly 2%;
m - H s mi dc, m = cotg vi l gc nghing ca mi
();
H S - Chiu cao trung bnh ca sng trc ;
L S - Chiu di sng trc .
D.1.2.

Trng hp h s mi dc m 1,25
R p = K .K .K p .R o .H s

(D -2)

Trong : R0 - Chiu cao sng leo khi khng c gi, mt dc trn

v khng thm nc (K = 1). Chiu cao trung bnh ca sng Hs=
1m, tr s R0 xc nh theo bng D -4.
D.1.3.

Trng hp h s mi dc 1,25 < m < 1,5

C th ni suy chiu cao sng Hs t tr s m = 1,25 v m = 1,5.

Bng D.1. H s nhm v thm ca mi dc K
Loi hnh gia c mi
Trn phng khng thm nc (B tng nha ng)
B tng v tm lt b tng
Lt c
xy
hc hai lp (nn khng thm nc)
hc hai lp ( nn thm nc)

K
1,0
0,9
0,850,9
0,75 0,8
0,600,65
0,500,55

109

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Khi vung 4 chn ( lp t 1 lp)

Tetrapod (2 lp)
Dolos (2 lp)

0,55
0,40
0,38

Bng D - 2. H s kinh nghim KW .

W/

gh

KW

1,5

2,5

3,5

1,02

1,08

1,16

1,22

1,25

1,28

1,30

Bng D -3. H s tnh i KP cho tn sut lu tch chiu cao sng leo
HS

p(%
)

< 0,1

0,1
0,3

RP
R

> 0,3

0,1

10

13

20

50

2,6
6

2,2
3

2,0
7

1,9
7

1,9
0

1,8
4

1,6
4

1,5
4

1,3
9

0,9
6

2,4
4

2,0
8

1,9
4

1,8
6

1,8
0

1,7
5

1,5
7

1,4
8

1,3
6

0,9
7

2,1
3

1,8
6

1,7
6

1,7
0

1,6
5

1,6
1

1,4
8

1,4
0

1,3
1

0,9
9

Ghi ch: R chiu cao sng leo trung bnh.

Bng D -4. Tr s RO
M = ctg

0,5

1,0

1,25

RO(m)

1,24

1,45

2,20

2,50

D . 2.

Trng hp mi dc phc hp c thm gim sng

(TGS)
Khi mi dc c TGS, chiu cao sng leo tnh ton theo cng
thc trong mc D-1, nhng h s mi dc phi c tnh i thnh
h s mi dc tng ng me. Tr s me c xc nh theo cc trng hp sau:

D.2.1.

Trng hp trn v di TGS c cng dc

m = mD mT = 0

(D -3)

hW
me = mT .1 4,0.
.K b

Ls

(D -4)

K b = 1 + 3.

Vi:

bf
Ls

Trng hp m > 0, mD > mT

D.2.2.

h
me = mT + 0,3m 0,1m 2 .1 4,5 W
LS

.hb

(D-5)

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14 TCN 130 - 2002

Trng hp m < 0, mD < mT

D.2.3.

h
m e = m T + 0,5m + 0,08m 2 .1 + 3,0 W
LS

.h b

(D-6)

Trong cc cng thc trn:

mT,mD - H s mi dc phn trn, di TGS;
hW

su nc trn TGS:

+ Khi TGS di mc nc tnh th hW ly gi tr dng;

+ Khi TGS trn mc nc tnh th hW ly gi tr m.
hW

- Biu th gi tr tuyt i;

bf

- Chiu rng TGS (m);

LS

- Chiu di sng (m).

Ghi ch: Phng php dc tng ng thch hp vi iu kin:

mT = 1,0 4,0;

mD = 1,5 3,0

b
hW
= 0,067 +0,067; f 0,25
LS
LS

D -3.

Trng hp hng sng n xin gc vi tuyn tim

Khi hng sng n xin mt gc () vi ng tim , chiu cao
sng leo RP tnh ton cn nhn vi h s K.
Trng hp mi dc c h s m 1, h s K xc nh theo bng D.5.
Bng D.5. H s K

()

15

20

30

40

50

60

0,96

0,92

0,87

0,82

0,76

D - 4.

Trng hp c bit
i vi nhng tuyn quan trng c hnh dng mt ct phc tp,
chiu cao sng leo cn c xc nh thng qua th nghim trn m
hnh vt l.

111

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Ph lc E
Tnh ton p lc sng
E-1.

Phn b p lc sng trn mi nghing

i vi mi dc c gia c bng nhng tm b tng lp ghp
hoc ti ch c 1,5 cotg 5, biu p lc sng th
hin trn hnh E.1. Trong biu ny, p lc sng tnh ton ln
nht pd (KPa) xc nh theo cng thc:
pd = ks kt ptcl g Hs
Trong :

(E-1)

ks H s xc nh theo cng thc:

k s = 0,85 + 4,8

Hs
H
+ cot g 0,028 1,15 s
Ls
Ls

(E-2)

kt H s ly theo bng E-1;

Ptcl Tr s ln nht ca p lc sng tng i trn mt dc ti
im 2 (Hnh E-1) ly theo bng E-2.

Hnh E-1. Biu p lc sng tnh ton ln nht tc dng ln

mi dc c gia c bng cc tm bn
Bng E-1. H s kt
thoi ca sng Ls/Hs
H s kt

10

15

20

25

35

1,15

1,3

1,35

1,48

Bng E .2. H s Ptcl

Chiu cao sng Hs/m

0,5

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

Tr s ln nht ca
p lc sng tng
i Ptcl

3,7

2,8

2,3

2,1

1,9

1,8

1,7
5

1,7

- Tung Z2(m) ca im 2 (im t ca p lc sng tnh

ton ln nht Pd) c xc nh theo cng thc:

112

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Z2 = A +

1
1 2 cot g 2 +1 ( A + B) (E-3)
cot g 2

Trong : A v B l cc i lng tnh bng m, xc nh theo

cng thc sau:
L 1 + cot g 2

A = H s 0,47 + 0,023 s
Hs cot g 2

H
B = H s 0,95 ( 0,84 cot g 0,25) s
Ls

(E-4)
(E-5)

- Tung Z3 (m) ng vi chiu cao sng leo ln mi dc xc

nh theo ph lc D. Trn cc on mi dc nm cao hn hoc
thp hn im 2 (xem hnh V.1) phi ly cc tung P (KPa)
ca biu p lc sng cc khong cch nh sau:
P = 0,4pd ti

L1 = 0,0125L (m)

L3 = 0,0265L (m)

P = 0,1pd ti

L1 = 0,0325L (m)

L3 = 0,0075L (m)

Trong :

L =

Ls cot g
4

cot g 2 1

(E-6)

- Tung pc ca biu phn p lc sng di cc tm bn gia

c mi dc phi xc nh theo cng thc:
pC= kS kt pcrcl gHs
Trong : pcrcl th hnh E-2.

(E-7)

Phn p lc tng i ca sng, ly theo

i vi cc cng trnh cp I v cp II khi chiu cao sng c tn

sut bo m HSP> 1,5m, nu c lun c th c php xc
nh ti trng sng ln mi dc c tm bn gia c bng cc phng php c xt n tnh khng iu ho ca sng do gi.
Khi c cc bc c hoc c s thay i nghing trn tng
on mi dc ca cng trnh th ti trng do sng ln kt cu
gia c mi phi xc nh theo cc kt qu nghin cu trn m
hnh.

113

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh E.2. th xc nh phn p lc ca sng

E.2.
E.2.1.

Ti trng sng ln cc loi cng trnh bo v bin

i vi tng ngm cn sng
Gi tr ln nht ca hnh chiu theo phng ngang Pz (KN/m) v
cc hnh chiu theo phng thng ng Pz v Pc(KN/m) ca hp
lc ti trng do sng tc ng trn mt tng ngm cn sng khi
chu chn sng, phi tnh ton theo cc biu p lc sng
theo hng ngang v theo hng ng (hnh E-3). Trong cc biu
ny, cc gi tr P (KPa) phi xc nh c xt n dc i
ca y theo cng thc sau:

Hnh E-3. Cc biu p lc sng ln mt on tng ngm cn

sng
a) Trng hp dc y i 0,04
- Ti su a1:
p1 = g (a1 - a4)
Khi a1 < a2
(E-8)
p1 = p2
Khi a1 > a2
(E-9)
- Ti su a2:

114

14 TCN 130 - 2002

L
h a1

p2 = gH s 0,015 s + 0,03
ga4 (E-10)
h
h

- Ti su a3 = h
P3 = KWP2
(E-11)
b) Trng hp dc y i > 0,04
- Ti su a1: p1 xc nh theo cng thc (E-8) v (E-9)
- Ti su a2: p2 = g (a2- a4)
(E-12)
- Ti su a3 = h
P3 = P2
(E-13)
Trong :
a1 - su t nh cng trnh n mc nc tnh ton, m ;
a2 - su t mc nc tnh ton n chn sng (m), ly theo
bng (E-3);
KW - H s, ly theo bng (E-4);
a4 - su t mt nc sau chn sng ngp n mt nc
tnh ton(m), xc nh theo cng thc:
a4 = - kth (a1- a5) - a1
(E14)
kth - H s, ly theo bng (E-3);
a5 - su t lng sng trc chn sng ngp nc n mc
nc
tnh ton (m), ly theo bng (E-3);
- H s sng v.
Bng E-3. H s Kth
Chiu cao tng ng ca sng
0,4
Hs/h
h thp tng i ca chn 0,1
4
sng a2/h
vt cao tng i ca lng sng
0,1
aS/h
3
0,7
6

H s kth

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

0,1
7

0,2
0

0,2
2

0,2
4

0,2
6

0,2
8

0,1
6
0,7
3

0,2
0
0,6
9

0,2
4
0,6
6

0,2
8
0,6
3

0,3
2
0,6
0

0,3
7
0,5
7

Bng E-4. H s KW
thoi
Ls/Hs
H s KW
E.2.2.

ca

sng 8
0,73

10

15

20

25

30

35

0,75

0,8

0,85

0,9

0,95

i vi tng cn sng xa b
Gi tr ln nht ca hnh chiu theo phng ngang Pz (KN/m) v
hnh chiu theo phng ng Pz (KN/m) ca hp lc ti trng do
sng v tc ng ln tng cn sng thnh ng (khi khng c
t lp pha b) phi xc nh cc biu p lc sng theo

115

14 TCN 130 - 2002

phng ngang v theo phng ng (hnh E.4) trong s cc gi

tr p (KPa) v C (m) phi xc nh tu thuc vo v tr cng
trnh:
a) Khi cng trnh nm su m ti sng b ln
cui cng (Hnh E.4a) th dng cng thc:
p =pu = gH SD( 0,033 LS/h +0,75)
(E-15)
c =

pi
g

(E-16)

b) Khi cng trnh nm vng mp nc ( Hnh E.4b) th dng

cc cng thc:
p = pi = (1-0,3ai/au)pu
(E-17)
c =

pi
g

(E-18)

c) Khi cng trnh nm trn b, cao hn mp nc nhng cn trong

phm vi sng leo(hnh E.4c) th dng cng thc:
p = pi = 0,7(1-a1/ar)pn
(E-19)
c =

pi
g

(E-20)

Trong :
c - cao lng sng so vi mt nc tnh ton ti v tr tng
chn sng, m;
HSb - Chiu cao sng ti v tr sng ln cui, m;
au - Khong cch t v tr sng ln cui n mp nc,
m;
ai
- Khong cch t v tr sng ln cui n cng
trnh, m;
al - Khong cch t mp nc n cng trnh, m;
ar - Khong cch t mp nc n ranh gii leo b ca sng
v
(khi khng c cng trnh) xc nh theo cng thc:
ar
=
RS
cotg
l
%
(E-21)
Ghi ch: Nu cao t nh cng trnh n mc nc tnh ton Z1
-0,3 HS th tr s p lc sng xc nh theo cng thc E-15, E-17,
E-19 phi nhn vi h s kZd ly theo bng E-5.
Bng E-5. H s kZd
cao t nh cng trnh n mc nc
tnh ton Z1, m
H s kZd

0,3Hs
0,95

0,0
0,8
5

+0,3
Hs

+0,65
Hs

0,8

0,5

116

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh E.4. Cc biu p lc sng ln tng cn sng thnh

ng
E.2.3.

i vi tng ng lin b

Gi tr ln nht ca hnh chiu theo phng ngang PZ (KN/m) v

hnh chiu theo phng thng ng PZ (KN/m) ca ti trng do
sng v tc ng ln tng chn sng thng ng (c t lp
pha b) khi sng rt, c tnh ton qua cc biu p lc
sng theo phng ngang v theo phng thng ng (Hnh E.5)
trong gi tr pr (KPa) xc nh theo cng thc:
pr = g(z1 - 0,75HSb)

(E-22)

117

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Trong : z1 - h thp ca mt nc so vi mc nc tnh ton

pha trc tng thng ng khi sng rt (m). Tu vo khong
cch a1 t mp nc n cng trnh m z1 c ly nh sau:
Khi a1 3HSb

Zr = 0

Zr = 0,25 HSb Khi a1 < 3HSb

Hnh E.5. Cc biu p lc sng ln tng chn sng thng

ng khi sng rt
E.2.4.

i vi m hn
Gi tr ln nht ca cc hnh chiu theo phng ngang Px,ext,Px,int
(KN) v hnh chiu theo phng ng PZ (KN) ca hp lc ti
trng sng trn mt on m hn c tnh ton qua cc biu
p lc sng theo cc hng ngang v hng ng (Hnh E-6).
Trong cc biu ny, gi tr p lc sng mt ngoi P ext
(KPa) v mt khut Pint (KPa) ca m hn v cc cao tng
ng ca lng sng ext (m) v int (m) phi xc nh theo cng
thc:
Pext = kagHS(1+cos2)
ext = Pext/ g

(E-23)
int = Pint/g

(E-24)

Trong :
k H s, ly theo bng E-6 tu thuc gc ti ca u
sng khi tin n p c chiu rng b v chiu di on m
hn l l.

Bng E-6. H s K
Mt bn m hn

ctg

H s k khi l/Ls bng

118

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Mt ngoi

Mt khut

0
0,2
0,5
1,0

0,03

0,05

0,1

0,2

1,0
1,0
0,45
0,18
0

0,75
0,75
0,45
0,22
0

0,65
0,65
0,45
0,30
0

0,6
0,6
0,45
0,35
0

Hnh E-6. Cc biu p lc sng tc ng ln mt m hn

Ph lc G
Tnh ton n nh mi nghing
119

14 TCN 130 - 2002

G -1.

in

Tnh ton trt cung trn theo phng php thy

Tnh ton n nh mi theo phng php tng ng lc v

phng php ng lc hu hiu.
G.1.1.

Theo phng php tng ng lc

- Trong thi k thi cng:

K=

( C u b sec + W cos th u )
W sin

(G-1)

- Trong thi k mc nc h thp:

K=

[ Ccu b sec + ( S cos U i b sec ) tg cu ]

W sin

(G-2)

W = W1 + W2 + w Z b

G.1.2.

(G-3)

Theo phng php ng lc hu hiu trong thi

k thm n nh

{
C ' b sec + [ ( W1 + W2 ) cos ( U Z w ) b sec ] tg ' }

K=
( W1 + W2 ) sin

(G-4)

Trong :
b - Chiu rng ca di tnh ton trong khi trt;
w - Trng lc ca di t trt w = w1+w2+wZb ;
w1 - Trng lc ca di phn trn mc nc;
w2 - Trng lc ca di phn di mc nc;
Z - Khong cch t mc nc n trung im mt y di
tnh ton;
u - p lc khe rng trong thn hoc nn trong thi k
thm n nh;
u1 - p lc khe rng ca thn trc khi mc nc h xung;

- Gc kp gia tuyn trng lc ca di vi bn knh i

qua trung
im mt y di ();
w - Trng lng ring ca nc;
Cu , u , Ccu , C , : Cc ch tiu cng chng ct ca t,
xc nh theo bng G-1.

120

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh G.1. S tnh ton theo phng php trt cung trn
Bng G I. Phng php xc nh ch tiu Cu , u, C, , C
Trng hp
lm vic
ca

PhMy s
ngphp
dng
tnh ton

Thi k thi
cng

Tng ng
lc

Thi k thm
n nh

ng lc
hu hiu

Thi k mc
nc h thp

Tng ng
lc

Phng php th
nghim

Ct
thng

Ct nhanh

Ct 3
tr
c

Ct khng thot nc

Ct
thng

Ct chm

Ct 3
tr
c

Ct thot nc c kt

Ct
thng

Ct nhanh c kt

Ct 3
tr
c

Ct khng thot nc c
kt

Ch
tiu cng

Cu , u

C,

Cu , u

G.1.3.
Tnh ton n nh mi theo phng php
trt cung trn ci tin
H s n nh ca mi c tnh ton theo cc cng thc
sau:
K=

Pn + S
Pu

S = Wtg + CL

(G-5)
(G-6)

121

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Trong :
W
- Trng lng hu hiu ca khi t BBCC (hnh
G-.2);
C, - Lc dnh v gc ma st trong () ca tng t
mm yu;
Pa - Lc gy trt;
Pn - Lc chng trt.

Hnh G.2. S tnh ton theo phng php trt cung trn ci
tin
G.2. Tnh ton n nh cho tng nh
G.2.1.

n nh chng trt

Kc =

f W
P

(G-7)

Trong :
Kc - H s an ton n nh chng trt;
W - Tng ca cc lc thng ng tc dng ln khi tng;
P - Tng ca cc lc y ngang tc dng ln khi tng;
f
- H s ma st gia y cng trnh v nn.
G.2.2.

n nh chng lt
Ko =

MV
H

(G-8)

Trong :
Ko - H s an ton n nh chng lt;
Mv - Momen lc chng lt;
MH - Momen lc gy lt.
G.2.3.

Kim tra ng sut t nn

max ( min ) =

G M

A
X

(G-9)

Trong :

122

14 TCN 130 - 2002

max ( min )

- ng sut cc i (cc tiu) ca t nn;

G
- Ti trng thng ng;
A
- Din tch bn y;
M
- Momen ca ti trng i vi trc tm hnh hc
bn y;
X
- H s tit din ca bn y.

123

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Ph lc H
Tnh ton n nh cng trnh dng thnh ng c
kt cu trng lc
H-1. n nh chng lt
Tnh n nh chng lt theo y khi thnh ng v theo cc
khe nm ngang, khe rng (nh khe abcd trong hnh H-1) c xc
nh nh sau:
0 =

R
M0

(H-1)

Trong :
K0 - H s an ton chng lt, khng nh hn tr s
trong bng (H-1);
MR - Momen chng lt i vi mp sau ca mt tnh
ton (khi nh sng chm thnh) hoc mp trc ca
mt tnh ton (khi chn sng chm thnh);
M0 - Momen lt i vi mp sau hoc mp trc ca mt
tnh ton, trong bao gm c momen do lc y ni
ca sng gy ra.

Hnh H-1 S tnh ton lt qua khe rng khi xp

Ghi ch: Trng hp nh sng chm tng, p sut y ni ca sng
trong khe khi xp phn di nc ca c phn b hnh tam gic
theo chiu rng B ca . p lc cc i ca n l p lc bn ca
sng cng mt cao trnh. p sut bn ca sng trn khe bc trong
hnh H-1, i vi im b v im c phn bit s dng p sut y
ni ti cng mt thi im tng ng.
Gia 2 im b v c, p lc phn b ng thng.

p lc y ni ca sng tc dng ln mt di ca khi ph

nh (ton khi hoc lp ghp) ch phn b trn mt chiu
rng hu hn B:

124

14 TCN 130 - 2002

max o
max

(H-2)

Trong :
Zmax - cao nh sng trn mt nc tnh (m);
Zo - cao ca mt y tm ph nh so vi mt nc
tnh (m).
p lc y ni ca sng phn b hnh tam gic da theo B,
tr s cc i bng p lc bn ca sng cng cao. p lc
y ni ca sng trn mt y ca tng c tnh ton theo
ph lc E.
p lc y ni ca sng trong khe khi xp phn di nc khi
chu tc dng ca chn sng c tnh ton theo nguyn tc
ging nh trng hp chu tc dng ca nh sng.
H-2. n nh chng trt
H.2.1.
Tnh n nh chng trt theo y khi thnh
ng v theo cc khe nm ngang trong thn khi xp:
c xc nh nh sau:
s =

G. f
P

(H-3)

Trong :
Ks

- H s an ton chng trt, khng nh hn tr s quy

nh trong bng H-1;

- Hp lc theo phng thng ng tc dng ln mt tnh

ton, bao gm c lc y ni ca sng;

- Hp lc phng ngang trn mt phng tnh ton;

- H s ma st trn mt tnh ton, trng hp khng c s

liu thc o, c th dng s liu trong bng H-2.
Bng H-1. H s K0 v KS

H s

Cp cng
trnh

T hp
thit k

T hp
kim tra

T hp
c bit

KO

I-II
III-IV

1,6
1,5

1,5
1,4

1,4
1,3

KS

I-II

1,3

1,2

1,1

III-IV

1,2

1,1

1,0

Bng H-2. H s ma st f
Vt liu

H s ma st
f

B tng v b tng xy
xy v xy

0,55
0,65

125

14 TCN 130 - 2002

y tng v
b

B
vt nn

H.2.2.

Thn l BT c sn hoc
BTCT
Thn l kt cu bng khi
hc xy
t
t
t
t

nn
nn
nn
nn

l
l
l
l

ct mn~ ct th
ct bt
ct
st v st

0,60
0,65

0,50 0,60
0,40
0,35 0,50
0,30 0,45

Tnh n nh chng trt theo y b

a) i vi b p cao:
n nh chng trt theo mt ABD (hnh H-2a) c tnh nh
Ks =

sau:

( G + g1 ) f
P

(H-4)

Trong :
G
- Hp lc theo phng thng ng tc dng ln mt y
b, bao gm c lc y ni ca sng;
1
- Trng lng di nc ca khi b ABCD;
P
- Hp lc theo phng ngang pha trn mt y tng;
f
- H s ma st gia b hc v t nn (xem
bng H-2).

a) B p cao
trong t

b) B chn

Hnh H-2. S tnh trt b

Ghi ch: Khi b c chiu rng ln, cn xt n kh nng trt ni b
trong b .

b) i vi b chn trong t:
Tnh n nh chng trt theo mt ABDE c tnh nh sau:

126

14 TCN 130 - 2002

KS =

(G + g2 ) f + EP

(H-5)

Trong :

- Trng lng di nc ca phn b ABDK;

EP

- p lc t b ng trn mt KD ca t nn, c th
ly 30% tr s tnh ton. Khi b tng i mng, t
nn yu th c th b qua.

H-3. Sc chu ti ca khi b cng trnh

H.3.1.

ng sut mt nh b cng trnh

max ( min ) =

G
6e
1
B
B

(H-6)

max;min - ng sut cc i, cc tiu ca mt ng

Trong :
nh b;

- Chiu rng y tng;

e
- Khong cch lch tm ca im tc dng hp lc trn
mt y tng.
e=

(H-7)

- Khong cch t im tc dng ca hp lc trn mt y tng n im mp sau (nu chn sng chm tng l n
im mp trc);
=

R O
G

(H-8)

Khi < B/3, ng sut mt nh b tng c tnh nh sau:

max =

2G
3

min = 0

(H-9)
(H-10)

max phi nh hn sc chu ti cho php ca b tng (thng l

600KPa).
H.3.2.
Trn mt y thnh ng, khong cch t im tc
dng ca hp lc n im mp sau (khi chn sng tc dng
th ly mp trc), thng khng nh hn 1/4 chiu rng y
khi thnh ng.
H-4. Sc chu ti ca t nn
H.4.1. ng sut b mt t nn
max =

B1 max
+ .t
B1 + 2 t

(H -11)

127

14 TCN 130 - 2002

B1 min
+ .t
B1 + 2t

(H-12)

B1 + 2t max min
6 max + min

(H-13)

min =

e =

Trong :
t nn;
cng trnh;

max , min - ng sut cc i v cc tiu ca b mt

B1

- Chiu rng chu lc thc t ca mt y

Khi > B/3 th B1 = B; < B/3 th B1 =3

trnh;

- Chiu dy b cng trnh;

- Trng lng ring ca hc b cng

e
- lch tm ca im tc dng hp lc
trn y b hc.
Kim tra ng sut t nn theo cc quy nh v thit k
nn mng.
H.4.2.
i vi cng trnh thnh ng xy dng trn nn phi
nham thch, tnh n nh tng th ca n thng theo phng
php trt cung trn. Khi c lp kp t yu, tnh theo phng
php mt trt phi cung trn.
H-5. Tnh ton ln
H.5.1.
Tnh ton ln theo cc phng php quy nh trong nn
mng.
H.5.2.
Tr s ln trung bnh ca cng trnh thnh ng khng
c vt qu tr s: i vi thng chm: 35cm; i vi khi xp:
30cm.
Ch :

Thit k cao trnh nh cng trnh thnh ng cn d

phng ln, xc nh theo tnh hnh t nn v tnh hnh thi
cng.

H-6. Trng lng n nh ca vin b cng trnh

H.6.1.

vai b v lt mi b cng trnh

Trng lng n nh ca vin c xc nh theo biu

trong hnh H-3.

128

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Hnh H-3. Biu xc nh trng lng n nh ca vin

b cng trnh
Ghi ch:
a) Chiu cao sng HS dng HS5%.
b) Cch tra hnh:
T tr s h1/h ca na phi trc honh, dng thng ln gp ng
cong h/LS c giao im 1. T giao im 1 dng ngang sang tri,
gp ng cong HS c giao im 2. T giao im 2 ny dng
xung na tri trc honh, s tm c tr s trng lng n nh ca
khi ph W.
C th t giao im 1 dng sang tri, thu c tr s K trn trc tung,
thay vo cng thc W = K.H S3 ( t ) .
c) Nu hc c lt chn cn thn, trng lng khi c th ly
bng 0,6 trng lng vin th ri.
Khi mi dc b bng 1:1,5, trng lng khi ph ly gn ng
bng 1,33 ln tr s W trung bnh.

H.6.2.

Vin gia c y trc cng trnh

a) Lu tc y cc i ca dng sng xut hin trc cng trnh

thnh ng Umax(m/s) c tnh nh sau:
- Trng hp sng ng:
U max =

2H S 5%

L S
4h
sinh
g
LS

(H-14)

- Trng hp sng v xa:

U max = 0,33 g( H S5% + h )

(H-15)

- Trng hp sng v gn:

129

14 TCN 130 - 2002

U max =

H S 5%
LS
4h
sinh
g
LS

(H-16)

b) Trng lng vin n nh gia c y trc cng trnh

quy nh trong bng H-3.
Bng H-3. Trng lng vin n nh gia c y trc cng
trnh
Umax (m/s)

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

W (kg)

40

80

140

200

Ph lc I
Cc k hiu, thng s, i lng v n v o
I.1. Cc k hiu chnh s dng
K
hi
u

Thng s, i lng
Gc nghing gia mi v ng nm ngang
Gc gia ng b v hng sng ti

130

14 TCN 130 - 2002

,B
.
,B
d
B
f

g
n
m
x
t
p
B
h
i
Q
V
Hsl
Hnd
Hs
HS

Hs1/3
Hs1%
Ls
Ts
C
W
D
Zt

Z
a
B
b
bf
n`k

Trng lng ring ca nc, ca vt liu

Dung trng kh ca t
Khi lng ring ca nc, ca vt liu
Chiu dy lp gia c bng hc
Chiu dy lp gia c bng tm b tng
Chiu dy lp bo v mi bng khi ph
H s nht ng hc
Gia tc trng trng
- H s nhm
- S ln
- H s mi dc, m = ctg
- Cc loi s m
Khong cch theo chiu dng chy
Thi gian
Tn sut
Chiu rng lng sng
Chiu su nc
dc y
Lu lng dng chy
Vn tc dng chy
Chiu cao sng leo
Chiu cao nc dng
Chiu cao sng
Chiu cao sng trung bnh
Chiu cao trung bnh ca 1/3 s con sng ln nht trong
lit s thng k v chiu cao sng
Chiu cao sng c tn sut lu tch l 1%
Chiu di sng
Chu k sng
- Vn tc truyn sng
- H s Chezy
Vn tc gi
gi
Cao trnh mc nc triu
Chnh lch mc nc triu
Cao trnh nh
Tr s gia tng cao an ton
Chiu rng nh
Chiu rng c
Chiu rng thm gim sng trn mi ngoi ca
S lng cu kin b tng khi ph

131

14 TCN 130 - 2002

G
A
P
e
S
Rs
Rds
k

Trng lng ca cu kin khi ph

Khi lng b tng
p lc
H s rng ca t
ln
nn cht thit k ca t c tnh dnh
nn cht tng i ca t ri
Cc loi h s an ton (trong tnh ton n nh cng
trnh)
Ghi ch: Mt s k hiu s dng trong cc ph lc c gii thch r
trong tng trng hp c th, khng hon ton theo quy nh trong
bng trn.

I.2.
I.2.1.

Th nguyn v n v
Cc n v chnh
a) H MKGS

Loi
n
v
C
bn

Dn
xut

i lng

n v
Th
nguyn
L
F
T

Tn gi
Chiu di
Lc
Thi gian
Mt

FT2L-4

Khi lng

FT2L-1

Trng lng n
v

FL-3

ng sut
sut)

FL-2

(p

Nht ng lc

FTL-2

Nht ng hc

T-1L2

Tn gi

K hiu

Mt
Kilgam lc
Giy
Kilgam lc-giy
bnh phng trn
mt lu tha 4
Kilgam lc-giy
bnh phng trn
mt
Kilgam lc-giy
bnh phng trn
mt khi
Kilgam lc-giy
bnh phng trn
mt vung
Kilgam lc-giy
bnh phng trn
mt vung
Mt bnh phng
trn giy

m
kG
s
kG.s2/m4

kG.s2/m

kG/m3

kG/m2

kG.s/m2
m2/s

132

14 TCN 130 - 2002

b)

H SI
i lng

Loi n
v

Chiu di
Khi lng
Thi gian

Th
nguyn
L
M
T

Mt

L 3M

Lc
ng sut
(p sut)

LMT-2

Mt
Kilgam
Giy
Kilgm
trn mt
khi
Niu tn

L-1MT2

Paxcan

Tn gi

C bn

Dn xut

M men lc

Tn gi

K hiu
m
Kg
s
Kg/m3
N
Pa

Niutnmt
Paxcangiy
Mt vung
trn giy

L2MT2

Nht ng
lc
Nht ng
hc
I.2.2.

n v

L-1MT-1
L2T-1

Nm
Pa.s
m2/s

Quan h gia n v ca h thng MKGS vi h SI

v cc n v ca h thng khc
a) n v chiu di

n v
chiu
di
1km

Km

cm

ins
(inch)

fut
(foot)

Hi l
Anh

Hi l
bin

103

105

3,28.10

0,655

0,54

1
10-2
2,54.10
0,305
1525
1853,2

102
1
2,54
30,5
152,5.1

3,94.1
04
39,4
0,394
1
12
60.10-3
72,9.1

3,28
32,8
8,33.101
5000
6080

6,55.10-4
6,55.10-6
1,655.100,2.10-3
1
1,23

5,4.10-4
5,4.10-6
1,37.10-5
0,165.100,825
1

10-3
1m
10-5
1cm
2,54.10
1ins
1fut (foot) 3,05.10
1,525
1 hi l
1,8532
1 hi l

185,32.
103

b) n v gc phng
n v gc

Rad

Pht

Giy

1Rad
10
1
1

1
1,75.10-2
2,91.10-4
4,85.10-6

57,3
1
1,67.10-2
2,87.10-4

3,44.103
60
1
1,67.10-2

2,06.105
3,6.103
60
1

c) n v lc

133

14 TCN 130 - 2002

n v lc

Dyn

kG

1n
1dyn
1kG

1
10-5
9,81

105
1
9,81.105

0,102
1,02.10-6
1

d) n v p lc
n v p
lc

Pa

dyn/cm2

kg/cm2

atm (tuyt
i)

1Pa (N/m2)
1dyn/cm2
1kG/cm2
(atm)
1atm(tuyt
i)

1
0,1
9,81.104

10
1
9,81.105

1,02.10-5
1,02.10-6
1

9,87. 10-6
9,87. 10-7
0,968

1,01.105

1,01.106

1,03

e) n v khi lng
n v
khi lng
1kg
1g
1kg.s2/m
1T

kg

kg.s2/m

1
103
9,81
103

103
1
9,81.103
106

0,102
1,02.104
1
102

103
106
9,81.103
1

f) Trng lng ca mt m3 cc vt cht ( iu kin tiu

chun)
Vt cht
Nc ngt
Nc bin
hc
B tng

KN
9,18
9,40
24,32
22,03

T (lc)
1
1,025
2,65 (*)
2,40

Ghi ch: (*) Cn xc nh c th ti cng trnh.

134

14 TCN 130 - 2002

Ph lc H

Cc tiu chun trch dn (ch yu) c lin quan

1 - Va Thu cng - Yu cu k thut v phng php th: 14 TCN802001;
2 - B tng thu cng v vt liu lm b tng thu cng - Yu cu k
thut v phng php th: T 14 TCN 63 - 2002 n 14 TCN 73 2002;
3 - Quy phm thit k p t m nn: QPTL 11.77;
4 - Ti trng tc ng ln cng trnh: TCVN 2737-78;
5 - Nn cng trnh thu li - Tiu chun thit k: TCVN 4253-86;
6 - Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp thu cng - Tiu chun thit
k: TCVN 4416-85;
7 - Quy phm thit k tng lc ngc cng trnh thu cng: QPTC.C5.75
(14TCN 11-85);
8 - Tiu chun thit k tng chn cc cng trnh thu cng:
TCXD.57.73;
9 - Hng dn thit k tng chn cng trnh thu li: HDTC.C.4-76
(14TCN 35-85);
10 - Ch dn thit k v s dng vi a k thut lc trong cng
trnh thu li (Quyt nh 1871 NN-KHCN /Q ngy 4/11/1996;
11 - Cng trnh thu li - Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp - Yu cu
k thut thi cng v nghim thu: 14TCN 59 - 2002;
12 - Cng trnh thu li - Xy lt - Yu cu k thut thi cng v
nghim thu: 14 TCN 12 - 2002;
13 - Cng trnh thu li - Xy lt gch - Yu cu k thut thi cng v
nghim thu: 14TCN 120 - 2002;
14 - Vi a k thut - Phng php xc nh cc ch tiu c l: t
14TCN 91 - 1996 n 14TCN 99 - 1996.

135

14 TCN 130 - 2002

____________________________________________

Mc lc
1. Quy nh chung
1.1.Phm vi ng dng.........................................................................7
1.2.Cc cn c thit k .....................................................................7
1.3.Cc k hiu chnh s dng..........................................................8
1.4.Th nguyn v n v ...............................................................9
2. tiu chun thit k ca bin v cng trnh bo v bin.
2.1.Tr s gia tng cao an ton...................................................11
2.2.H s an ton n nh chng trt ca cng trnh bng t . .11
2.3.H s an ton n nh chng trt ca cng trnh thnh ng
................................................................................................11
2.4. H s an ton n nh chng lt ............................................12

136

14 TCN 130 - 2002

3.tuyn bin
3.1. Yu cu chung............................................................................13
3.2.Tuyn quai ln bin..............................................................13
3.3.Tuyn vng bi bin xi (bin ln).........................................14
3.4.Tuyn vng ca sng..............................................................14
4 - thit k mt ct v kt cu bin
4.1.Ch dn chung............................................................................15
4.2.Cao trnh nh ....................................................................15
4.3.Thit k mt ct ngang v kt cu bin............................16
4.4.Tnh ton n nh cng trnh bin....................................20
5 - Cng trnh gia c mi bin
5.1.Dng kt cu v thnh phn cng trnh....................................22
5.2.Thit k lp ph mi ...................................................................25
5.3.Thit k tng m, lc ngc......................................................30
5.4.Thit k chn khay....................................................................30
5.5.Tnh ton n nh cng trnh gia c mi ...........................33
6 -Thit k cng trnh ngn ct-cn sng
Gi bi
6.1.Ch dn chung............................................................................36
6.2.Thit k rng ngp mn chng sng.........................................38
6.3.B tr v cc loi kt cu cng trnh ngn ct - cn sng..........39
6.4.Thit k cng trnh dng thnh ng.......................................46
6.5.Thit k cng trnh dng mi nghing.......................................53
7- cc yu cu trong thi cng bin
v Cng trnh bo v b bin
7.1.Yu cu v thi cng v kim tra cht lng p ...................63
7.2.Yu cu v thi cng v kim tra cht lng k bo v mi ......66
7.3.Quy trnh k thut thi cng v gim st cht lng lp lc si v ct.
................................................................................................67

137

14 TCN 130 - 2002

7.4.Quy trnh k thut thi cng v kim tra cht lng vi lc..........68
7.5.Quy trnh k thut v kim tra cht lng trng c mi h lu 68
7.6.Quy trnh k thut trng cy ngp mn .................................68
7.7.Yu cu k thut ca thi cng cng trnh mi nghing..............70
8- cc quy nh v qun l, duy tu, Bo

dng bin

8.1. Cc quy nh chung..................................................................74

8.2. Bo dng v sa cha cng trnh .............................................74
ph lc A. Tnh ton mc nc bin thit k
A - 1.

Tnh ton mc nc bin thit k .........................................76

A -2. Tnh ton mc nc bin thit k khi trong s liu iu tra c

mc
nc
c
bit
ln
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 77
A -3. Tnh ton mc nc cao thit k trong trng hp ti liu khng
y --------- 78
A -4. Mc nc triu cc tr ti mt s trm tiu biu ca Vit
Nam----------------------80
Ph lc B. Tnh ton cc yu t sng do gi (Theo kt qu ti khkt
06 10 nm ca vin c hc VN)
B-1.

Ch
dn
chung------------------------------------------------------------------------------83

B-2.

Cc phng php tnh ton

gi-------------------------------------89

cc

yu

sng

do

Ph lc C. Phn b nc dng do bo dc b bin Vit Nam

C-1.

Cc
vng
nh
bo-------------------------------------------------------------------97

hng

C-2.

Tr
s
nc
dng----------------------------------------------------------------------------97

ph lc D. Xc nh chiu cao sng leo

D-1.

Trng
hp
mi
nghing
ch
dc-------------------------------------------100

D-2.

Trng

hp

mi

dc

phc

hp

c
thm

mt

gim

sng

138

14 TCN 130 - 2002

(TGS)---------------------------101
D-3.

Trng hp hng sng n

.-----------------------------102

xin

gc

vi

tuyn

tim

ph lc E. Tnh ton p lc sng

E-1.

Phn
b
p
lc
sng
nghing-------------------------------------------------103

E-2.

Ti trng sng ln cc loi

bin-------------------------------105

cng

trn

trnh

bo

mi
v

Ph lc G. Tnh ton n nh mi nghing

G-1.

Tnh ton trt cung trn

in-----------------------------111

theo

phng

php

G-2.

Tnh
ton
n
nh
cho
nh------------------------------------------------------112

Thu
tng

Ph lc H. Tnh ton n nh cng trnh dng thnh ng c kt

cu trng lc
H-1.

n
nh
chng
lt-------------------------------------------------------------------------114

H-2.

n
nh
chng
t----------------------------------------------------------------------115

H-3.

Sc
chu
ti
ca
khi
trnh-----------------------------------------------------117

H-4.

Sc
chu
ti
ca
nn------------------------------------------------------------------117

H-5.

Tnh
ton
ln------------------------------------------------------------------------------118

H-6.

Trng
lng
n
nh
ca
trnh---------------------------------------118

vin

trcng

cng

Ph lc I
Cc

tiu
chun
trch
dn
(ch
quan--------------------------------------------120

yu)

lin

139