QCXDVN 1997 Qui Hoach Xay Dung

H Ni, ngy 14 thng 12 nm 1996
QUYT NH CA B TRNG XY DNG

V vic ban hnh Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam
B TRNG XY DNG
- Cn c Ngh nh s 15/CP ngy 4/3/1994 ca Chnh ph quy nh chc nng, nhim v v c cu t
chc ca B Xy dng;
- Cn c Ngh nh s 42/CP ngy 16/7/1996 ca Chnh ph ban hnh iu l qun l u t v Xy dng;
- Xt nhu cu v qun l Quy hoch v Xy dng, theo ngh ca V trng V Chnh sch xy dng,
V trng V Qun l Kin trc v Quy hoch, Vin trng Vin Kin trc v Tiu chun ho xy dng,
Vin trng Vin quy hoch th - Nng thn.
QUYT NH
iu 1: Ban hnh km theo quyt nh ny Quy chun Xy dng tp I (Phn Quy nh chung v Quy
hoch xy dng).
iu 2: Quyt nh ny c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 1/1/1997 v p dng trong phm vi c nc.
iu 3: Cc B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph, UB nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc
Trung ng c trch nhim t chc thi hnh Quyt nh ny.
B Trng B Xy Dng
Ng Xun Lc
( k)
Chng I
QUY NH CHUNG V QUY CHUN XY DNG
iu 1.1 Phm vi p dng ca Quy chun xy dng
Quy chun xy dng (di y c vit tt l quy chun hoc QCXD ) l vn bn quy nh cc yu cu
k thut ti thiu, bt buc phi tun th i vi mi hot ng xy dng, v cc gii php, cc tiu chun
c s dng t cc yu cu .
Ghi ch:
1. Nhng trng hp hn ch phm vi p dng, nu c, c quy nh tng chng c th.
2. Trong QCXD, nhng dng ch in ng l nhng yu cu bt buc, nhng dng ch in nghing l
phn hng dn nhng gii php c chp thun (xem iu 1.4).
3. QCXD l c s k thut cho vic lp, thit k v thm nh, ph duyt cc d n quy hoch, n
thit k cng trnh xy dng, kim tra qu trnh xy dng v nghim thu cho php s dng cng trnh.
4. QCXD bao gm cc quy nh lin quan n k thut trong cc hot ng xy dng, khng bao gm
cc quy nh lin quan n cc th tc hnh chnh, qun l v xy dng, trt t, v sinh cng cng.
iu 1.2 Gii thch t ng
Trong quy chun ny, cc t ng di y c hiu nh sau:
1.2.1. Hot ng xy dng
Hot ng xy dng c hiu l mi hot ng k thut lin quan n xy lp cc cng trnh xy dng,
vi 2 giai on chnh:
1) Quy hoch xy dng: gm lp quy hoch xy dng v qun l xy dng theo quy hoch.
2) u t, xy dng cng trnh: gm lp d n u t, kho st, thit k, thi cng xy lp (k c sa
cha, ci to, ph d) v bo tr cc cng trnh xy dng.
1.2.2. Tiu chun Vit Nam
Tiu chun Vit Nam c hiu l cc tiu chun ca Vit Nam, bao gm:
1) Tiu chun Nh nc, c m hiu l TCVN; v
2) Tiu chun Xy dng, c m hiu l TCXD; v
3) Tiu chun Ngnh, c m hiu l TCN.
iu 1.3 Mc tiu ca Quy chun xy dng
Mc tiu ca QCXD l m bo vic xy dng mi, ci to cc th, khu dn c, khu cng nghip v cc
cng trnh xy dng t hiu qu v mi mt:
1. Bo m cc iu kin an ton, v sinh, tin nghi cho nhng ngi lm vic v sinh sng trong khu
vc hoc cng trnh c xy dng, ci to.
2. Bo v c li ch ca ton x hi, bao gm:
a) Bo v mi trng sng, cnh quan v cc di tch lch s, vn ho; gi gn v pht trin bn sc
vn ho dn tc;
b) Bo v ti sn x hi gm cng trnh xy dng v ti sn bn trong cng trnh;
c) S dng hp l vn u t, t ai v cc ti nguyn khc.
iu 1.4 Cc yu cu k thut ca Quy chun xy dng.
Nhm m bo cc mc tiu nu iu 1.3, mi hot ng xy dng phi t c cc yu cu k thut
nu trong cc chng di y, bao gm:
1. Cc yu cu s dng t, bo v mi trng, sc kho v bo m an ton, tin nghi cho con ngi
khi lp quy hoch xy dng;
2. Cc yu cu ti thiu v an ton, v sinh v tin nghi cho con ngi s dng khi thit k xy dng
cng trnh;
3. Cc yu cu ti thiu v an ton lao ng, bo v mi trng, cnh quan khi thi cng xy lp cng
iu 1.5 Cc gii php k thut c chp thun.
1.5.1 Yu cu i vi cc gii php k thut.
1. Cc gii php k thut p dng trong thit k quy hoch, thit k, thi cng cc cng trnh xy dng
ch c chp thun nu chng m bo cc yu cu k thut, quy nh trong quy chun ny.
2. Trng hp xy dng ci to, nu hon cnh thc t khng cho php m bo cc yu cu ca tiu
chun, phi c gii php ph hp, p ng cc yu cu ti mc cao nht c th c.
1.5.2 Nhng gii php c chp thun l:
1. Nhng gii php c nu trong QCXD:
a) Nhng gii php ny da trn mt s tiu chun Vit Nam hin hnh v c QCXD chp
thun. Khi mt tiu chun no trong s ny c thay th th tiu chun thay th s mc nhin
c chp thun trong QCXD.
b) Khi c khc bit gia QCXD v tiu chun, phi tun theo QCXD.
2. Hoc nhng gii php khng c nu trong QCXD nhng c cp c thm quyn thm nh l
t yu cu ca tiu chun.
Ghi ch:
Nhng gii php nu 1.5.2.2 thng da trn cc tiu chun quc t, tiu chun nc ngoi, c php
p dng theo quy nh iu 1.6.
1.5.3. Cc thit k in hnh ca cu kin, chi tit, b phn cng trnh do B Xy dng ban hnh c coi
l thuc gii php k thut c chp thun, khng phi thm nh khi p dng vo thit k cng trnh.
iu 1.6. p dng cc tiu chun quc t, tiu chun nc ngoi
Cc tiu chun quc t, tiu chun nc ngoi c th c p dng vo kho st, thit k, thi cng cc cng
trnh xy dng Vit Namnu nhng tiu chun ny m bo cc yu cu k thut, quy nh trong QCXD
v c B Xy dng chp thun.
Ghi ch:
1. B Xy dng (theo cc Thng t s 12/BXD-KHCN ngy 24-4-1995 v 78/BXD-KHCN ngy 17-7-1995)
chp thun, cho php p dng cc tiu chun xy dng hin hnh ca t chc tiu chun ho quc t
ISO v ca cc nc Anh, c, M, Nht, Php, c, khng thuc cc lnh vc di y:
a) S liu: kh hu xy dng, a cht thu vn,
b) Phng chng: chy n, gi bo, st.
c) V sinh mi trng
d) An ton cng trnh di tc ng ca kh hu a phng.
e) An ton lao ng.
2) Khi p dng tiu chun quc t, tiu chun nc ngoi vo Vit Nam phi m bo s ng b ca tiu
chun c p dng. Trong mt s trng hp, cn c nhng b sung cho ph hp vi cc iu kin t
nhin, x hi, kinh t, k thut ca Vit Nam.
Chng II
S LIU T NHIN DNG TRONG THIT K XY DNG
Mc tiu ca chng ny l m bo cho vic lp cc d n quy hoch xy dng v thit k cng trnh ph
hp vi cc iu kin t nhin ca Vit Nam.
iu 2.1 S liu t nhin ca khu vc xy dng
Cc s liu t nhin ca khu vc xy dng c s dng lp d n quy hoch v thit k cng trnh phi
l cc s liu chnh thc bao gm:
1. Cc s liu nu trong tiu chun Vit Nam hin hnh;
2. Hoc cc s liu do cc c quan chc nng Nh nc cung cp, trong trng hp cha c tiu chun
Vit Nam tng ng.
Ghi ch:
1. V s liu t nhin, hin c nhng tiu chun sau:
a) Tiu chun: "S liu kh hu dng trong thit k xy dng - TCVN 4088-85";
b) Tiu chun "Ti trng v tc ng - TCVN 2737-95".
2. Cc s liu t nhin khc, c php tham kho "QCXD tp 3 - Ph lc S liu t nhin Vit Nam".
iu 2.2 Ti liu kho st k thut a im xy dng.
Cc ti liu kho st k thut a im xy dng v a hnh, a cht cng trnh, a cht thu vn, thy
vn, nghin cu tc ng mi trng phi do cc t chc chuyn mn c t cch php nhn lp theo cc
tiu chun Vit Nam hoc cc tiu chun nc ngoi c B Xy dng chp nhn.
Ghi ch:
Danh mc cc tiu chun Vit Nam hin hnh lin quan n kho st k thut a im xy dng c B
Xy dng cng b hng nm trong "Danh mc tiu chun Vit Nam v xy dng".
Chng III
IU KIN K THUT CHUNG THIT K
CC CNG TrnH XY DNG.
Mc tiu ca chng ny l m bo cc cng trnh c thit k ph hp vi cc c im t nhin, con
ngi, x hi, kinh t v k thut ca Vit Nam.
iu 3.1 Yu cu chung i vi cc cng trnh xy dng.
Cc cng trnh xy dng phi m bo cc yu cu nh quy nh di y v:
1. Quy hoch v thit k kin trc;
2. An ton v kt cu;
3. An ton v phng chng chy, n;
4. V sinh, tin nghi v cc an ton khc cho ngi s dng cng trnh.
iu 3.2 Quy hoch v thit k kin trc.
3.2.1. a im xy dng
a im xy dng cng trnh phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
1. Ph hp vi d n quy hoch c duyt ca khu vc; Trng hp khu vc cha c quy hoch
c ph duyt, a im xy dng cng trnh phi do cp c thm quyn ph duyt quy hoch chun
2. Khng nm trong khu vc cm xy dng (v nhng l do bo v: mi trng, ti nguyn, cnh
quan, di tch, bo v cc cng trnh k thut h tng, cng trnh quc phng), nh quy nh chng
3. Khng lm nh hng xu ti cnh quan v khng lm nhim mi trng qu gii hn cho php,
quy nh chng 4;
4. Bo m cc yu cu v phng chng chy, n, quy nh iu 3.4.
5. Tit kim t, nht l t canh tc.
3.2.2 Thit k kin trc.
Thit k kin trc ca cng trnh (quy hoch tng mt bng, t hp hnh khi khng gian, trang tr ni
ngoi tht, b tr sn vn) phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
1. Ph hp vi cc quy nh v qun l xy dng ca khu vc;
2. Ph hp vi iu kin kh hu ca a phng, khai thc mt thun li v hn ch mt bt li ca
thin nhin; tn dng thng gi v chiu sng t nhin.
3. Hi ho vi cnh quan thin nhin v nhn to ca ni xy dng, tn dng cc yu t mt nc, cy
xanh, ng x sn c; gi gn bn sc vn ho dn tc.
iu 3.3 Bo v ti nguyn, mi trng
Cc cng trnh c xy dng phi:
1. Khng gy tc ng xu ti mi trng: m bo cc quy nh k thut v bo v mi trng, bo
v c cnh quan.
2. Bo v c cc khu bo tn thin nhin, cc di tch lch s, vn ho, kin trc.
3. m bo khai thc hp l ti nguyn thin nhin, khng gy kh khn, cn tr cho cc bc khai
thc tip theo.
4. Tn trng phong tc, tp qun, tn ngng ca cc dn tc ti ni xy dng cng trnh.
iu 3.4 Phng chng chy, n
3.4.1 a im xy dng cng trnh
a im xy dng cng trnh phi t cc yu cu sau:
1. Hn ch c nh hng xu ti dn c v cng trnh cc khu vc ln cn, mt khi xy ra chy
2. m bo cho cc phng tin cha chy hot ng hiu qu v an ton: c ng giao thng thun
tin, thng xuyn m bo ngun nc cha chy.
3.4.2 Cng trnh
1. Vic thit k, thi cng v s dng cng trnh phi m bo:
a. Ngn nga kh nng to ra mi trng chy, n; s dng vt liu, cu kin c mc chu la ph hp
vi cng nng, quy m cng trnh;
b. Cch ly mi trng d chy n vi mi ngun gy chy n,
c. C cc bin php chng chy, n ph hp:
i) C phng tin pht hin v bo chy thch hp;
ii) m bo li thot an ton v kp thi cho mi ngi ang bn trong cng trnh;
iii) Ngn nga chy, n lan rng;
iv) Trang b cc phng tin cha chy ph hp, c hiu qu.
2. Yu cu v gii php phng chng chy cho cc ngi nh c quy nh chng 11.
iu 3.5 An ton kt cu
3.5.1 Yu cu chung
1. Cng trnh phi m bo an ton s dng bnh thng trong sut thi gian thi cng v s dng nh sau:
a. n nh ca cng trnh phi c tnh ton ph hp vi loi cng trnh theo mi yu t tc ng
ln chng bao gm:
i) T hp bt li nht ca cc ti trng, k c ti trng gy ph hoi t t;
ii) Cc tc ng khc, k c tc ng theo thi gian.
b. Cng trnh, b phn cng trnh, vt liu phi duy tr c vic s dng bnh thng, khng b bin
dng, rung ng v suy gim cc tnh cht ho l khc qu mc cho php.
2. Vt liu s dng cho cng trnh phi m bo bn lu: p ng cc yu cu s dng quy nh,
khng phi sa cha ln trong thi gian quy nh.
3.Yu cu v gii php thit k kt cu cc ngi nh c quy nh trong chng 9.
3.5.2 Ti trng v tc ng
1. Ti trng v tc ng dng thit k cng trnh phi ph hp vi cc yu cu nu trong tiu chun
TCVN 2737-95: "Ti trng v tc ng. Yu cu thit k", c b sung, hiu chnh theo cc kt qu
quan trc ti a im xy dng.
2. Ti trng gi phi c tnh n khng ch trong thit k m c trong thi cng.
Ghi ch:
Xy dng cc cng trnh trong vng c gi bo cn trnh cc gii php kin trc, kt cu c cc b
phn hoc chi tit m khi gp bo hoc ma to s to nn cc ti trng ph bt li, cc dao ng c
bin ln, cc ti nc. Ch s dng cc loi hnh kt cu c li v mt kh ng hc cc loi kt
cu, cu to truyn thng c kh nng chng bo tt.
3.5.3 Chng l lt
Cng trnh xy dng vng b bin v cc vng ngp lt phi m bo an ton cho ngi s dng,
phng trnh ngp lt, sp, tri v sng, nc dng. Cc cng trnh xy dng vng trung du, vng ni
phi c bin php trnh tn tht l qut, l ni v xi mn t.
iu 3.6 Chng ng t
3.6.1 Yu cu khng chn
Theo yu cu khng chn, cc cng trnh xy dng c phn lm 3 cp:
1. Cng trnh cp 1:
a. Cng trnh cp 1 l nhng cng trnh c bit quan trng, khng cho php c bin dng v h
hng cc b.
b. Cc cng trnh cp 1 c xp hng theo quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph, bao gm cc
loi cng trnh nh: l phn ng ht nhn, p nc ln (c kh nng gy thit hi nghim trng
v kh khi phc), nh my ho cht c hi, cng trnh vn ho c ngha vnh cu, h thng
cu ho quan trng
c. i vi cng trnh cp 1, phi p dng cc bin php khng chn theo cp ng t cc i
vi mi tn sut.
2. Cng trnh cp 2:
a. Cng trnh cp 2 l nhng cng trnh thng thng, cho php c bin dng nh nt, h hng
cu kin ring l nhng phi m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b.
b. Khi thit k cng trnh cp 2, phi thit k khng chn vi cp ng t c la chn cho
tng trng hp c th.
3. Cng trnh cp 3:
a. Cc cng trnh cp 3 l nhng cng trnh khi b ph hu do ng t t c kh nng gy cht
ngi hoc thit hi ln v kinh t.
b. Cng trnh cp 3 gm cc ngi nh dn dng, cng nghip mt tng v khng c ti sn qu
bn trong, nh kho thng thng, nh ph tr.
c. Cc cng trnh cp 3 khng yu cu khng chn.
3.6.2.Cp ng t
Cp ng t cc i im xy dng c xc nh theo bn phn vng ng t (ph lc 2.3
trong QCXD tp 3) v hiu chnh theo iu kin nn t ti a im .
3.6.3 Thit k khng chn
Gii php v tnh ton thit k khng chn c chn theo cc tiu chun khng chn hin hnh.
Ghi ch:
Hin cha c tiu chun Vit Nam v khng chn. Khi thit k c php vn dng trong s cc tiu
chun hin hnh ca cc nc tin tin v c B xy dng chp thun.
iu 3.7 Chng n mn
3.7.1 Tt c cc loi nh v cng trnh c xy dng v s dng iu kin kh hu Vit Namu phi c
bin php chng n mn thch hp.
3.7.2 Cc bin php chng n mn c la chn phi c hiu qu, lu bn v kinh t. Bin php bo v
kt cu v cng trnh chu tc dng n mn ca ho cht hoc sinh vt, phi ph hp vi c im ca tc
nhn n mn (loi ho cht, cht do sinh vt tit ra) v tc ng ph hoi kt cu ca chng.
3.7.3 Gii php k thut c chp thun
c php p dng nhng gii php chng n mn di y:
1. i vi kt cu kim loi:
a. Sn ph: p dng cho kt cu tip xc vi khng kh.
b. Kt hp sn ph vi bo v in ho: p dng cho kt cu nm trong nc v trong t.
2. i vi kt cu b tng ct thp v b tng ct thp ng lc trc:
a. Dng loi xi mng thch hp vi mi trng.
b. p dng cc bin php lm tng cht ca b tng, nng cao kh nng chng thm cho b
tng. Chn chiu dy lp b tng bo v ct thp ph hp vi mi trng xm thc.
c. Sn ph mt ngoi ngn nc thm.
d. Bo v ct thp bng phng php in ho thch hp.
e. Cc b cp hoc b si thp cng cao trong b tng ct thp ng lc trc phi c
chng r v t trong rnh kn thn kt cu b tng, khng c t trong cc rnh h ri ph
kn bng va xi mng.
iu 3.8 Chng thm
3.8.1 Chng thm cho cng trnh phi c d tnh ngay t khu thit k cho n khu thi cng.
3.8.2 Vt liu chng thm c s dng phi ph hp vi cc c im ca Vit Nam l: kh hu nhit i
nng m, ma nhiu, mc nc ngm ni chung cao.
3.8.3 Gii php k thut c chp thun
1. c php p dng nhng gii php chng thm di y:
a. Ngm nc xi mng trn b mt b tng chng thm;
b. Sn bitum cao su;
c. Lng va xi mng ct vng c lp vt liu chng nng pha trn.
d. Vt liu v k thut chng thm mi, c hiu qu.
2. Khng c chng thm bng cc gii php, vt liu sau:
a. Qut bitum;
b. Dn giy du hay giy cao su cch nc;
c. Lng va xi mng m khng c lp vt liu chng nng pha trn.
iu 3.9 Chng st
3.9.1 Yu cu chng st cho cng trnh
1. Theo yu cu chng st, cc cng trnh xy dng (tr cc cng trnh c bit nu im 3 di
y) c phn ra 3 cp nh quy nh bng 3.9.1
2. Khi trong mt cng trnh xy dng tn ti nhiu cp bo v chng st, phi ly cp cao nht lm
cp bo v chng st chung cho ton b cng trnh.
3. Nhng cng trnh c yu cu c bit v chng st nh di y phi theo nhng quy nh ca
chuyn ngnh:
a. Kho vt liu n, kho xng du;
b. ng dy ti in, in thoi;
c. Ct truyn thanh, ngten thu pht sng v tuyn;
3.9.2. H thng chng st
1. H thng ni t chng st cho cng trnh phi ph hp vi cc iu kin a hnh, a cht, kh
tng v c im cng trnh.
2. Phi p dng bin php chng st ngay khi bt u thi cng xy lp cc kt cu bng kim loi
trn cao, ngoi tri v khi lp t cc thit b k thut trong nh. Khi lp t trang thit b chng st
cho cng trnh phi m bo an ton cho ngi, thit b k thut v ton b cng trnh trong vng
c bo v chng st.
3. Phi hon chnh trang thit b chng st ngay khi xy dng xong cng trnh. Sau khi lp t phi
tin hnh th nghim, nghim thu. Trong qu trnh s dng phi thng xuyn kim tra, bo dng
nh k.
4. Thit k chng st cho cc cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip c quy nh chng 10. Thit k
chng st cho cc cng trnh k thut chuyn ngnh phi tun theo cc tiu chun chng st chuyn
Bng 3.9.1 - Phn cp chng st cc cng trnh xy dng
Ghi ch:
(1) Nhng cng trnh cp III di y khng cn chng st nh thng:
a. C chiu cao (t mt t ti im cao nht ca cng trnh) di 8m v:
- C s ngi tp trung khng qu cao;
- Khng c b phn cu kt ln hoc my mc ln bng kim loi;
- Nm trong vng t c st (khng thy st nh t 5 nm tr ln);
- Khi st nh thng khng gy thit hi ng k v ngi v ca.
b. Nm trong phm vi bo v ca cc cng trnh cao hn xung quanh.
iu 3.10 Nhit k thut
3.10.1 Chng nng, chng lnh
1. i vi cc cng trnh xy dng pha Nam, thuc min kh hu B theo bn phn vng kh hu
ca tiu chun "TCVN 4088-85 S liu kh hu dng trong thit k xy dng" (xem QCXD tp 3
ph lc 2.1), cn thit k cc kt cu ngn che theo yu cu chng nng.
2. i vi cc cng trnh xy dng pha Bc, thuc min kh hu A cn c thit k theo c 2 yu
cu chng nng ma h v chng lnh ma ng.
3. min ni cao (trn 1.000m so vi mt bin) ch cn thit k theo yu cu chng lnh.
3.10.2 Che nng
1. Cc cng trnh c yu cu chng nng u phi c kt cu che nng cho mi loi ca v hn ch
ti a s lng ca m v hng ty.
2. Kt cu che nng cn c tnh ton vo cc thng nng, tia nng khng chiu trc tip vo
phng t 9h n 16h30.
3.10.3 Che ma ht
Phi thit k che ma ht vo cc ca v cc trng. Thit k kt cu che ma ht phi da trn:
lng ma, gc ma ri, tc , tn sut v hng gi thnh hnh trong ma ma, hng m cc ca
v cc trng.
iu 3.11 Phng chng cc sinh vt gy hi
3.11.1. Cc cng trnh s dng vt liu xy dng c ngun gc thc vt hoc cng trnh c dng sn
xut, lu tr hng ho c thnh phn si xenluylo u phi x l k thut phng chng cc sinh vt gy hi
nh: mi, mt, nm.
3.11.2 Cng trnh xy dng di nc mn phi c chng h.
3.11.3 Cc ho cht bo qun v phng php bo qun phi khng gy nhim mi trng, m bo cc
quy nh ca tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng.
3.11.4 Cm nhp khu v s dng cc vt liu xy dng c mang theo cc sinh vt gy hi.
3.11.5 Cc bin php chng mi, mt cho nh v cng trnh c quy nh chng
iu 3.12 Chng n, rung
3.12.1 Phi m bo chng n, rung trong sut thi gian s dng cng trnh. Mc n ti a cho php trong
khu dn c c quy nh chng 4.
3.12.2 Chng n cho cc ngi nh c quy nh chng 10.
iu 3.13 V sinh, tin nghi
3.13.1 Cc cng trnh phi c thit k m bo cc yu cu v v sinh, tin nghi cho ngi s dng theo
d kin, k c ngi tn tt.
3.13.2 Cc yu cu v v sinh, tin nghi c quy nh cc chng 10, 12 v 13.
Chng IV
QUY NH CHUNG V QUY HOCH XY DNG
Mc tiu ca chng ny nhm m bo cc d n quy hoch xy dng tun th cc quy nh v s dng
t, bo v cc cng trnh xy dng, bo v mi trng.
iu 4.1 Phm vi p dng
4.1.1 Nhng quy nh trong phn II "Quy hoch xy dng" l cn c lp v xt duyt cc d n quy
hoch xy dng th v khu dn c nng thn.
4.1.2 D n quy hoch xy dng th v khu dn c nng thn c duyt l cn c php l gii thiu
a im, cp chng ch quy hoch v cp giy php xy dng.
4.1.3 i vi cc khu vc cha c d n quy hoch xy dng c duyt, phi da vo nhng quy nh
ca phn ny lm c s cho vic qun l xy dng, cp chng ch quy hoch v cp giy php xy
iu 4.2 Gii thch t ng
4.2.1 Quy hoch xy dng
Quy hoch xy dng l vic t chc khng gian kin trc v b tr cc cng trnh trn mt khu vc lnh th
trong tng thi k, lm c s php l cho vic chun b u t xy dng, qun l xy dng v pht trin
kinh t - x hi.
4.2.2 th
th l im dn c tp trung, c vai tr thc y s pht trin kinh t, x hi ca mt vng lnh th, c
c s h tng th thch hp v dn c ni th khng di 4.000 ngi (i vi min ni l 2.000 ngi)
vi t l lao ng phi nng nghip trn 60%. th bao gm: thnh ph, th x, th trn.
4.2.3 t th
1. t th l t ni thnh ph, ni th x, th trn
2.t ngoi thnh, ngoi th c quy hoch c c quan Nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt
pht trin th th cng c qun l nh t th.
4.2.4 C s h tng th
C s h tng th bao gm:
1. C s h tng k thut, gm:
a. H thng giao thng;
b. H thng thng tin lin lc;
c. H thng cung cp nng lng: in, cht t, nhit si m;
d. H thng chiu sng cng cng;
e. H thng cp nc, h thng thot nc;
e. H thng qun l cc cht thi, m bo v sinh mi trng
2. C s h tng x hi, gm:
a. Nh ;
b. Cc cng trnh phc v: cng trnh y t, vn ho, gio dc, th dc th thao, thng nghip,
dch v cng cng;
c. Cy xanh, cng vin, mt nc.
4.2.5 Chng ch quy hoch
Chng ch quy hoch l vn bn quy nh nhng yu cu phi tun th khi lp d n u t, thit k, xy
dng cng trnh.
Ghi ch:
Trong chng ch quy hoch c:
Chng V
QUY HOCH XY DNG TH
Mc tiu ca chng ny nhm m bo cng tc quy hoch xy dng th t hiu qu cao v mi mt:
1. To lp mi trng sng an ton, v sinh v tin nghi cho con ngi trong vic t chc khng gian, pht
trin c s h tng th:
2. S dng hp l vn, t ai v ti nguyn khc:
3. p ng yu cu, xy dng trong cc giai on, yu cu pht trin th theo hng cng nghip ho,
hin i ho v gi gn bn sc vn ho dn tc.
iu 5.1 D n quy hoch xy dng th
5.1.1 Tt c cc th u phi c d n quy hoch xy dng c cp c thm quyn ph duyt, lm
cn c cho vic ci to v xy dng th.
5.1.2 Vic lp cc d n quy hoch xy dng th phi theo quy nh ca b xy dng.
Ghi ch:
1) th xp hng theo quyt nh ca Chnh ph, thnh 5 loi. Tiu chun phn loi, th c quy
nh trong quyt nh s 132-HBT, ngy 5/5/1990 ca Hi ng B Trng (nay Chnh ph)
2) Quy hoch xy dng th gm:
a) Quy hoch chung: l quy hoch cho ton b lnh th ca mt th.
b) Quy hoch chi tit: l quy hoch cho tng phn lnh th hoc tng chc nng th c phn
nh t quy hoch chung.
3) Quy nh hin hnh v lp cc n quy hoch l Quy nh v vic lp cc n quy hoch xy dng
th, ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 322-BXD/T ngy 28/12/1993 ca B trng B Xy dng.
iu 5.2 Quy hoch chung xy dng th
5.2.1 Ni dung quy hoch xy dng th bao gm:
1. nh hng pht trin th trong giai on 15-20 nm ti, v: khng gian, c s h tng, bo v
mi trng:
2. Quy hoch xy dng t u trong 5-10 nm:
3. Xc lp cc c s lp quy hoch chi tit:
2. Son tho iu l qun l xy dng th theo quy hoch
5.2.2 Yu cu i vi quy hoch chung xy dng th.
Quy hoch chung xy dng th phi:
1. t c cc yu cu chung i vi quy hoch xy dng, quy nh ti iu 4.3 ca QCXD ny:
2. nh gi ng cc iu kin t nhin, hin trng v tim lc kinh t ca th, xc nh tnh cht
th, qui m dn s, iu kin t ai, cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ch yu ci to v pht trin;
3. nh hng pht trin khng gian, c s h tng vi vi m bo cc yu cu sau:
a. S dng hp l t ai, ti nguyn:
b. Bo v mi trng, m bo pht trin bn vng, phng thin tai, s c cng ngh c th
xy ra:
c. Bo tn di tch lch s vn ho, cnh quan thin nhin:
d. m bo an ninh quc phng:
4. Xc lp c cc cn c php l qun l xy dng th, lp quy hoch chi tit v cc d n
u t xy dng.
iu 5.3 Quy hoch chi tit xy dng th
5.3.1 quy hoch chi tit c duyt l c s php l qun l cc cng trnh xy dng: Gii thiu a
im, cp chng ch quy hoch, giao t hoc cho thu t, cp giy php xy dng.
5.3.2 Ni dung quy hoch chi tit
Quy hoch chi tit c th ho quy hoch chung xy dng th cho cc khu vc cn ci to, xy dng
trc mt, bao gm:
iu 5.12 Quy hoch khu cng nghip v kho tng th
5.12.1 Khu cng nghip th
1. Cc nh my phi c b tr tp trung thnh cc khu, cmcng nghip v m bo hp l trong t chc
sn xut, b tr bn bi, kho tng, s dng cc h thng y thut h tng v bo v mi trng.
2. Quy hoch xy dng, ci to, m rng cc khu, cm cng nghip phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
a. Bo v mi trng:
i) Phi m bo tun th cc tiu chn bo v mi trng, quy nh trong cc iu 4.16, 4.17,
ii) V tr cc x nghip cng nghip phi m bo hn ch n mc thp nht nhng nh hng
xu ti mi trng sng ca khu dn dng, nh quy nh mc 5.12.1.3 v 5.11.1.4 di y.
b) T chc sn sut c thun tin v hp l. Gia cc nh my thc hin c hp tc nh my thc
hin c hp tc v h tr trong hot ng cng ngh, cung cp nguyn liu, x l cht thi, s dng
cc h thng k thut h tng,
c) B tr cc cng trnh ph hp vi iu kin a hnh, a cht cnh quan v to c v p cng
nghip, hi ho vi cc qun th kin trc khc trong th. Gia cc cng trnh phi mbo khong
cch an ton chy, quy nh iu 4.12.
d) B tr cc mng li k thut h tng v cy xanh.
e) S dng hp l t ai v d phng t m rng cc nh my, khu, cm cng nghip.
3. V tr cc x nghip cng nghip
V tr cc x nghip phi m bo khng gy nh hng xu ti mc tiu sng ca khu dn c, c th:
a) Nhng x nghip c thi cht c hi, gy nhim mi trng phi cui hng gi chnh, cui
cc dng sng, sui so vi khu dn c.
b) Tu theo tc ng c hi ti mi trng v khi lng vn ti ra vo nh my m b tr xa hay
gn cc khu dn c nh sau:
i) ngoi phm vi th: cc x nghip dng cc cht phng x mnh hoc d gy chy n; cc
bi ph liu cng nhip c quy m ln hoc cha cc ph liu nguy him.
ii) xa khu dn dng: cc x nghip c hi cp 1 v 2 (theo phn loi x nghip nh ph l 4.8).
iii) c php b tr ngay trong khu dn c: cc x nghip nh, khi lngvn chuyn vo ra t,
khong thi cc cht c hi, khng gy n.
4. Di cch ly v sinh
a. Gia cc cng trnh cng nhip v khu dn c phi c di cch ly v sinh.
b. Chiu rng di cch ly c xc nh theo mc nh hng ti khu dn c, do cc yu t: tnh
cht c hi ca cc cht thi (sau x l), hng gi, hng dng chy nhng phi m bo khonh
cch ti thiu quy nh iu 4.11.
c. Trong di cch ly v sinh, ti thiu 40% din tch t phi c trng cy xanh v khng qu 30%
din tch t c th c s dng b tr trm cu ha, bi xe t, kho (tr kho cha thc phm), c
s dch v.
5. Bi ph liu, ph phm
a. Bi ph liu, ph phm cng nhip phi c ro chn v khng lm nh hng xu ti iu kin
v sinh ca x nghip xunh quanh v khng lm nhim bn mi trng (khng lm bn ngun nnc
mt nc ngm, khng kh, t ai).
b. Bi cha cc ph liu nguy him (d gy chy, n, dch bnh ) phi t xa khu dn c, phi c
bin php x l cc cht c hi v ngn khng cho ngi qua li.
5.12.2 Khu kho tng th
1. Quy hoch cc khu kho tng th phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
a. T chc hp l mng li kho tng vi 3 loi kho:
i) Kho bn l, phc v cc yu cu sinh hot hng ngy: c b tr trong khu
ii) Kho phn phi v bn bun: phi b tr ven ni, ngoi khu .
iii) Kho d tr quc gia, kho trung chuyn, kho cha cc cht c hi, d chy n: phi b tr
thnh khu ring ngoi thnh.
b. V tr cc kho phi:
i) Cao ro, khng b ngp lt v gn ni phn phi, tiu th ;
ii) Thut tin giao thng, vn chuyn ;
iii) m bo khong cch ly v sinh i vi khu dn dng nh quy nh iu 4.11 v khong
cch an ton chy nh quy nh iu 4.12.
Chng VI
Quy hoch xy dng khu dn c nng thn
Mc tiu ca chng ny nhm m bo vic ci to, pht trin cc khu dn c nng thn t hiu qu
nhiu mt, cho trc mt cng nh lu di:
a) To lp c mi trng sng tt cho cng nghip ngi, gim thiu tc ng xu ti mi trng
do cc hot ng sn xut dch v ;
b) S dng hp l t ai, ti nguyn, sc lao ng;
c) p ng yu cu pht trin sn sut (nng lm ng nghip, tiu th cng nghip) v dch v theo
quy hoch pht trin kinh t ca a phng, n nh, nng cao i sng nng dn, gim bt s di dn
t pht ra th.
iu 6.1 Phm vi p dng
6.1.1 Nhng quy nh trong chng ny hng dn chung cho vic lp quy hoch khu dn c nng thn.
Nhm ph hp vi c im ring ca cc vng nng thn khc nhau, cn da trn quy chun ny
nghin cu cc quy nh b sung cho tng vng, nh:
1. Vng ng bng Bc B v ng bng Trung Bc B;
2. Vng ng bng sng Cu Long;
3. Vng trung du Bc B;
4. Vng Ty Nguyn ;
5. Vng cao v min ni;
6. Vung ven bin v hi o.
6.1.2 Quy hoch xy dng khu dn c nng thn c lp cho thi hn 15 nmcho lnh th thuc a gii
hnh chnhca mt x (trong mt s trng hp c th l lin x).
6.1.3 Quy hoch xy dng khu dn c nng thn c duyt l c s qun l t ai, trin khai cc d
n u t, xy dng cc cng trnh.
iu 6.2 Ni dung quy hoch xy dng khu dn c nng thn
Ni dung quy hoch xy dng khu dn c nng thn gm:
1. Xc nh mi quan h gia x c quy hoch vi cc khu vc xung quanh trong phm vi huyn
v: pht trin kinh t, th trng, giao thng, thng tin lin lc, cp in cp nc;
2. Kho st nh gi tng hp cc yu t: t nhin, kinh t, x hi, dn c, lao ng k thut, s dng
t ai, cnh quan v mi trng;
3. Xc ng v tim nng v th mnh kinh t lm tin cho pht trin khu dn c:
4. D bo dn s v yu cu xy dng cc loi cng trnh ;
5. Lp s nh hng pht trin khng gian kin trc, h tng k thut v quy hoch s dng t
6. Lp mt bng s dng t ai v phn chia l t cho cc khu vc xy dng t u, xc nh ch
gii ng , ch gii xy dng ;
7. Xc nh a im xy dng cc cng trnh quan trng ;
8. Quy hoch pht trin cc cng trnh k thut h tng ;
9. Son tho iu l qun l xy dng.
iu 6.3 t xy dng khu dn c
6.3.1 t xy dng v m rng cc khu dn c x phi:
1. Khng nm trong cc khu vc di y:
a. Mi trng b nhim do cc cht thi cng nghip hoc khng mbo v sinh, d pht sinh
dch bnh ;
b. C kh hu xu nh sn i pha Ty, ni gi qun, gi xoy ;
c. C ti nguyn cn khai thc hoc trong khu vc kho c ;
d. Nm trong khu vc cm xy dng nh: phm vi bo v cc cng trnh k thut h tng, khu
bo v di tch lch s, vn ho, thng cnh, khu bo v cng trnh quc phng (quy nh
chng 4) ;
Chng 7
Quy nh v kin trc th
Chng ny quy nh nhng yu cu v kin trc i vi cc cng trnh xy dng trong th, nhm:
1. m bo cc cng trnh trong th u phi xy dng theo quy hoch c duyt.
2. Vic xy dng cc cng trnh trong th phi to lp v bo v c nng thn sng v cnh quan
th, gm:
a) m bo c cc khong lu khng trn ng ph.
b) Bo v c mi trng, trt t, m quan th cng nh cc di tch lch s, vn ho; gi gn bn
sc vn ho dn tc kt hp hin di ho cng nghip ho.
c) Khng lm nh hng xu ti dn c v cng trnh xunh quanh.
d) Bo v c cc cng trnh h tng k thut th.
e) Pht trin c bn sc ring ca mi th.
iu 7.1 Phm vi p dng
7.1.1 Nhng quy nh trong chng ny l cn c cho vic lp quy hoch chi tit v song tho "iu l
qun l xy dng" ca khu vc c quy hoch.
7.1.2 i vi nhng ku vc cha c cc n quy hoch chi tit c duyt, U ban nhn dn cc
Tnh,Thnh ph trc thuc trung ung phi cn c vo QCXD ny ban hnh nhng vn bn hung dn
qun l xy dng cho ph hp vi thc t a phng.
Ghi ch:
a) Quy chun xy dng ch quy nh nhng vn lin quan n k thut xy dng cng trnh. Nhng vn
thuc v qun l hot ng th (nh gi trt t, an ton giao thng, bo v cy xanh, chng n,
rung,) c quy nh trong cc vn bn php l lin quan.
b) Chng ny quy nh nhng yu cu v quy hoch, kin trc th. Nhng yu cu khc i vi cng
trnh (kt cu, phng chng chy, v sinh, an ton ) c quy nh phn III ca Quy chun ny.
c) Nhng quy nh i vi cc cng trnh k thut th c nu chng 5.
iu 7.2 Yu cu chung i vi cc cng trnh trong th
7.2.1 Mi cng trnh trong th uphi c qun l theo quy hoch
1. Vic xy dng mi cng trnh trong th phi theo quy hoch c duyt v phi xin php xy
dng theo quy nh.
2. Cc cng trnh phi c thit k, xy dng ph hp vi quy hoch duyt
v cc quy nh nu trong chng ch quy hoch v giy php c cp.
3. Vic ph d cng trnh phi c giy php ph d, tr nhng trng hp c min giy php.
7.2.2 Yu cu k thut i vi l t v cng trnh c xy dng
1. L t xy dng cng trnh
L t khi xin php xy dng cng trnh phi m bo cc yu cu k thut. quy nh iu 7.3.
2. Mi cng trnh ch c xy dng bn trong ranh gii l t c quyn s dng.
i vi mt gip ph ca l t, ngi nh phi xy dng bn trong ch gii xy dng, tr mt s b
phn cng trnh c php vt qu ch gii theo quy nh ti cc iu 7.4 v 7.5 ca QCXD
3 . Mi cng trnh phi c thit k, thi cng ph hp vi cc yu cu v quy hoch kin trc ca
khu vc, quy nh mc 7.2.1 v cc yu cu kim tra cng trnh, quy nh trong phn III ca QCXD
iu 7.3 Yu cu k thut i vi l t xy dng
V mt k thut, l t c s dng xy dng cng trnh phi m bo cc yu cu di y:
7.3.1 a im xy dng
L t xy dng phi:
1. Khng nm trong khu vc b cm xy dng nh: khu vc bo v cc di tch , thng cnh, bo v cc
cng trnh k thut h tng, bo v v sinh ngun nc, quy nh chng 5
H ni, ngy 25 thng 9 nm 1997
Quyt nh ca B trng b xy dng
V vic ban hnh quy chun xy dng tp II v tp III
B trng b xy dng
- Cn c Ngh nh s 15/ CP ngy 4/3/1994 ca Chnh ph quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v
c cu t chc ca B Xy dng;
- Cn c Ngh nh s 42/ chnh ph ngy 16 thng 7 nm 1996 ca Chnh ph ban hnh iu l qun l
u t v xy dng v Ngh nh s 92/ CP ngy 23/8/ 1997 ca Chnh ph v vic sa i b sung mt s
iu ca iu l qun l u t v xy dng ban hnh km theo Ngh nh s 42/ chnh ph ngy
16/7/1996 ca Chnh ph;
- Xt nhu cu v qun l Quy hoch v Xy dng, theo ngh ca V trng V Chnh sch Xy dng,
V trng V Khoa hc Cng ngh, Cc trng Cc Gim nh Nh nc v cht lng cng trnh xy
dng, V trng v qun l Kin trc v Quy hoch, Vin trng Vin nghin cu Kin trc;
quyt nh
iu 1: Ban hnh km theo quyt nh ny Quy chun Xy dng tp II v tp III.
iu 2: quyt nh ny c hiu lc t ngy 1/11/1997 v p dng trong phm vi c nc.
iu 3: Cc B, c quan ngang B, c quan trc thuc Chnh ph, U ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc
thuc Trung ng c trch nhim t chc thi hnh quyt nh ny.
B trng B xy dng
Ng Xun Lc
( k)

Chng 8
Quy nh chung v cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip
Mc tiu
Cc quy nh trong chng ny nhm m bo cho cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng, cng nghip t cc
yu cu nu ti iu 1.4, chng 1 ca Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam.
iu 8.1. Phm vi p dng
Phn III ca QCXD quy nh nhng yu cu k thut ti thiu, buc phi tun th khi thit k v xy
dng cc cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip, trong mi trng hp xy dng mi cng nh ci to, m
iu 8.2. Gii thch t ng
Trong phn III ca QCXD ny, cc t ng di y c hiu nh sau:
1) Bc chu la ca cng trnh
l mc chu la ca cng trnh, c xc nh bng gii hn chu la ca cc kt cu xy dng chnh.
2) Chiu sng s c
l chiu sng bng ngun in d phng, khi xy ra s c cng trnh b ngng cung cp in.
3) Cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip
bao gm cc th loi cng trnh nh , cng trnh cng cng v cng trnh cng nghip, theo quy nh chi
tit ph lc 8.1.
4) Cng trnh dn dng c bit quan trng
l nhng cng trnh c ngha c bit v vn ho, lch s, kinh t, x hi, quc phng, ngoi giao,...theo
quyt nh ca Chnh ph.
5) Din tch sn ca mt tng
l din tch mt bng xy dng ca tng , gm c tng bao (hoc phn tng chung thuc v cng
trnh) v din tch mt bng ca lgia, ban cng, hp k thut, ng khi.
6) Din tch s dng
l tng din tch (i vi nh ) hoc din tch lm vic (i vi cng trnh cng cng) v din tch phc
(xem quy nh v cc din tch , lm vic v phc v ti ph lc 8.2)
7) ng dy dn in t kn
l ng dy dn in t ngm trong cc phn t ca kt cu cng trnh (nh t trong tng, sn).
8) ng dn in t h
l ng dn in t l ra ngoi mt cc phn t ca kt cu cng trnh (nh t l ra trn mt tng, trn
nh, hoc trn gin, mng).
9) H thng cha chy t ng (cn gi l sprinkle)
l h thng cha chy vi u phun kn lun ch thng trc, v c m ra khi nhit mi trng
t ti tr s quy nh cha chy cc b trn mt din tch nht nh.
10) Trang b in trong cng trnh
bao gm ton b:
a) cc ng dy in, v
b) cc thit b u ni vo ng dy: cc thit b dng in, thit b bo v, o lng t im u vo
ti h tiu th in.
11) Khoang chy
l phn khng gian ca cng trnh c ngn cch vi cc phn khng gian khc bng kt cu ngn chy,
c thi hn chu la thch hp v mi l m trn u c bo v tng ng.
12) Ni an ton
l khu vc k cn vi cng trnh, t mi ngi c th phn tn an ton, sau khi thot khi nh hng
ca la hoc nguy him khc.
13) Phng trc chng chy ca cng trnh
l ni m t c th theo di, iu khin cc hot ng chng chy, cu h i vi cng trnh.
14) Snh thng tng
l khng gian bn trong mt ngi nh thng trc tip vi 2 hoc nhiu tng nh, pha trn nh c bao
kn phn ln hoc hon ton bng sn, mi, gm c mi b phn khc ca ngi nh, lin k vi snh v
khng b ngn cch bng kt cu bao che (nhng khng bao gm ging thang bc, ging thang dc, khng
gian bn trong ging).
15) Thot nn
l vic s tn ngi theo cc li thot t vng nguy him ti ni an ton.
16) Ti chy
l nhit lng n v tnh bng Kj/m2 (kilojun trn 1 m2 sn), sinh ra khi cc b phn kt cu, c, sn
phm cha trong nh b chy.
17) Ti trng c bit
l ti trng xy ra trong cc trng hp c bit nh: ng t, n.
18) Ti trng tm thi (cn gi l hot ti)
l cc ti trng ch tn ti trong mt giai on no trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng cng trnh.
19) Ti trng thng xuyn (cn gi l tnh ti)
l cc ti trng khng bin i trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng cng trnh.
20) Thi hn chu la ca vt liu, kt cu
l khong thi gian t khi bt u th nghimtnh chu la ca vt liu, kt cu (theo mt ch nhit v ti
trng tiu chun) cho ti khi xut hin mt trong cc hin tng di y:
a) C vt nt rn hoc l hng, qua sn phm chy (la, khi, kh c) c th lt qua.
b) Nhit trn b mt mu th, pha khng b ngn la trc tip nung nng tng qu gii hn cho
cho php nh sau:
i) Nhit trung bnh trn b mt tng qu 1400C so vi trc khi th hoc,
ii) Nhit ti mt im bt k trn b mt tng qu 180 C so vi trc khi th, hoc t trn
220 C
c) Kt cu mt kh nng chu lc, v.
21) Tin nghi
l cc yu t ca cng trnh k c trang thit b nhm m bo cho sc kho, v sinh mi trng v hot
ng ca con ngi.
22) Tui th
l thi gian tn ti ca mt i tng kt cu (cng trnh hoc b phn cng trnh), t khi a vo s dng
cho ti khi t trng thi gii hn.
23) Trng thi gii hn
l trng thi m t tr i kt cu cng trnh khng cn kh nng tho mn yu cu t ra cho n.
iu 8.3. Yu cu i vi cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip
Cc cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip phi c m bo cc yu cu di y:
8.3.1. Yu cu v quy hoch, kin trc
Bao gm cc yu cu v quy hoch, kin trc, bo v mi trng nu cc chng 3, 4, 7 v 9 v cc quy
nh c lin quan v phng chng chy, v sinh, an ton, tit kim nng lng ti cc chng 11, 12 v cc
mc 8.3.5 v 8.3.6 ca chng 8.
8.3.2. Yu cu i vi kt cu xy dng
Bao gm cc yu cu quy nh chng 3 v chng 10.
8.3.3. Yu cu v phng chng chy
Bao gm cc yu cu v:
1) khong cch ly phng chng chy, quy nh ti iu 4.12, chng 4;
2) cp nc v giao thng cha chy, quy nh ti iu 5.16, chng 5;
3) phng chng chy bn trong cng trnh, quy nh chng 11 v iu 14.13 ca chng 14.
8.3.4. Yu cu v tin nghi, an ton
Bao gm cc yu cu v: thng gi, chiu sng, li i, bin bo, chng n, che nng, chng thm, chng
st, chng ri ng, chng nhim c do vt liu xy dng, chng sinh vt gy bnh, trang thit b v sinh,
cp thot nc v an ton v in, quy nh chng 3, chng 12, chng 13 v chng 14.
8.3.5. Yu cu v ng i v tin nghi cho ngi tn tt
1) Nhng cng trnh di y phi c m bo ng i v tin nghi sinh hot cho ngi tn tt:
a) Khch sn quc t, ga hng khng quc t;
b) Trng hc, nh an dng, c s khm cha bnh dnh cho ngi gi v ngi tn tt.
2) Nhng cng trnh di y phi c m bo ng i cho ngi i trn xe ln: tr s hnh chnh quan
trng, th vin, bo tng, cung vn ho, nh ht, cng vin.
3) ng i cho ngi tn tt phi lin tc v ph hp vi tiu chun v ng i cho tng loi ngi
khuyt tt.
8.3.6. Yu cu v s dng nng lng t hiu sut cao
Thit k cc cng trnh phi mbo yu cu s dng nng lng t hiu sut cao, theo cc gii php di
1) khai thc mt thun li v hn ch mt bt li ca thin nhin, tn dng thng gi t nhin, chiu
sng t nhin, che nng nh quy nh iu 3.2 v 3.10 ca QCXD ny;
2) s dng kt cu bao che c tnh cch nhit cao hn ch trao i nhit gia khng kh bn ngoi v
bn trong cng trnh;
4) s dng cc thit b c hiu sut cao v nng lng trong chiu sng, thng gi, iu ho khng
kh, un nc, si cng nh trong cng ngh sn xut v cc trang thit b cng trnh khc (nh
thang my).
iu 8.4. Phn cp cc cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip
8.4.1. Phn cp cc cng trnh dn dng
1) Cc cng trnh dn dng c phn thnh 4 cp theo cht lng s dng v cht lng xy dng cng
trnh nh quy nh trong bng 8.4.1.
Bng 8.4.1 - Phn cp cc cng trnh dn dng
Ghi ch:
(1) Cht lng s dng ca nh c quy nh mc 8.4.1.2.
(2) Bc chu la c quy nh ti bng 11.4.1, chng 11.
2) Cht lng s dng ca nh c xc nh theo dy chuyn s dng, din tch, khi tch cc phng,
cht lng cc trang thit b v v sinh, cp thot nc, trang b in v mc hon thin, trang tr ni
ngoi tht, theo quy nh bng 8.4.2.
Bng 8.4.2 - Cht lng s dng ca ngi nh
8.3.2. Phn cp cc cng trnh cng nghip
Cc cng trnh cng nghip c phn cp nh sau:
1) Phn cp theo cht lng s dng (khai thc) v cht lng xy dng ca cng trnh nh quy nh ti
tiu chun TCVN 2748 - 91 Phn cp cng trnh xy dng - Nguyn tc chung.
2) Phn cp theo mc c hi i vi mi trng nh quy nh ti ph lc 4.8 ca QCXD ny.
3) Phn hng theo c im sn xut v mc nguy him chy, n nh quy nh ti iu 11.3.
Ph lc 8.1. Phn loi cc cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip
Cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip bao gm:
1. Cng trnh dn dng, bao gm:
1.1. Nh , gm:
a) Nh (gia nh) ring bit, gm:
- bit th.
- nh lin k (nh ph).
- cc loi nh ring bit khc.
b) Nh tp th (nh k tc x).
c) Nh nhiu cn h (nh chung c).
d) Khch sn, nh khch.
e) Nh tr.
f) Cc loi nh cho cc i tng c bit.
1.2. Cng trnh cng cng, bao gm:
a) Cng trnh vn ho:
- Th vin;
- Bo tng, nh trin lm;
- Nh vn ho, cu lc b;
- Nh biu din, nh ht, rp chiu bng, rp xic;
- i pht thanh, i truyn hnh;
- Vn th, vn thc vt, cng vin vn ho - ngh ngi.
b) Cng trnh gio dc:
- Nh tr;
- Trng mu gio;
- Trng ph thng cc cp;
- Trng i hc v cao ng;
- Trng trung hc chuyn nghip;
- Trng dy ngh, trng cng nhn k thut
- Trng nghip v
- Cc loi trng khc.
c) Cng trnh y t:
- Trm y t;
- Bnh vin a khoa, bnh vin chuyn khoa t trung ng n a phng;
- Cc phng khm a khoa, khm chuyn khoa khu vc;
- Nh h sinh
- Nh iu dng, nh ngh, nh dng lo;
- Cc c quan y t: phng chng dch, bnh.
d) Cng trnh th dc, th thao:
- Cc loi sn vn ng, sn th thao, sn bng ;
- Cc loi nh luyn tp th dc, th thao, nh thi u;
- Cc loi b bi c v khng c mi che, khn i.
e) Cng trnh thng nghip, dch v:
- Ch;
- Ca hng, trung tm thng mi, siu th;
- Hng n, gii kht;
-Trm dch v cng cng: git l, ct tc, tm, may v, sa cha thit b, dng
gia dng...
f) Nh lm vic, vn phng, tr s
g) Cng trnh phc v an ninh cng cng:
- Trm cha chy,...
h) Nh phc v thng tin lin lc: nh bu in, bu cc, nh lp t thit b thng tin.
i) Nh phc v giao thng: nh ga cc loi,...
j) Cc cng trnh cng cng khc (nh cng trnh tn gio).
2. Cng trnh cng nghip, bao gm:
a) Nh, xng sn xut;
b) Cng trnh ph tr;
c) Nh kho;
d) Cng trnh k thut ph thuc.
Ph lc 8.2. Phn nh din tch trong nh , cng trnh cng cng
1. Nh
1.1. Din tch s dng
a) Din tch s dng l tng din tch v din tch phc v.
b) Din tch cc phng, b phn c tnh theo kch thc thng thu tnh t b ngoi lp trt nhng
khng tr b dy ca lp vt liu p chn tng v khng tnh din tch cc ng rc, khi, thng hi,
in, nc,...t trong phng hay b phn no .
1.2. Din tch nh
l tng din tch cc phng chnh dng bao gm din tch cc phng (phng n, ng, sinh hot
chung, phng khch...) gm c t tng, t xy, t ln c ca m v pha trong phng , k c din tch
phn di cu thang b tr trong cc phng ca cn h v c chiu cao t mt nn n mt di cu
thang khng nh hn 1,60m.
1.3. Din tch phc v
L tng din tch cc phng hoc b phn di y:
a) Kho, bp, phng tm, ra, git, x, tiu, k c li i bn trong cc phng i vi nh thit k khu
v sinh tp trung;
b) Hnh lang, li i ca cn h hoc cc phng ;
c) Tin snh, phng m ca khu bp hay khu tm ra, git, x, tiu tp trung;
d) Mt na din tch lgia, mt na din tch ban cng;
e) Cc t xy, t ln ca cn h c ca m v pha trong cc b phn hay phng ph.
2. Cng trnh cng cng
2.1. Din tch s dng
a) Din tch s dng l tng din tch lm vic v din tch phc v.
b) Din tch cc gian phng, cc b phn u tnh theo quy nh mc 1.1.b ca ph lc ny.
2.2. Din tch lm vic
L tng din tch cc phng lm vic chnh v cc phng lm vic ph tr (ngoi tr din tch bung thang,
hnh lang, bung m, v cc phng k thut).
2.3. Din tch phc v
Bao gm cc din tch phc v nh bung thang, hnh lang, bung m, cc phng k thut.
Ghi ch:
(1) Nhng din tch di y c tnh vo din tch lm vic:
(a) Din tch hnh lang kt hp phng hc trong trng hc, kt hp lm ch i, ngi chi trong
bnh vin, nh an dng, nh ht, rp chiu bng, cu lc b...
(b) Din tch cc phng pht thanh, qun l, phng bng in, tng i, phng ph ca sn khu, ch
tch on, phng k thut my chiu phim,...
(2) Cc phng k thut l cc phng t thit b k thut nh phng ni hi, phng t my bm, my bin
th, thit b thng gi, iu ho khng kh, phng thit b thang my ch ngi, ch hng ho.
Ph lc 8.3. Cc h s khi, h s mt bng ca nh
1. H s mt bng K
L t s gia din tch trn din tch xy dng hoc gia din tch ca cn h trn din tch sn cn h
2. H s mt bng K1
L t s gia din tch trn din tch s dng ca ngi nh hoc cn h

3. H s khi K2
L t s gia khi tch xy dng ca ngi nh (cn h) trn din tch .
Chng 9
thit k kin trc
Mc tiu
Cc quy nh trong chng ny nhm m bo cho cc cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip c c gii
php kin trc hp l.
iu 9.1. Gii php kin trc
9.1.1. Yu cu i vi gii php kin trc
Gii php kin trc cho cc cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:
1) Yu cu v quy hoch
V tr xy dng v gii php kin trc ca cng trnh phi ph hp vi quy hoch chung ca th,
quy hoch chi tit ca tng khu vc v tun th nhng quy nh v quy hoch xy dng, nu trong
cc chng 4, chng 5, chng 6 v chng 7 ca QCXD ny.
2) Yu cu v chc nng s dng
Gii php kin trc cng trnh phi tho mn cc yu cu v chc nng s dng, v t chc khng
gian bn trong, bn ngoi v v cng ngh xy dng, trang thit b k thut.
a) i vi nh , gii php kin trc phi m bo s lin h thun tin gia cc phng , phng
n, phng tip khch, v cc phng phc v (bp, v sinh, kho) ng thi m bo khai thc tt
cc iu kin thin nhin thun li (thng gi, chiu sng...) cho cc phng chnh.
b) i vi cng trnh cng cng gii php kin trc phi ph hp vi tng loi chc nng (vn
ho, gio dc, y t,...), ph hp vi quy m phc v (n v , khu , ton th) v m bo
thun tin cho s dng, qun l.
c) i vi cng trnh cng nghip, gii php kin trc phi m bo thun tin cho t chc sn
xut v dy chuyn cng ngh, mi quan h hp l gia cc phn xng, cc nh (xng) sn
xut chnh v cc nh (xng) sn xut ph cng nh cc cng trnh k thut v cng trnh ph
tr, s dng hp l cc h thng thit b k thut v h tng c s ca khu cng nghip.
3) Yu cu v mi trng v cnh quan.
Gii php kin trc cng trnh phi:
a) Gii quyt tt mi quan h gia cng trnh vi mi trng v cnh quan, tun th cc quy nh
v bo v mi trng, bo v cc danh lam thng cnh v di tch lch s, vn ha nu trong
chng 4 ca QCXD ny.
b) khai thc tt c im ca a hnh thin nhin, tn dng cc yu t cy xanh v mt nc
nng cao cht lng thm m.
c) ph hp vi cc c im kh hu a phng.
4) Yu cu v kinh t - x hi.
Trn c s m bo cc yu cu v chc nng s dng, ph hp vi iu kin kinh t, k thut v
phong tc tp qun a phng, gii php kin trc phi m bo cc yu cu v thm m, gi c
bn sc vn ha a phng v bn sc ca nn vn ho dn tc ni chung.
9.1.2. Gii php c chp thun l t yu cu
Cc gii php kin trc ph hp vi cc quy nh v tiu chun di y s c chp thun l t yu cu:
1) Nh hoc qun th nh c thit k theo cc cp ph hp vi iu 5.7 Quy hoch khu ca
QCXD ny v tiu chun TCVN 4451 - 87 Nh - Nguyn tc c bn thit k.
2) Cng trnh cng cng c thit k ph hp vi iu 5.8 Quy hoch cc cng trnh cng cng
ca QCXD ny v tiu chun 20 TCN 13 - 91 Phn cp nh v cng trnh dn dng - Nguyn tc
3) Cc cng trnh dn dng c th c kt hp nhiu chc nng ( v dch v cng cng, v sn
xut, hoc cc chc nng cng cng khc nhau...) vo trong mt cng trnh v mi thnh phn chc
nng c thit k ph hp vi cc quy nh ca th loi cng trnh .
4) Cc cng trnh cng nghip c thit k ph hp vi iu 5.2 Quy hoch khu cng nghip v
kho tng th ca QCXD ny v ph hp vi cp cng trnh quy nh trong TCVN 2748 - 91
Phn cp cng trnh xy dng - Nguyn tc chung, tu theo mc u t v yu cu v cht lng
xy dng.
Ghi ch:
Danh mc cc tiu chun ca VN v thit k cc cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip c nu ph lc 9.1.
iu 9.2. Gii php kin trc i vi cng trnh dn dng c bit quan trng
1) i vi cc cng trnh dn dng c bit quan trng, gii php kin trc phi m bo nhng yu cu
c bit (v cht lng thm m, tnh dn tc, tnh hin i, bn vng, mc trang thit b k thut),
theo quy nh ring v c c quan c thm quyn chp thun.
2) Tr nhng trng hp c quy nh ring, phng n kin trc cho cc cng trnh dn dng c bit
quan trng phi c tuyn chn thng qua thi tuyn cc phng n kin trc.
Ph lc 9.1. Danh mc tiu chun thit k cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip
1) Nh (gm c khch sn)
TCVN 4451 - 87 Nh - Nguyn tc c bn thit k
TCVN 4450 - 87 Cn h - Tiu chun thit k
TCVN 4391 - 86 Khch sn du lch - Xp hng
TCVN 5065 - 90 Khch sn - Tiu chun thit k
2) Nh v cng trnh cng cng
TCVN 4319 - 86 Nh v cng trnh cng cng - Nguyn tc c bn thit k
a) Cng trnh vn ho
TCVN 5577 - 91 Rp chiu bng - Tiu chun thit k
b) Cng trnh gio dc
TCVN 3907 - 84 Nh tr - Trng mu gio - Tiu chun thit k
TCVN 3978 - 84 Trng hc ph thng - Tiu chun thit k
TCVN 3981 - 85 Trng i hc - Tiu chun thit k
TCVN 4602 - 88 Trng trung hc chuyn nghip - Tiu chun thit k
TCXD 60 -74 Trng dy ngh - Tiu chun thit k
c) Cng trnh y t
TCVN 4470 - 95 Bnh vin a khoa - Tiu chun thit k
d) Cng trnh th dc, th thao
TCVN 4205 - 86 Cng trnh th thao - Cc sn th thao - Tiu chun thit k
TCVN 4260 - 86 Cng trnh th thao - B bi - Tiu chun thit k
TCVN 4529 - 86 Cng trnh th thao - Nh th thao - Tiu chun thit k
e) Cng trnh thng nghip
TCVN 4515 - 88 Nh n cng cng - Tiu chun thit k
f) Tr s lm vic
TCVN 4601 - 88 Tr s c quan - Tiu chun thit k
3) Cng trnh cng nghip
TCVN 4514 - 88 x nghip cng nghip - Tng mt bng - Tiu chun thit k
TCVN 4604 - 88 x nghip cng nghip - Nh sn xut - Tiu chun thit k
TCVN 4317 - 86 Nh kho - Nguyn tc c bn thit k
Chng 10
kt cu
Mc tiu
Cc quy nh trong chng ny nhm bo m cho h kt cu v b phn kt cu ca cng trnh trong qu
trnh xy dng v s dng:
1) Khng b h hi, vng, nt, n mn, bin dng qu gii hn cho php lm nh hng ti vic s
dng v gy nguy him n tnh mng con ngi v ti sn;
2) c bn lu (tui th) m bo vic s dng bnh thng ca ngi nh m khng cn sa cha
ln trong thi hn quy nh;
3) khng gy nh hng bt li (ln, nt,...) n ngi nh bn cnh trong sut thi gian xy dng v
s dng cng trnh.
iu 10.1. Yu cu i vi kt cu ca cng trnh
Kt cu ca cng trnh phi m bo an ton, s dng bnh thng trong sut thi gian thi cng v khai
thc theo cc quy nh di y:
10.1.1. Kh nng chu lc
Kt cu phi c tnh ton ph hp vi loi cng trnh theo mi yu t tc ng ln chng bao gm:
1) T hp bt li nht ca cc ti trng, k c ti trng gy ph hoi theo thi gian;
2) Cc tc ng khc, k c tc ng theo thi gian.
10.1.2. Kh nng s dng bnh thng
Cng trnh, b phn cng trnh, vt liu phi duy tr c vic s dng bnh thng, khng b bin dng,
rung ng v suy gim cc tnh cht khc qu gii hn cho php.
10.1.3. Tui th
Vt liu s dng cho cng trnh phi c bn lu, m bo cho kt cu cng trnh p ng cc yu cu s
dng quy nh v khng phi sa cha trc thi hn quy nh.
iu 10.2. Nguyn tc c bn thit k kt cu cng trnh.
Kt cu cng trnh c thit k theo cc quy nh di y s c chp thun l t yu cu quy nh ti
iu 10.1:
1) Tnh tnh ton, thit k.
Kt cu cng trnh, nn mng c tnh ton theo phng php trng thi gii hn.
2) Kh nng chu la ca kt cu.
Kt cu sau khi tnh ton, c kim tra kh nng chu la v t cc yu cu quy nh ti iu 11.4
ca QCXD ny.
3) Bo v kt cu khi b n mn, mc, mt.
i vi kt cu lm vic trong mi trng xm thc hoc m t phi c bin php bo v thch hp.
10.2.2.Ch dn
10.2.2.1. Cc trng thi gii hn
Cc trng thi gii hn gm 2 nhm:
1) Nhm trng thi gii hn th nht:
Bao gm nhng trng thi gii hn dn n vic kt cu mt kh nng chu ti hoc mt kh nng s dng
a) kt cu b ph hoi do ti trng, tc ng;
b) kt cu b mt n nh v hnh dng, v tr
c) kt cu b hng do mi
2) Nhm trng thi gii hn th hai:
Bao gm nhng trng thi gii hn lm cho kt cu khng th duy tr vic s dng bnh thng, do vt
qu cc mc cho php v:
a) bin dng: vng, gc xoay, gc trt; hoc
b) dao ng; hoc
c) to thnh hoc pht trin khe nt (ch yu i vi kt cu b tng).
10.2.2.2. Tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn th nht
1) tnh ton kt cu theo kh nng chu lc, c tin hnh theo iu kin:
T <= Ttd (1)
trong :
T - Gi tr nguy him c th xy ra do tng ni lc hoc do tc dng ng thi ca mt s ni lc;
Ttd - Gii hn nh nht v kh nng chu lc (tnh theo mt xc sut m bo quy nh) ca tit din.
Gi tr T xc nh theo ti trng tnh ton v c chn trong cc t hp ni lc ng vi cc trng hp
nguy him i vi s lm vic ca kt cu, xt c v tr s v c v phng chiu ca ni lc.
Gi tr Ttd c xc nh theo c trng hnh hc ca tit din v c trng tnh ton ca vt liu.
2) iu kin (1) cn c tho mn i vi mi b phn, mi tit din ca kt cu, ng vi mi giai on
lm vic.
10.2.2.3. Tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn th hai
Tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn th hai gm:
1) Kim tra bin dng theo iu kin
2) Kim tra khe nt
i vi kt cu cho php nt
Kim tra m rng ca khe nt theo iu kin:
3) Khng cn tnh ton kim tra theo trng thi gii hn th hai nu nh qua th nghim hoc thc t s
dng ca cc kt cu tng t khng nh c: b rng khe nt mi giai on khng vt qu tr s
gii hn v cng ca kt cu giai on s dng l m bo.
10.2.2.4. S , gi thit, s liu tnh ton
1) S (hoc m hnh) v cc gi thit c bn trong tnh ton phi ph hp vi iu kin lm vic thc t
ca cng trnh v trng thi gii hn ang xt.
2) S liu tnh ton
Khi tnh ton phi tnh ti:
a) Cc c trng bt li nht, tng ng vi m bo nht nh, c th xy ra ca vt liu v t.
b) Cc t hp ti trng, tc ng
i) Tnh ton kt cu cn tin hnh i vi mi giai on: ch to, vn chuyn, xy dng, s dng
v sa cha.
ii) i vi kt cu khng c bo v, phi chu trc tip bc x mt tri cn k n tc dng
nhit kh hu.
iii) i vi kt cu tip xc vi nc hoc nm trong nc cn phi k n p lc y ni ca
iv) Khi tnh ton kt cu theo kh nng chu lc, ngoi cc tc ng bnh thng ca ti trng
cn cn xt n nhng trng hp ngu nhin c th lm thay i lc tc dng hoc thay i s
kt cu.
Trong mt s trng hp cn cn tnh n: sai lch bt li v kch thc, iu kin thi cng,
iu kin s dng v nhng iu kin lm vic c bit ca kt cu.
iu 10.3. Ti trng, tc ng
10.3.1. Gii php c chp thun l t yu cu.
Kt cu cng trnh c coi l t yu cu v ti trng v tc ng nu cc s liu dng thit k kt cu,
nn mng ph hp vi tiu chun:
* TCVN 2737 - 95 Ti trng v tc ng - Tiu chun thit k.
Ghi ch:
(1) Nhng yu cu nu trong TCVN 2737 - 95 c trch dn trong mc ch dn 10.3.2 di y.
(2) Nhng ti trng di y khng c quy nh trong TCVN 2737 - 95 nu trn m theo quy nh ring:
a) Cc ti trng c gy ra do:
i) giao thng ng st, ng b;
ii) sng bin, dng chy;
iii) ng t;
iv) dng lc;
v) nhit ;
vi) bc xp hng ho;
vii) thnh phn ng lc ca thit b sn xut v phng tin giao thng.
b) Ti trng i vi cc cng trnh c bit quan trng.
c) Ti trng i vi cc cng trnh c th nh: giao thng, thu li, bu in.
10.3.2. Ch dn
10.3.2.1. Cc loi ti trng v t hp ti trng
1) Khi thit k nh v cng trnh phi tnh n cc ti trng sinh ra trong cc qu trnh sau:
a) xy dng cng trnh;
b) s dng cng trnh;
c) ch to, bo qun v vn chuyn cc kt cu.
2) Cc loi ti trng
Cc loi ti trng v thnh phn ca chng c nu trong ph lc 10.1.
3) T hp ti trng
a) Khi chu tc dng ng thi ca 2 hay nhiu ti trng tm thi, kt cu phi c tnh ton theo cc
t hp bt li nht.
b) Thnh phn cc loi ti trng trong t hp ti trng c quy nh trong ph lc 10.2 vi h s t
hp ti trng c quy nh trong ph lc 10.3.
10.3.2.2. Ti trng tnh ton
Ti trng tnh ton l tch ca ti trng tiu chun vi h s vt ti (cn gi l h s tin cy v ti
10.3.2.3. Ti trng tiu chun
1) Xc nh gi tr ti trng tiu chun
Gi tr ti trng tiu chun c xc nh theo quy nh trong bng 10.3.1.
Bng 10.3.1. Cch xc nh gi tr ti trng tiu chun
Ghi ch:
(1) Nhng trng hp c php gim ti trng c quy nh ph lc 10.4
(2) Trng lng kt cu l trng lng ton b cc vt liu cu thnh cng trnh, gm c vt liu trang tr,
hon thin.
(3) Gi tr ti thiu ca ti trng tp trung thng ng trn lan can c quy nh theo bng sau:
(4) Ti trng nm ngang tc dng ln tay vn lan can cu thang, ban cng, lgia c quy nh theo bng
2) Ti trng phn b u ln sn v cu thang
Ti trng phn b u ln sn v cu thang dng trong tnh ton khng c nh hn tr s quy nh trong
bng 10.3.2.
Bng 10.3.2. Ti trng tiu chun phn b u ln sn v cu thang
Ghi ch:
Ti trng nu mc 14 bng 10.3.2 dng tnh cc kt cu chu lc ca ban cng lgia. Khi tnh kt
cu tng, ct, mng ban cng, lgia th ti trng trn ban cng, lgia ly bng ti trng cc phng
chnh k ngay v c gim theo cc quy nh ph lc 10.4.
10.3.2.4. H s vt ti
H s vt ti ca cc loi ti trng c quy nh bng 10.3.3.
Bng 10.3.3 - H s vt ti
Ghi ch:
(1) Trng hp an ton ca kt cu b gim khi gim ti trng thng xuyn (nh n nh chng lt
khi gim trng lng ca kt cu v t) phi ly h s tin cy bng 0,9.
(2) i vi kt cu thp nu ng lc do khi lng ring vt qu 0,5 ng lc chung th ly h s tin cy
bng 1,1.
(3) Khi tnh kt cu nn mng theo cc ti trng sinh ra trong giai on xy lp, ti trng tnh ton ngn
hn phi gim i 20%;
(4) Khi tnh kh nng chng chy ca cc kt cu chu tc ng n, h s vt ti ly bng 1 i vi tt c
cc loi ti trng.
(5) Khi tnh ton cng v n nh trong iu kin tc ng va chm ca cu trc v cu treo vo gi
chn ng ray, h s tin cy ly bng 1 i vi tt c cc loi ti trng.
10.3.2.5. Ti trng gi
Ti trng gi gm 2 thnh phn tnh v ng, c tnh ton nh sau:
1) Thnh phn tnh
a) Gi tr tiu chun thnh phn tnh ca ti trng gi cao Z so vi mc chun c xc nh theo
cng thc:
2) Thnh phn ng
a) Khng cn tnh n thnh phn ng khi xc nh p lc mt trong ca cng trnh c xy dng
a hnh dng A v B (a hnh trng tri v tng i trng tri, theo iu 6.5 ca TCVN 2737 - 95)
v c c im nh sau:
i) nh nhiu tng, cao di 40m
ii) nh cng nghip 1 tng, cao di 36m, t s cao trn nhp nh hn 1,5.
b) Cch xc nh thnh phn ng ca ti trng gi c quy nh trong cc iu t 6.11 ti 6.16 ca
tiu chun TCVN 2737 - 95 Ti trng v tc ng - Tiu chun thit k.
10.3.2.6. Ti trng ng t
Theo quy nh ti iu 3.6 ca Quy chun xy dng ny.
iu 10.4. Kt cu b tng ct thp
Kt cu b tng ct thp ca cng trnh c coi l t yu cu nu ph hp vi quy nh v cc tiu
chun ca VN di y:
1) Thit k:
* TCVN 5574 - 91 kt cu b tng ct thp - Tiu chun thit k
Ghi ch:
(1) TCVN 5574 91 khng p dng cho nhng loi kt cu di y:
(a) kt cu lm vic trong nhng mi trng c bit nh:
i) mi trng nhit cao: thng xuyn trn 700C, hoc
ii) mi trng nhit thp: di m 400C, hoc
iii) mi trng xm thc mnh i vi b tng.
(b) kt cu chuyn ngnh, c thit k theo ch dn ring
(c) kt cu lm bng cc loi b tng c bit:
i) b tng c bit nng: c khi lng ring trn 2.500 kg/ m3
ii) b tng c bit nh: c khi lng ring di 800 kg/ m3
iii) b tng ct liu b: c ng knh di 5mm
iv) b tng dng ct liu v cht kt dnh c bit nh cht do
(2) Nhng ch dn quan trng ca TCVN 5574 - 91 c trch dn mc 10.4.2 di y.
2) Chng n mn, chng thm:
* TCVN 3993 - 85 Chng n mn trong xy dng - Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp - Nguyn tc
c bn thit k
* TCVN 5718 - 93 Mi v sn b tng ct thp trong cng trnh xy dng - Yu cu k thut chng
thm nc
3) Thi cng, nghim thu
* TCVN 4452 - 87 Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp lp ghp - Quy phm thi cng, nghim thu.
* TCVN 4453 - 95 Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp ton khi - Quy phm thi cng, nghim thu.
* TCVN 5592 - 91 B tng nng - Yu cu bo dng m t nhin;
Ghi ch:
Danh mc cc tiu chun v vt liu, phng php th c nu ph lc 10.5.
10.4.2. Ch dn
10.4.2.1. Thit k kt cu b tng ct thp (chn s kt cu, chn kch thc tit din v b tr ct thp)
phi m bo c bn, n nh v cng khng gian xt trong tng th, cng nh ring tng b
phn ca kt cu trong mi giai on xy dng v s dng.
10.4.2.2. Yu cu chng nt
1) Yu cu chng nt ca kt cu c phn thnh ba cp ph thuc vo iu kin lm vic ca chng v
loi ct thp c dng:
a) Cp I - Khng c php xut hin vt nt;
b) Cp II - Cho php c vt nt ngn hn vi b rng hn ch khi kt cu chu ti trng tm thi bt li
nhng m bo vt nt s c khp kn li khi kt cu khng chu ti trng tm thi bt li ;
c) Cp III - Cho php c vt nt vi b rng hn ch.
2) Cp chng nt v gi tr gii hn ca b rng khe nt c quy nh trong bng 10.4.1.
Bng 10.4.1. Cp chng nt v gii hn ca b rng khe nt
Ghi ch:
(1) B rng khe nt gii hn cho trong bng ng vi tc dng ca ton b ti trng, k c di hn v ngn
hn. i vi kt cu cp 3 khi ch kim tra ring vi ti trng di hn, gii hn b rng khe nt c gim
i 0,05mm.
(2) nhng vng chu nh hng ca nc mn, gim b rng khe nt gii hn 0,1 mm i vi cp 3, gim
0,05 mm i vi cp 2. Nu sau khi gim m b rng khe nt gii hn bng khng th nng kt cu ln
thnh cp 1.
(3) i vi nhng cng trnh c nin hn s dng di 20 nm cho php tng b rng khe nt gii hn ln
0,05 mm.
10.4.2.3. Yu cu v bin dng
Cc tr s gii hn ca bin dng c quy nh bng 10.4.2.
Bng 10. 4.2. Tr s gii hn ca bin dng
Ghi ch:
(1) L l nhp tnh ton ca dm hoc bn k ln 2 gi. i vi cc cng xon, dng L = 2L1 vi L1 l
vn ca cng xon.
(2) Khi thit k kt cu c vng trc th lc kim tra v vng cho php tr i vng nu khng c
nhng hn ch g c bit.
(3) i vi cc cu kin khc khng nu trong bng th gii hn vng c quy nh tu theo tnh cht
v nhim v ca chng nhng gii hn khng c ln qu 1/ 150 nhp hoc 1/ 75 vn ca cng
(4) Khi quy nh vng gii hn khng phi do yu cu v cng ngh sn xut v cu to m ch do yu
cu v thm m th tnh ton f ch ly cc ti trng tc dng di hn.
10.4.2.4. Kt cu b tng ct thp lp ghp
1) Khi tnh ton kt cu b tng ct thp lp ghp chu tc dng ca ni lc sinh ra trong lc chuyn ch v
cu lp, ti trng do trng lng bn thn cu kin cn nhn vi h s ng lc ly nh sau: bng 1,8 khi
chuyn ch, bng 1,5 khi cu lp. Trong trng hp ny khng cn k n h s vt ti cho trng lng
bn thn.
2) Cc kt cu na lp ghp cng nh kt cu ton khi lin hp cn tnh ton theo hai giai on lm vic
sau y:
a) Trc khi b tng mi t c cng quy nh: tnh ton cc b phn lp ghp hoc cc ct
cng chu tc dng ca ti trng do trng lng ca phn b tng mi v ca mi ti trng khc tc
dng trong qu trnh b tng.
b) Sau khi b tng mi t c cng quy nh: tnh ton kt cu bao gm c phn lp ghp
hoc ct cng cng vi b tng mi , chu ti trng tc dng trong qu trnh sau ny ca vic xy
dng v theo ti trng khi s dng kt cu.
10.4.2.5. Khong cch gia cc khe co gin - nhit .
1) Kt cu khng chu tc ng trc tip v thng xuyn ca ma, nng
i vi h kt cu khng chu tc ng trc tip v thng xuyn ca ma, nng, khong cch gia cc
khe co gin - nhit khng c vt qu khong cch quy nh trong bng 10.4.3.
Trng hp cn khong cch ln hn, phi xc nh khong cch khe co gin - nhit bng tnh ton.
Bng 10.4.3. Khong cch ln nht gia cc khe co gin nhit cho php khng cn tnh ton
(i vi h kt cu, khng chu tc ng trc tip v thng xuyn ca ma nng)
2) Kt cu chu tc ng trc tip v thng xuyn ca ma nng
i vi kt cu chu tc ng trc tip v thng xuyn ca ma nng nh: lp mt mi nh, ban cng, mt
ng, khong cch khe co gin nhit m phi ph hp vi tiu chun TCVN 5718 - 93: Mi v sn b
tng ct thp trong cng trnh xy dng - Yu cu k thut chng thm nc. (bng 10.4.4).
Bng 10.4.4. Khong cch ti a ca khe co gin nhit m, theo 2 chiu vung gc
(i vi kt cu chu tc ng trc tip v thng xuyn ca ma nng)
Chng 12
Tin nghi v an ton
Mc tiu
Cc quy nh trong chng ny nhm:
1) Bo m iu kin, mi trng sng hp v sinh, tin nghi v an ton cho ngi s dng bn trong
cng trnh.
2) Bo v cng trnh v ti sn trong khi b h hi do chy n, ngp lt, ngm, thm, m, mc,...
iu 12.1. Khng gian ti thiu ca cc cn phng
12.1.1. Yu cu
Cc cn phng thuc nh , nh cng cng phi m bo yu cu v khng gian ti thiu ph hp vi
chc nng ca chng, nhm tn dng thng gi v chiu sng t nhin.
Cc cn phng phi m bo cc kch thc thng thu ti thiu, c quy nh bng 12.1.1.
Bng 12.1.1 Kch thc thng thu ti thiu ca cc cn phng
iu 12.2. chiu sng
12.1.1. Yu cu
Bn trong v bn ngoi cc ngi nh phi c chiu sng ph hp vi mc ch s dng cc ngi nh theo
cc quy nh di y.
1) chiu sng t nhin
a) Cc cn phng trong nh nht l cc phng , khu v sinh cn c u tin chiu sng t nhin qua
cc ca s m trc tip ra khng gian trng bn ngoi.
b) i vi ni lm vic, thit k chiu sng t nhin cn mbo qu na thi gian ban ngy c gi tr
ri t nhin ti thiu ph hp vi hot ng th gic, quy nh bng 12.2.1.
Bng 12.2.1. H s ri t nhin ti thiu
2) Chiu sng nhn to
a) Chiu sng lm vic
Trong nh c ngi s dng phi c chiu sng nhn to khi thiu hoc trong khng c chiu
sng t nhin vn m bo mi hot ng bnh thng ca con ngi.
b) chiu sng s c
Phi chiu sng s c trong nhng trng hp sau:
i) chiu sng khn cp: b tr dc ng thot nn nhng ni c nguy c chy n, nhim c.
ii) chiu sng lin tc: thc hin nhng ni nu ngng chiu sng s gy nh hng xu n
an ton, an ninh x hi, thit hi v kinh t hoc nguy hi n tnh mng con ngi (nh phng
m, phng cp cu).
iii) chiu sng bo v: chiu sng bn ngoi nh, dc ranh gii nh hoc khu cng trnh cn bo
v an ninh v ti sn.
c) Chiu sng bn ngoi cng trnh phi khng nh hng xu ti giao thng v m quan th.
d) Yu cu v ri ca chiu sng nhn to c quy nh cc bng 12.2.2 v 12.2.3.
Bng 12.2.2. chiu sng nhn to bn trong nh , nh cng cng -
ri ti thiu trn b mt lm vic hoc vt cn phn bit.
Ghi ch:
(1) c im cc cp quan st nh sau:
(2) Gii thch k hiu:
c im cng vic quan st Loi n chiu sng
a): thng xuyn (1): n hunh quang
b): theo chu k (2): n nung sng
c): khng lu
Bng 12.2.3. chiu sng s c v chiu sng nhn to bn ngoi nh
1) chiu sng t nhin
Gii php ph hp vi tiu chun v quy nh di y s c chp thun l t yu cu v chiu sng t
a) Tiu chun 20 TCN 029 91 Chiu sng t nhin trong cng trnh dn dng Tiu chun thit
b) Cc gii php c th nh sau:
i) Din tch ca s:
Ly bng 1/5 din tch phng (i vi tng 1)
1/6 din tch phng (i vi tng 2 tr ln)
ii) Chiu su ca cc phng c chiu sng ch mt pha: khng ln qu 2,5 ln chiu cao
iii) Sn tri, ging tri:
- Nh lin k: Nh lin k di qu 18 m cn c sn tri gia, kch thc ti thiu 2x3m.
- Nh chung c: cn h u lng vo nhau cn c ging tri kch thc c quy nh trong
bng 12.2.4.
Bng 12.2.4 - Kch thc ging tri nh chung c
2) chiu sng nhn to
Gii php ph hp vi cc tiu chun di y s c chp thun l t yu cu v chiu sng nhn to:
20 TCN 16 86: chiu sng nhn to trong cng trnh dn dng
20 TCN 95 83: chiu sng nhn to bn ngoi cng trnh xy dng dn dng
TCVN 3473 83: chiu sng nhn to cc nh cng nghip v cng trnh cng nghip
TCVN 3257 86: chiu sng nhn to trong nh my x nghip may cng nghip
TCVN 2062 86: chiu sng nhn to trong nh my x nghip dt thoi si bng
TCVN 2063 - 86 : chiu sng nhn to trong nh my c kh
TCVN 4213 86: chiu sng nhn to trong x nghip ch bin m cao su
TCVN 3258 - 86 : chiu sng nhn to nh my ng tu.
iu 12.3. Thng gi, iu khng
12.3.1. Yu cu
1. yu cu chung v thng gi, iu khng
a) Cc ngi nh phi c thng gi m bo khng kh lu thng trong v ngoi nh.
b) Cc hi m, mi kh chu, bi, khi, kh c hi, kh d chy,...pht sinh t bp, khu v sinh, my
git, cc thit b sn xut cng nh kh, khi pht sinh khi chy phi c thu gom, thi ra ngoi v
khi cn thit phi lm sch trc khi thi.
c) Trng hp s dng thit b iu ho khng kh, phi c m bo an ton sc kho v an ton
k thut. Khi lm mt, khng c nhit trong phng thp hn 25 C. Khi si m, khng
c nhit trong phng cao hn 20 C.
2) Thng gi t nhin
Phi s dng ti a thng gi t nhin cho cc cn phng bn trong cng trnh.
3) Thng gi nhn to (thng gi c kh):
a) Thng gi c kh c b tr nhng ni c yu cu v c th c kt hp vi iu tit khng kh.
b) H thng thng gi c kh phi c thit k, lp t v bo tr sao cho:
i) Khng lm khng kh trong phng b nhim cc cht c hi, vi sinh vt gy bnh;
ii) Kh thi ra ngoi khng c gy kh chu hay nguy hi cho ngi v ti sn xung quanh;
iii) Khi hot ng khng gy ting n qu gii hn cho php;
iv) Khng lm lu thng khi, la khi xy ra chy.
c) H thng thng gi, iu tit khng kh khng c tun hon trong trng hp mi trng khng
kh c cha:
i) Cc cht c hi, nguy him;
ii) Cc cht gy chy n;
iii) Vi sinh vt (vi khun, siu vi trng, nm) gy bnh;
iv) Nhng cht gy mi kh chu.
4) Thng gi s c
a) Thng gi s c l thng gi tng cng trong trng hp xy ra s c c d kin ca qu
trnh sn xut, lm pht sinh bt thng mt lng ln cht c hi hoc gy chy n.
b) Lu lng thng gi s c
Lu lng khng kh trao i cn thit c m bo bng hot ng ng thi ca cc h thng
thng gi chnh v thng gi s c c xc nh theo tnh ton v khng c thp hn 8 ln tng
th tch ca phng trong 1 gi.
c) Thit b qut v v tr t ca thu gi phi ph hp vi c im ca kh c thu gom (nng hay
nh hn khng kh, c hay khng c kh nng gy chy n).
d) Ming thi kh ra ngoi phi khng lm nh hng ti ngi bn ngoi, ti ming ly gi ca cc
h thng thng gi xung quanh v khng gy nguy c chy n (trnh xa ngun la, ng khi...)
1) Thng gi t nhin
Trong cc nh lin k, chung c, thng gi t nhin c kt hp vi chiu sng t nhin qua cc sn
tri, ging tri (xem 12.2.2.1).
2) Thng gi nhn to
Gii php ph hp vi tiu chun di y s c chp thun l t yu cu v thng gi nhn to:
TCVN 5687 - 92 Thng gi, iu tit khng kh, si m - Tiu chun thit k.
12.4.1. Li i
12.4.1.1. Li i phi m bo:
a) An ton, thun tin cho mi ngi (k c ngi tn tt, theo quy nh) khi ra, vo nh, ln xung
cc tng (k c tng mi), ra vo phng lc bnh thng cng nh khi phi s tn khn cp.
Li i cho ngi tn tt c quy nh ti iu 8.3, chng 8 ca QCXD ny.
b) An ton, thun tin cho xe c khi ra vo nh, quay xe, xe.
c) D tm
d) C kch thc rng, p ng yu cu s dng;
e) Khng c vt cn c nh, di ng nguy him cho ngi qua li;
g) B mt i li khng trn trt;
h) C dc, kch thc bc ln xung ph hp vi ngi s dng;
i) C lan can che chn trong trng hp cn thit;
k) Trnh c bc khc mc trn li i. Nu c, phi d nhn bit bng mu sc hoc s dng hnh thc
tam cp.
2) Li i v ch cho xe t:
Li i cho xe t ra vo nh v ni xe phi:
a) C kch thc (khng gian) rng, ph hp vi yu cu s dng;
b) C din tch xe ra vo, quay xe, xe;
c) C khong trng li xe quan st an ton.
3) Thang b
Thang b phi:
a) c b tr c trong trng hp c thang my;
b) m bo cc yu cu v thot nn, quy nh ti iu 11.6, chng 11 ca QCXD ny;
c) Kch thc bc ln xung, dc phi ng nht trong mt v thang;
d) C chiu ngh ti nhng v tr cn thit vi din tch ph hp;
e) Lan can cu thang phi:
i) Va tm vi
ii) C kt cu chc chn, m bo yu cu theo tnh ton kt cu
iii) Mt tay vn phi phng, nhn.
4) B tr thang my ng:
a) Thang my ng phi c b tr trong cc ngi nh cao t 6 tng tr ln. Trong cc nh phi d
kin li i cho ngi tn tt theo quy nh ti iu 8.3, thang my phi c b tr, thit k p ng
yu cu s dng ca ngi tn tt.
b) Thang my ch hng trong khu vc sn xut khng c b tr cng ch i vi thang my ch
c) Phi b tr hp l v tr t thang my v phn b hp l theo nhm hoc trong mt nhm.
5) Thang my ng, thang cun (cu thang in) phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
a) Hot ng an ton, vn chuyn ngi ln xung v dng li (dng ti cc im ra vo theo yu cu
s dng) vi trng ti khng vt qu 1,25 ln trng ti quy nh ca thang my.
b) Tc thang khng b gim qu t ngt.
c) m bo an ton v thun tin cho ngi s dng: khng b ng, bc ht, mc kt ca, khng va
chm vi cc b phn chuyn ng hay vt sc nhn trong trng hp s dng bnh thng hoc bt
thng m c th on trc c.
d) C bin ch dn v thng xuyn thng bo v tr ca thang my trong trng hp bung thang kn
v c trn 2 im dng.
e) Chiu sng, thng gi bung thang trong c 2 trng hp bnh thng v khn cp.
f) Khng xy ra va chm gia cc b phn ca thang my vi nhau cng nh gia thang my v phn
xy dng ca to nh.
g) C h thng m bo an ton khi thang my b ch qu ti hoc c b phn no b h hng.
h) Lp t sao cho thun tin v an ton khi kim tra, th nghim v bo dng.
i) Ca ging thang khng c tip st vi ging thang trnh nguy him khi c chy.
6) Thang my s dng cho trng hp khn cp:
Thang my s dng cho trng hp khn cp phi c trang b thm cc phng tin di y:
a) Gi ra ngoi nh gip ;
b) Bo v hnh khch khi nguy hi ca la, khi, kh c hi.. .
c) Gii thot ngi ra khi thang mt cch an ton.
d) Cho php ngi c trch nhim c c quyn vn hnh v khng phi theo trnh t vn hnh
thng thng (iu ny ch p dng i vi thang my c chiu cao hot ng t 15m tr ln).
Cc gii php ph hp vi cc quy nh v tiu chun di y c chp thun l t yu cu:
1) Quy cch li i ca nh , nh cng cng nh quy nh trong bng 12.4.1.
2) TCVN 5744 - 1993 Thang my - Yu cu an ton thit b khi lp t v s dng
Bn 12.4.1: Quy cch li i nh , nh cng cng
iu 12.5. Bin bo
12.5.1. Yu cu
1) nhng ni tp trung ngi phi c bin bo, ch dn nhng thng tin cn thit nh : li ra vo, li
thot nn, ni c nguy c chy, n, b in git, ni cm la, khu v sinh, ni t in thoi, thit b
lin lc, thit b chng chy..
2) Bin bo phi nhng ni d thy, d c. Ti nhng khu vc nguy him, bin bo phi v tr
thch hp m bo mi ngi nhn bit trc khi i vo khu vc .
3) Ni dung ca bin bo phi d hiu, c trng v thng nht vi quy c quc t m bo mi
ngi u hiu nhanh chng, d dng v ng ni dung.
4) Cc bin bo ng thot nn, s tn khn cp phi c chiu sng s c vi ri khng di 1
Cc k hiu trn bin bo phi theo cc quy nh trong cc tiu chun quc t ISO v tiu chun Vit Nam
di y:
* ISO 386-1984: Safety colours and safety signs Mu sc v du hiu an ton
* ISO 630-1987: Fire protection - Safety sings tng ng vi
* TCVN 4897-89: Phng chy - Du hiu an ton
* ISO 700-1990: Public information symbols Cc k hiu thng tin cng cng
iu 12.6. Chng n
12.6.1 Yu cu
1) Phi m bo ting n vi khu dn c, nh v nh cng cng khng vt qu gii hn quy nh ti:
a) Chng 4 ca QCXD ny;
b) Trong cc tiu chun di y:
* 20 TCN 126-84: Mc n cho php trong nh - Tiu chun thit k
* 20 TCN 175-90: Mc n cho php trong cng trnh cng cng - Tiu chun thit k
2) chng n cn kt hp cc gii php sau:
a) Gii php quy hoch: la chn v tr yn tnh, trng cy xanh;
b) Bin php cch m cho ngi nh:
i) cch m cho cc kt cu ngn che: lm kn cc khe h quanh ca s, ca i..
ii) cch m cho cc thit b ng ng,
iii) s dng vt liu cch m, ht m chng rung khi cn thit, nhng phi m bo yu cu
chng chy.
12.6.2 Gii php c chp thun l t yu cu
Gii php ph hp vi cc tiu chun di y s c chp thun l t yu cu v chng n:
* 20 TCN 150 - 86 Chng n trong nh -Tiu chun quc t
iu 12.7. Chng thm
12.7.1. Yu cu
bo v sc kho con ngi v m bo bn lu ca cng trnh, phi chng thm cho ngi nh, bao
1) Chng thm t bn ngoi:
Phi bo m:
a) Mi, tng ngoi ngi nh khng b thm, dt do nc ma gy ra
b) Tng, sn v cc kt cu tip xc vi t khng b nc di t thm ln.
2) Chng thm bn trong:
Phi bo m:
a) Tng, sn khng b m thm nc t cc khu bp, v sinh, tm git trong ngi nh cng nh t
cc nh cn h bn cnh.
b) Cc khu bp, v sinh, tm git trong nh phi thng thong, c kt cu tng, sn khng thm nc
v d lau chi.
c) Nc trn t xut t cc thit bi v sinh phi c thot ht, khng trn hay thm sang cc
phng xung quanh.
12.7.2. Gii php dc chp thun l t yu cu
Gii php ph hp vi tiu chun di y s c chp thun l t yu cu v chng thm cho sn, mi
bng b tng ct thp:
* TVCN 5718-93 Mi v sn b tng ct thp - Yu cu k thut chng thm nc.
iu 12.8. Chng st
12.8.1. Yu cu
Cng trnh xy dng phi c m bo yu cu v chng st, quy nh iu 3.9, chng 3 ca QCXD
Gii php ph hp vi tiu chun di y s c chp thun l t yu cu v chng st:
* 20 TCN 46 84: Chng st cho cc cng trnh xy dng.
iu 12.9. Chng ri ng
12.9.1. Yu cu
1) Phi b tr lan can che chn ti nhng v tr sau:
a) Nhng ni con ngi c kh nng ri ng t cao trn 1m, nh: trn mi c li ln thng xuyn,
ti v tr cc l thng trn tng, sn hoc ni c cao thay i t ngt.
b) Nhng ni cn ngn tr nh (di 10 tui) nh: li vo b bi, b nc su hn 0,4m.
2) Lan can phi c cao ph hp (thng t 1,1m tr ln), c kt cu vng chc v m bo an ton
Gii php ph hp vi tiu chun di y s c chp thun l t yu cu v lan can chng ri ng:
* TCVN 4431 87: Lan can an ton - iu kin k thut.
iu 12.10. Phng chng nguy hi do vt liu xy dng gy ra
12.10.1. Yu cu
1) Trong iu kin kh quyn bnh thng, trn b mt vt liu xy dng c s dng trong cc ngi nh
khng c to thnh cc cht c hi v gy mi kh chu.
2) Trong cc nh cng cng, phi c bin bo hiu i vi cc loi vt liu trong sut, d v ti nhng ni
c th i qua.
3) Knh v vt liu d v phi:
a) bn, chu c va chm hoc;
b) c bo v khi b lm v hoc;
c) Khng gy nguy him do b v hoc va p.
4) Vt liu mt sn phi m bo chng trn trt.
iu 12.11. Phng chng nhim c thc phm v cc sinh vt gy hi
12.11.1. Yu cu
1) Ni ch bin thc phm phi m bo :
a) C bin php chng c cn trng, sinh vt gy bnh (gin, chut..) ;
b) C b mt phng, nhn, khng thm nc, khng c gc cha bi bm, v d lau chi ;
c) Vt liu xy dng phi khng cha c hi ;
d) Nh bp trong cc cng trnh cng cng phi c s lng ph hp cc thit b ra, un nu thc
2) Phi c cc bin php chng cc sinh vt gy hi (nh: ru mc, nm, mui mt) cho ngi nh, c,
sn phm hng ho cha bn trong nh.
Gii php ph hp vi tiu chun di y s c chp thun l t yu cu v chng mi mt:
* QPVN 16 79: Quy phm tm thi phng chng mi mt cho cc cng
trnh xy dng
Chong 13
H thng cp thot nc bn trong
Mc tiu
Cc quy nh trong chng ny nhm bo m:
1) p ng nhu cu s dng nc bn trong cng trnh cho sinh hot, sn xut, cha chy.
2) Bo v con ngui khi b bnh tt, hn ch gy nhim mi trng bng cc bin php: thot ht
cc loi nc thi, x l nc thi ph hp vi tiu chun mi trng.
3) Bo m an ton cho con ngui vn hnh h thng cp thot nc.
iu 13.1. Quy nh chung i vi h thng cp thot nc bn trong cng trnh
13.1.1. Yu cu i vi h thng cp thot nc bn trong cng trnh
1) Cng trnh phi c lp t h thng cp thot nc ph hp vi chc nng, c im ca ngi nh v
cc iu kin kinh t k thut.
2) H thng cp thot nc bn trong cng trnh phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
a) Yu cu i vi trang thit b v sinh, quy nh ti mc 13.2.1, iu 13.2.
b) Yu cu i vi h thng cp nc, quy nh ti mc 13.3.1, iu 13.3.
c) Yu cu i vi h thng thot nc, quy nh ti mc 13.4.1, iu 13.4
Gii php ph hp vi cc tiu chun di y s c chp thun l t yu cu v h thng cp thot
* TCVN 4513-88: Cp thot nc bn trong - Tiu chun thit k
* TCVN 4474-87: Thot nc bn trong - Tiu chun thit k
* TCVN 4519-88: H thng cp thot nc bn trong - Quy phm thi cng nghim thu
iu 13.2. Trang thit bi v sinh
13.2.1. Yu cu i vi trang thit b v sinh (TBVS)
Cc thit b v sinh trong nh phi m bo:
1) S lng TBVS
S lng v kiu TBVS phi p ng yu cu s dng, ph hp vi chc nng, quy m ca cng trnh v
s lng ngi s dng c k n gii tnh, la tui, v ngi khuyt tt (nu c, theo quy nh ti iu
2) Cht lng TBVS
Cc TBVS phi:
a) C kt cu vng chc v
b) Bo m v sinh: thot nc ht, khng r r nc, khng b bm bn, khng pht sinh mi hi.
3) Lp TBVS
Lp t TBVS phi m bo:
a) s dng thun tin v an ton, ph hp vi i tng s dng.
b) thun tin cho lau chi, sa cha, thay th.
c) khng r r nc ra sn, tng v khng xy ra hin tng nc chy ngc t TBVS vo h thng
cp nc.
Nhng gii php ph hp vi cc quy nh v tiu chun di y c chp thun l t yu cu v thit
b v sinh:
1) S lng TBVS
a) Chng loi v s lng cc trang thit b v sinh c lp t bn trong cc ngi nh phi ph hp
vi chc nng v quy m cng trnh nh quy nh trong bng 13.2.1
b) Khu v sinh cho ngi tn tt: theo quy nh ti iu 8.2
Bng 13.2.1 - S lng ti thiu ca thit b v sinh bn trong cng trnh cng cng
Ghi ch:
i vi nh tr, mu gio, ca hng n ung, bnh vin, s TBVS cho nhn vin cn c tnh ring, cha
nu trong bng.
3) Cht lng TBVS
Cc thit b v sinh phi c cht lng t cc tiu chun k thut.
i vi thit b v sinh bng gm s phi t tiu chun:
* TCVN 6073-95: Sn phm gm s v sinh -Yu cu k thut
4) Lp t TBVS
Lp t TBVS phi m bo cc yu cu di y:
a) Chiu cao lp t TBVS phi ph hp vi i tng s dng v cu to ca thit b (bng 13.2.2).
i vi bnh vin, nh an dng cn ch ti i tng s dng l ngi gi, yu, khuyt tt, cc
bnh nhn cn ly bnh phm.
b) C bin php ngn nga nc trn t TBVS ra sn, gy m t khu vc v sinh.
c) Cc thit b v sinh phi c lp xi phng ngn chn mi hi thi bay vo nh.
Bng 13.2.2 - cao lp t cc thit b v sinh
(tnh t mt sn n mp trn ca chu)
iu 13.3. H thng cp nc
13.3.1. Yu cu i vi h thng cp nc
H thng cp nc phi bo m:
1) Cht lng nc cp: phi t yu cu theo mc ch s dng
Nc dng cho n ung v sinh hot phi t tiu chun quy dnh trong iu 4.15, chng 4 ca
QCXD ny.
2) Lu lng, p lc nc cp: p ng nhu cu dng nc ti mi im ly nc trong nh.
Nc cp cho sinh hot phi m bo yu cu v p lc t do ti thiu ti cc TBVS v p lc ti a.
Nc cha chy phi m bo yu cu v p lc cha chy, quy nh ti iu 11.9, chng 9 ca
3) ng ng, thit b trong h thng cp nc
ng ng, thit b trong h thng cp nc phi:
a) khng lm nhim bn, nhim c nc cp
b) c lp t chc chn, khng b r r, khng gy n rung khi vn hnh, khng xy ra hin
tng nc chy ngc khi ng ng b gim p v mt nc.
4) Trng hp cp nc nng
phi m bo an ton cho ngi s dng khng b bng do nc qu nng, r r hi nng, khng b
nguy him do n bnh un hoc in git.
H thng cp nc phi m bo cc quy nh di y c chp thun l t cc yu cu nu mc
1) m bo cc nhu cu dng nc bao gm:
a) Nc dng cho sinh hot: theo tiu chun dng nc trong ngy dng nhiu nc nht trong nm
bn trong nh , cng cng, nh sn xut, nh quy nh trong ph lc 13.1.
b) Nc cha chy bn trong nh: theo quy nh iu 11.9, chng 11 ca QCXD ny.
2) p lc nc
p lc nc trong h thng cp nc phi m bo:
a) p lc nc t do ti thiu ti mi im ly nc mi thi im l 3m ct nc.
b) p lc lm vic trong mng li cp nc sinh hot khng c vt qu 60m (nu ln hn phi
phn vng p lc cho mng li)
Ghi ch:
trnh s chnh p gia cc tng ca nh cao tng, cn t van gim p trn ng ng hn phi, c
4-6 tng t 1 van.
3) Tng p
a) Khi p lc nc khng ln cc tng nh, cn c bin php tng p nh: thit k trm bm
tng p vi b cha di t v kt nc trn mi.
b) Nghim cm vic t my bm ht nc trc tip vo ng ng. Trm bm tng p phi ht nc
qua b cha.
c) Dung tch ca b cha, kt nc phi ph hp vi nhu cu dng nc, chu k b sung nc vo b
v cch b tr ng ng phn phi.
d) My bm tng p khng c t gn cc phng cn yn tnh nh: cc cn h, nh tr-mu gio,
phng hc, ging ng, phng iu tr ca bnh vin. Phi c bin php cch m cho my bm: t
my bm trn nn cch m bng cao su hay g mm, trn ng ht v ng y phi c m chng
rung di ti thiu 1m.
e) Phi m bo cp in lin tc cho my bm cp nc.
4) ng ng
a) Vt liu ng ng cp nc l ng thp trng km hoc ng nha
b) H thng ng ng khng c gy ting n hoc b rung khi vn hnh. Tc nc chy trong
ng khng ln qu 2m/s v p lc trong ng khng qu 60m ct nc.
5) Cp nc nng
a) Thit b un nc nng
Cc thit b un nc nng phi t yu cu k thut v an ton v c lp t sao cho:
i) Khng gy nhim bn nc;
ii) Thun tin bo dng, sa cha;
iii) C cc thit b an ton khng ch p sut v nhit ;
iv) Nhit nc nng khng cao qu 500 C
b) ng ng dn nc nng
Lp t ng ng dn nc nng phi m bo:
i) Chng n mn cho ng ng thp dn nc nng v phi c bin php bo n ng ng.
ii) C bin php phng nga ng ng dn n.
iii) Phi t cc van x kh im cao ca ct ng ng cp nc nng v ca b phn gia nhit.
iv) Sn phn bit ng ng nc nng l thin bng mu .
c) Lp t h thng cp nhit, cp nc nng, ni hi v ni un nc ti nhit 1150C v ni hi
vi p sut ln hn 0,7 daN/cm2 phi tun th cc tiu chun v an ton ca ng ng dn hi v
dn nc nng.
iu 13.4 H thng thot nc
13.4.1. Yu cu i vi h thng thot nc
H thng thot nc phi m bo:
1) Thot ht nc
2) Khng b r, tc v d thng tc sa cha.
3) Khng bc mi hi thi ra mi trng xung quanh
4) Khng c nguy c b v, dp ng ng
5) m bo cc yu cu v khng x nc trc tip ra h ng v tiu chun nc thi trc khi x,
quy nh ti iu 4.17, 5.17, 6.13 v 7.8 ca QCXD ny
6) Vn hnh cng trnh x l nc thi c thun li v m bo an ton lao ng.
H thng thot nc m bo cc quy nh di y c chp thun l t cc yu cu nu mc 13.4.1:
1) Thot ht mi loi nc thi (nc bn t cc thit b v sinh, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi sn
xut, nc ma trn mi) t bn trong nh ra h thng thot nc bn ngoi bng ng ng kn.
dc ca ng ng phi ln hn dc ti thiu v m bo vn tc t lm sch ca dng chy.
2) ng ng thot nc phi khng thm, khng b r r, tc, b xm thc (i vi nc thi sn
xut) v c th l ng gang, ng snh, ng cht do.
3) Phi c cc phu thu nc thi (ng knh ti thiu l 50mm) nhanh chng thu ht nc thi
trn sn trong phng tm, ra, khu v sinh.
Mi bn tm phi c ring mt ng thot nc nagng vi dc ti thiu 0,01 - 0,03.
4) Cc dng c v sinh v thit b thu nc thi phi c ng xi phng ngn hi. Xi phng phi m
bo lp nc lu dy khng di 5cm v c b mt bn trong trn, nhn.
5) Phi t ng kim tra hoc l thng tc trn cc ng ng nhnh. Ming thng tc c t u
cng ng thot ngang, chn ng ng v khng c r r nc, khng cn tr dng chy v thun
tin cho thao tc thng tc..
6) Khng c php l ng ng nhnh thot nc ra di mt trn ca cc phng di.
7) Nc thi t cc chu x, tiu trc khi x ra h thng thot nc chung phi c x l qua b t
hoi, c xy dng t tiu chun k thut.
8) Thng hi:
a) Khng c ni ng thng hi ca ng ng thot vi ng thng gi v thng khi.
b) ng thng hi chnh phi c t thng, cao vt khi mi 0,7m v c ng knh nh quy
nh trong bng 13.4.1
Bng 13.4.1 - ng knh ti thiu ca ng thng hi
c) trnh hin tng rt lp nc lu trong xi phng, phi t ng thng hi ph.
9) ng knh ti thiu ca ng ng thot nc bn trong nh l 75mm, ca ng ng thot nc phn
tiu t cc khu v sinh l 100mm.
10) Thot nc ma trn mi:
a) Cng ma tnh ton trong h thng cp nc ma trn mi cc a phng c ly theo
ph lc 13.2
b) c php tnh ton s b theo lu lng tnh ton cho mt phu thu nc ma v mt ng ng
quy nh trong bng 13.4.2
Bng 13.4.2 - Lu lng tnh ton cho mt phu thu v mt ng ng thot nc ma
Ph lc 13.1 - Tiu chun dng nc trong ngy, dng nc nhiu nht trong nm
Ghi ch:
(1). i vi cc nh , nc sinh hot dng hng ngy ly vi cng cng ca ng ph, tiu khu th tiu
chun dng nc trung bnh mi ngi ly t 40 n 60 l/ ngy.
(2). Tiu chun dng nc cho mt ging bnh trong bnh vin, nh an dng, nh ngh v cho mt ch
trong trng ni ch tnh n lng nc dng trong nh n, nh git.
(3). Tiu chun dng nc ca 1 cn b lm vic mt tr s, c quan hnh chnh gm c lng nc cho
khch. Nc dng cho nh n cn tnh b sung.
Ph lc 13.2 - Cng ma 5 pht ti cc a phng Vit Nam
Chng 14
Trang b in trong cng trnh
Mc tiu
Cc quy dnh trong chong ny nhm bo m trang b in trong cng trnh ph hp vi chc nng ca
cng trnh v c thit k, lp t ng k thut, vn hnh an ton, lin tc trong sut thi gian s dng.
iu 14.1 Phm vi p dng
1) Chng ny c p dng cho thit k, lp t trang b in, bao gm ng dy dn v thit b in vi
in p khng vt qu 1000 V, bn trong cc cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip (di y gi chung
l cng trnh), c xy dng mi cng nh ci to, m rng.
2) Vic lp t cc thit b in c bit nh : thit b th nghim, thit b khm, cha bnh, thit b bo
chy, chng trm, cc m hnh trong bo tng, trin lm, cc bng qung co bng in, phi tun theo
nhng yu cu ring cho tng trng hp.
Ghi ch:
Phn gii thch mt s t ng v k thut in c trnh by ph lc 14.1.
iu 14.2. Yu cu i vi trang b in trong cng trnh
Vic thit k, lp t h thng in trong nh phi:
1) Bo m an ton cho con ngi v ti sn, cng trnh, bao gm:
a) Bo m an ton cho con bao gmi, khng b nguy him do:
i) tip xc vi nhng b phn mng in ca thit b dng in trong vn hnh bnh ng v
ngn nga khng cho cc b phn kim loi bnh thng khng mang in ca thit b dng in,
hoc cc b phn ca cng trnh b va chm v khi s c.
ii) chm phi b phn c nhit tng qu mc gy ra bi thit b in hot ng khng bnh
thng hoc do cc dng in vt qu mc tnh ton quy nh.
iii) lc ng in trong cc thit b in do dng in vt qu mc tnh ton gy ra.
b) Bo m trang b in lm vic an ton trong mi trng nh, khng sinh ra tia la in trong
mi trng c nguy c chy, n.
c) Bo v cc b phn ca cng trnh khi nguy c chy, suy gim cc c tnh k thut do nhit
b tng bi truyn nhit hoc h quang in.
2) S dng thun tin, an ton
Trong nh d kin c ngi tn tt s dng, cc hm n v cm in phi t ch d lui ti v s dng
thun tin cho h.
3) Bo m mng in lm vic n nh, lin tc trong thi gian ph hp vi chc nng v quy m ca
cng trnh, ngoi tr cc nguyn nhn do h thng in a phng gy ra.
4) Bo m kh nng tch ri v in vi h thng cung cp in.
a) Ti u vo, phi c thit b ct in chung bo v cho h thng in bn ngoi khi c s c.
b) Cc thit b bo v phi c chn sao cho chng tc ng theo phn cp c chn lc.
iu 14.3. Gii php c chp thun l t yu cu
Trang b in trong cng trnh c thit k, lp t ph hp vi cc tiu chun Vit Nam di y s c
chp thun l t yu cu nu trong iu 14.2.
* 20 TCN 25 - 91: t ng dn in trong nh v cng trnh cng cng -Tiu chun thit k.
* 20 TCN 27 - 91: t thit b in trong nh v cng trnh cng cng Tiu chun thit k.
* 11 TCN 18 - 84: Quy phm trang b in ti 11 TCN 21 - 84
* TCVN 4756 - 89: Quy phm ni t v ni khng cc thit b in
Ghi ch:
Mt s iu quan trng trong cc tiu chun nu trn c trch dn trong cc iu t 14.4 ti 14.14
di y.
iu 14.4. Trm bin p
14. 4.1. V tr trm bin p (TBA)
1) i vi nh , bnh vin, trng hc:
Cm t TBA trong hoc k st cc phng , phng bnh nhn, phng hc v cc phng lm vic.
2) i vi cng trnh cng nghip v cc cng trnh cng cng khc:
c t TBA trong nh hoc k st nh nhng phi m bo mc n cho php v TBA phi c
tng ngn chy vi phng k st v c li ra thng trc tip vi khng gian trng bn ngoi.
3) Trm bin p nn t tng trt v phi c li thng trc tip ra ng ph theo yu cu phng
14.4.2. B tr trm bin p
1) Ni t thit b phn phi in p n 1000 V m ngi qun l ca h tiu th ti c khng c
php thng vi ni t thit b phn phi cao p v my bin p.
2) Sn t my bin p phi c cao trn mc ngp lt cao nht ca khu vc.
3) Khng c b tr gian my bin p v thit b phn phi ti:
a) Di nhng ni m t nh: phng tm, phng v sinh, khu vc sn xut m t. Khi tht cn thit
th phi c bin php chng thm.
b) Ngay bn di v trn cc phng tp trung trn 50 ngi trong thi gian qu 1 gi. Yu cu ny
khng p dng cho gian my bin p kh hoc my bin p lm mt bng cht khng chy.
4) B tr v lp t TBA cn tun theo cc quy nh trong tiu chun 11 TCN - 21 - 84 Quy phm trang
b in.
iu 14.5. Thit b u vo - bng, t, phn phi in - thit b bo v
14.5.1. Yu cu t thit b u vo (V)
1) u vo cng trnh phi t thit b u vo (V).
2) Trc khi vo nh cm t t u cp ring phn chia li in bn trong v bn ngoi. Vic
phn chia ny phi thc hin t phn phi in chnh (TC) hoc bng in chnh (BC).
14.5.2. B tr thit b u vo, cc bng, t phn phi in chnh v cc bng, t in nhm (V, BC,
TC, TN)
1) V tr t thit b
a) Phi t thit b ch d lui ti v d thao tc kim tra, ng ct in, sa cha (v d gian cu
thang, tng hm kh ro...). Vi nh khng c gian cu thang, cho php t V trn pha tng ngoi
nh nhng phi c bin php bo v thch ng v khng nh hng n kt cu v m quan ca nh.
b) Cho php t V, BC, TN trong cc phng khc, cc tng hm kh ro, hoc trong tng k
thut khi ngi qun l ti c d dng; hoc trong phng ring ca cng trnh c tng khng chy
vi thi hn chu la khng nh hn 45 pht.
c) Cm t bng (hp, t) in phng c ho cht hoc nhng ni thng xuyn m t nh: di
hoc trong phng x tm, nh bp, ch ra chn tay, phng git.
2) B tr thit b
a) Phi t cc thit b V, BC, TN phng t bng (t) in hoc t trong cc t c kho.
b) nhng ni d b ngp nc V v BC, TN phi c t cao hn mc ngp nc ngp cao
nht c th xy ra.
c) Phng t bng (t) in:
i) phi c ca m ra pha ngoi v c kho, c thng gi t nhin v chiu sng bng in.
ii) khng c:
- t cc ng kh t, ng dn cht chy i qua phng t bng (t, hp) in.
- b tr trong phng t bng (t, hp) in cc np y, van, mt bch, ca thm d, vi, ca cc
ng ng, hp k thut (dn nc, thng gi, hi nng...) i qua phng, tr trng hp bn
thn phng cn ti.
14.5.3. Bo v ngn mch
1) Mng in phi c bo v khi ngn mch vi thi gian ct ngn nht v ct c chn lc.
2) Cc thit b bo v phi m bo ct c chn lc on c s c ca mng in.
3) Dng in danh nh ca thit b bo v
Dng in danh nh ca dy chy cu ch v dng in t ca p t mt dng bo v cc on ring r
ca mng in phi:
a) ly theo dng in tnh ton ca cc mng in ny ng thi phi m bo thit b bo v khng
ct khi c qu ti ngn hn (dng in khi ng, ph ti nh trong cng ngh, dng in t khi
b) trng hp mng in ch cn c bo v ngn mch, khng yu cu bo v qu ti, cc thit b
bo v phi c bi s dng in bo v so vi dng in lin tc cho php ca dy dn c bo v
nh sau:
i) Khng qu 3 ln i vi dy chy ca cu ch.
ii) Khng qu 1,5 ln i vi dng in ct ca b phn nh ca p t mt c iu chnh t l
nghch vi dng in c tnh.
iii) Khng qu 4,5 ln i vi dng in ct ca p t mt c b phn nh cc i tc ng tc
thi (ct nhanh).
14.5.4. Bo v qu ti
1) Phi bo v qu ti i vi cc loi mng in trong nh di y:
a) Dng dy dn cch in c v d chy, t h.
b) Dng dy dn c bo v hoc dy dn i trong ng ng, trong cc kt cu xy dng khng
chy...trong nhng trng hp sau:
i) Mng in chiu sng nh , nh cng cng, ca hng, nh phc v sinh hot ca cc x
nghip cng nghip; mng in ca dng in xch tay hoc di chuyn c (bn l, bp
in, t lnh, my khu in,...) cng nh trong cc gian sn xut d chy.
ii) Mng in ng lc trong x nghip cng nghip, nh , nh cng cng, ca hng khi qu
trnh cng nghip hay ch vn hnh ca mng in c th gy qa ti lu di dy dn v
iii) Cc loi mng in cc nh c cha cht d n
2) bo v qu ti mng in cn phi theo cc iu kin sau y:
a) Dy chy ca cu ch hoc b ngt ca p t mt phi ly theo dng in tnh ton c tnh n
dng in ph ti nh, khng ct in khi qa ti ngn hn (nh dng in khi ng, ph ti
nh cng ngh, dng in t ng khi ng), theo quy nh ti bng 14.5.1.
Bng 14.5.1. bo v qu ti cho mng in
b) Dng in lin tc cho php ca dy dn [I]
Tr s dng in lin tc cho php ca cc loi dy dn c quy nh ph lc 14.2.
3) ng dy nhnh ti ng c lng sc t ring r c bo v ngn mch bng cu ch hoc p t mt;
bo v qu ti bng khi ng t hoc p t mt c b phn ngt nhit.
a) Vi cu ch ( m bo khng ct mch khi qa ti):
Idc Ik / k
k = 1,6 i vi cc ng c c iu kin khi ng nng
k = 2,5 i vi cc ng c c iu kin khi ng nh.
b) Vi p t mt:
Ic 1,25 Ik
trong :
Idc dng in danh nh ca dy chy (ampe)
Ic dng in ct ca p t mt (ampe)
Ik - dng in khi ng ca ng c lng sc (ampe), theo catal ca ng c.
4) i vi ng dy cung cp in cho cc bng n si nung cng sut ln (500 ~ 2000 W) v cc n
phng in trong cht kh (125 ~ 1000 W) khi chn p t mt bo v cho ng dy phi k ti dng in
khi ng.
a) Vi p t mt ch c b ngt t:
Ic 1,25 Ik
b) Vi p t mt ch c b ngt nhit hoc b ngt hn hp t nhit, khng iu chnh:
Id 1,5Ilv
trong :
Ic v Ik - nh trn
Id - dng in danh nh (ampe)
Ilv dng in lm vic ca ng dy (ampe)
Bi s dng in khi ng ca bng n nung sng cng sut ln l 7 ~ 12, ca bng n phng
in cao p l 2 ~ 3.
iu 14.6. B tr mng in trong nh
14.6.1. Mng in nhm chiu sng trong nh
1) Dng in danh nh ca thit b bo v (cu ch hoc p t mt) phi:
a) khng c ln hn 25A; hoc
b) cho php khng qa 63A i vi ng dy nhm cp in cho cc n phng in c cng sut
mi bng t 1225W tr ln, cc bng n si nung c cng sut mi bng t 500W tr ln.
2) S lng n mc vo mi pha ca ng dy nhm chiu sng trong nh phi:
a) Khng qu 20 bng k c cc cm in, i vi n si nung, n hunh quang, n thu ngn
cao p, n natri.
b) Cho php ti 50 bng n i vi ng dy nhm cp in cho cc n kiu mng ht, trn sng,
mng sng, n lp bng hunh quang,
c) Khng hn ch i vi ng dy cp in cho n chm,
d) Cho php n 60 bng si nung, mi bng c cng sut 60W u vo mi pha cc ng dy
nhm chiu sng cu thang, hnh lang, chiu ngh, snh, tng k thut, tng p mi,
e) Vi bng n c cng sut 10 KW v ln hn, cho php u vo mi pha khng qu mt n.
14.6.2. Phng thc t ng dy
1) ng dy cp in trc ng cho cn h phi t dc theo gian cu thang hoc trong hp k
thut, khng c i qua cc phng.
Cho php t chung ng dy cp in cho cn h vi ng dy chiu sng cho cu thang, hnh
lang chung ca nh trong rnh chung trong ng hp lun dy bng vt liu kh chy.
2) T bng in tng dn ti bng in cn h phi t trong cc rnh ring hoc trong ng (hp) lun
dy ring.
iu 14.7. Quy nh chung v t ng dy dn in
14.7.1. H thng ng dy dn in
H thng ng dy dn in phi m bo:
a) c lp v c, in vi cc h thng khc;
b) D thay th, sa cha
c) Ch ni hoc r nhnh dy dn, cp in phi m bo tiu chun dn in nh mt dy dn,
cp in lin tc v khng c chu lc tc ng bn ngoi.
14.7.2. t ng dy
1) Cho php t chung dy cp in (tr trng hp d phng) trong ng thp hoc cc loi ng khc c
bn c hc, trong cc hp, mng v mng kn, trong cc kt cu xy dng nh khi:
a) Tt c cc mch l cho cng mt t dng in.
b) Cc mch ng lc v mch kim tra ca mt s bng in, t in, bng v bn iu khin c
lin quan v cng ngh.
c) Mch cp in cho n phc tp
d) Mch ca mt s nhm thuc cng mt dng chiu sng (chiu sng lm vic v chiu sng s c)
vi s dy dn khng qu 8.
2) Cc mch in d phng cng nh cc mch in chiu sng lm vic v chiu sng s c, khng c
t chung trong mt ng, mt hp hay mt mng.
3) Khi t hai hay nhiu dy dn trong mt ng, ng knh trong ca ng khng c nh hn 11mm.
4) Dy dn in xoay chiu 1 pha nu ti dng in danh nh ln hn 25A khng c t trong ng thp
v trong ng cch in c v bc bng thp.
5) Vic ni v r nhnh ca dy dn trong hp kn (khng m ra c), trong ng, trong ng mm kim loi
t h hoc kn phi thc hin trong hp ni v hp ni r nhnh. Bn trong hp c np tho ri v trong
mng cho php ni v r nhnh dy dn bng kp c bit c v cch in m bo cch in lin tc.
14.7.3. vt liu ca ng dn in
1) Rut ng dy dn
Phi dng dy dn v cp in c rut ng nhng ni sau:
a) Nguy him chy, n, vng bin hoc nhng ni c mi trng hot tnh ha hc,
b) cc b phn chuyn ng hoc cc my mc rung ng.
c) cc thit b dng c in cm tay hay di ng
d) cng trnh quan trng, cc h cn tin cy cung cp in loi 1.
2) V ng dy dn
a) Cho php t cp in c v cao su, v ch, nhm, cht do cc phng m t, phng c nguy
him v chy v phng c nhit khng qu 40oC.
b) nhng ni c nhit t 40oC tr ln phi dng dy dn, cp in m lp cch in v v bc
chu c nhit cao hoc phi gim bt ph ti ca dy dn v cp in (theo cc h s gim nu
ph lc 14.3).
14.7.4. Kch thc ng dn
1) Dng in lin tc cho php ca ng dn in ca dy dn bc cch in, cp in khng c vt
qa cc tr s quy nh ca cc nh sn xut v phi tnh ti nhit mi trng, phng php t.
2) Mt ct rut dn in ti thiu
Mt ct rut dy dn in ca tng ng dy khng c nh hn cc tr s quy nh ph lc 14.4
Ghi ch: Vi li in 3 pha 4 dy, khi mt ct dy pha n 16 mm2 (ng) v 25 mm2 (nhm) th dy
trung tnh ca ng dy cp in trc ng phi c mt ct bng mt ct dy pha. Nu mt ct dy pha
ln hn cc tr s trn th mt ct dy trung tnh khng c nh qu 50% mt ct dy pha.
14.7.5. Phng php t ng dn in
1) Phng php t ng dn in phi ph hp vi iu kin mi trng, tnh cht s dng v c im
kin trc cng trnh, cc yu cu v k thut an ton v phng chng chy.
2) Phng php t dy
a) Dy dn nn t h ti nhng ni sau:
i) trong cc tng k thut, tng hm, khng t thit b si, cc phng t my thng gi.
ii) cc phng m t nh trm bm nc, phng v sinh x tm.
b) Trong cc phng v sinh, dy dn nn t h v phi dng loi c v bo v hoc cp in v cm
t dy dn c v bo v trong ng kim loi.
c) ng dy phi kn (ngm trong tng di lp va trt, trong ng trong hp...): trong cc phng
c yu cu cao v v sinh nh: nh tr, phng ch bin gia cng thc n, phng m, phng iu ch
huyt thanh.
3) Li in t trong trn treo khng i li c: phi coi nh li in kn v c t nh sau:
a) Vi trn nh bng vt liu chy: lun trong ng (hp) bng kim loi
b) Vi trn nh bng vt liu khng chy hoc kh chy: lun trong ng (hp) bng cht do hoc
dng ng dn in bc cch in c bo v vi v bng vt liu kh chy nhng phi m bo kh
nng thay th, sa cha ng dn in.
4) Cc mi ni v r nhnh:
Tt c cc mi ni v r nhnh dy dn, cp in phi c thc hin trong hp ni dy dn v hp r
5) on dn in xuyn mng, tng, trn nh, sn nh, i qua khe ln, khe co dn.
a) on dy dn hoc cp in xuyn mng, tng, trn nh, sn nh phi:
i) t trong ng thp hoc cc ng c cng tng t;
ii) ng knh trong ca ng phi ln hn 1,5 ln ng knh ngoi ca dy dn hoc cp in.
b) on dn in i qua khe ln, khe co dn: phi c bin php chng b h hng cho dy, cp.
iu 14.8. t ng dn in h trong nh
Dy dn bc cch in khng bo v, t h trc tip trn cc b mt puly, s kp treo di dy cng,
trn dn, trong mng .. . phi c lp t theo quy nh di y:
cao ti thiu ca dy, mng.
1) cao ti thiu ca dy dn so vi mt sn hoc mt bng lm vic phi nh sau:
a) 2m: khi in p trn 42 V trong phng kh ro v khi in p n 42 V trong cc phng m t.
b) 2,5 m: khi in p trn 42 V trong phng m t.
2) Khng quy nh cao i vi:
a) ng dy i xung cng tc n, cm in, thit b iu khin v bo v cc thit b dng in
khc t trn tng,
b) Dy dn cch in c v bo v, dy dn trong ng cch in c v bc bng kim loi, dy dn v
cp in trong ng thp, ng mm bng kim loi cng nh cp cao su mm. ch dy dn v cp c
th b h hng v c hc phi c bo v b sung.
c) Cc gian nh ch cho php lui ti i vi cc nhn vin c hun luyn.
3) Trong cc phng m t, cao t mt sn ti mt di ca hp, mng khng c nh hn 2m.
4) Trong cc nhp cu trc, dy bc cch in khng c bo v phi t cao t nht l 2,5 m k t mt
cu trc. Nu khng t c cao th bn trn gi sa cha cu trc phi c bin php bo v, khng
v chm phi (nh t trong ng, trong mng).
14.8.2. bo v trnh tc ng c hc cho ng dn thng ng
1) Phi bo v trnh tc ng c hc n cao t nht l 1,5m k t mt sn hoc mt bng lm vic i
a) Dy dn cp in xuyn sn nh v t h thng ng theo tng nh.
b) Dy i xung cng tc, cm in, kh c in v bng in trong nh sn xut.
2) Khng cn bo v trnh tc ng c hc
Trong nh phc v sinh hot ca x nghip cng nghip, nh v nh cng cng, cc dy i xung k trn
khng cn bo v trnh tc ng c hc.
14.8.3. nhng ni khng b ng vt gm nhm ph hoi, khng c cc tc ng c l, khng c cc cht
n mn.
14.8.4. Ngn cch gia dy dn t h v mt kt cu
Khi t h, gia b mt kt cu vi v ca dy dn, cp in phi c khong cch khng nh hn 10mm.
14.8.5. , treo dy
1) ng lun dy dn in, cp, dy dn cch in c bo v ca ng dn in phi c bt chc trn
gi .
Khong cch gia cc gi l 0,8 1 m i vi ng v 0,5 - 0,7 m i vi dy dn cch in c bo v,
2) Khi dng dy thp treo cp in
a) Ch c cho dy treo chu mt lc khng ln qu 1/ 4 ng lc lm t dy thp .
b) Khong cch gia cc im treo dy dn bc cch in hoc cp in khng c v bo v bng
thp khng c ln hn:
i) 1m vi dy dn cp in c mt ct rut dn in 1mm2
ii) 1,5m vi dy dn hoc cp in c mt ct rut dn t 1,5 mm2 tr ln.
14.8.6. ng lun dy dn, cp v hp ni dy, hp r nhnh phi m bo:
a) D lun v thay th dy dn, cp in;
b) Nc ngng t trong ng, hp thot c ra ngoi ng thi cn trng khng chui lt c vo
trong ng, hp.
14.8.7. ng dy dn in v cc ng ng k thut khc.
Ti nhng on giao cho nhau hoc song song gia ng dn in v cc ng ng k thut, phi:
1) m bo khong cch gia dy dn in bc cch in hoc cp in vi cc ng ng khc nh
quy nh trong bng 14.8.1.
Khi khng m bo c khong cch gia ng ng dn in cho vi ng ng quy nh
trong bng, phi bo v chng tc ng c l cho on dy dn, cp in, ti thiu 250mm v mi
pha ca ng ng.
Bng 14.8.1. Khong cch ti thiu gia dy dn in bc cch in,
cp in vi cc ng ng khc.
2) bo v chng nhit cao cho ng dn in giao cho hoc song song vi ng dn nhit.
Chng 15
quy nh chung v cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh
Mc tiu
Cc quy nh trong chng ny nhm hng dn vic thit k cc cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh t
yu cu nu ti iu 1.4, chng 1 ca Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam.
iu 15.1. yu cu chung i vi cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh
Cc cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh phi m bo cc yu cu di y:
1) Cc quy nh chung trong Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam, bao gm:
a) Chng 1: Quy nh chung v quy chun xy dng;
b) Chng 2: S liu t nhin dng trong thit k xy dng;
c) Chng 3: iu kin k thut chung thit k cc cng trnh xy dng;
d) Chng 4: Quy nh chung v quy hoch xy dng;
2) Cc yu cu i vi cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh quy nh trong Quy chun v Tiu chun xy
dng chuyn ngnh.
Ghi ch:
Danh mc cc tiu chun ca VN hin hnh lin quan n thit k cc cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh
c k cc ph lc t 15.2 ti 15.9 c km m s theo khung phn loi tiu chun quc t ICS ca T
chc tiu chun ho quc t ISO.
iu 15.2. Gii thch t ng
15.2.1. Cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh
l cc cng trnh xy dng khng thuc cng trnh dn dng, cng nghip v c nu trong ph lc 15.1.
15.2.2. Quy chun xy dng chuyn ngnh
l b phn ca Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam quy nh cc yu cu k thut ti thiu, bt buc phi t
c i vi cc cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh, v cc gii php, cc tiu chun c s dng t
yu cu .
Ph lc 15.1. Phn loi cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh
Cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh bao gm cc loi cng trnh sau nhng khng hn ch ch trong s :
1 Cng trnh ng b
2 Cng trnh ng st
3 Cng trnh ng thu
4 Cng trnh ng khng
5 Cng trnh thu li, thu in
6 Cng trnh nng nghip
7 Cng trnh lm nghip
8 Cng trnh nui trng thu sn
9 Cng trnh thng tin, lin lc
10 Cng trnh xy dng m
11 Cng trnh khai thc du kh
12 Cng trnh cp nc
13 Cng trnh thot nc
14 Cng trnh x l cht thi rn
15 Cng trnh an ninh, quc phng
Ph lc 15.2 Danh mc cc tiu chun hin hnh v thit k cng trnh xy dng chuyn ngnh
Ghi ch:
M s theo ICS l m s theo khung phn loi tiu chun quc t ca T chc tiu chun quc t ISO.
15.2.1. Cng trnh giao thng (m s theo ICS: 93)
1) Tiu chun chung cho cc cng trnh giao thng
22 TCN 221 - 95 Cng trnh giao thng trong vng c ng t - Tiu chun thit k
22 TCN 220 - 95 Tnh ton cc c trng dng chy l
22 TCN 82 - 85 Quy trnh khoan thm d a cht cng trnh
2) Cng trnh ng b
TCVN 5729 - 93 ng t cao tc - Tiu chun thit k
TCVN 4054 - 85 ng t - Tiu chun thit k
22 TCN 104 - 83 Quy phm k thut thit k ng ph, ng, qung trng th
22 TCN 210 - 92 ng giao thng nng thn
QPVN 0025 - 83 Quy phm thit k ng t lm nghip
22 TCN 218 - 94 yu cu k thut ng cu nn t
22 TCN 210 - 92 Quy trnh thit k o ng cng
22 TCN 211 - 93 Quy trnh thit k o ng mm
22 TCN 20 - 84 Quy trnh kho st, thit k, ci thin, nng cp ng t
22 TCN 171 - 87 Quy trnh kho st a cht cng trnh v thit k bin php n nh nn ng
vng c hot ng trt, st l.
3) Cng trnh ng st
TCVN 4117 - 85 ng st kh 1435mm. Tiu chun thit k
S 433/ Q - KT4 Quy phm k thut thit k ng st kh 1000 mm
4) Cng trnh cu
22 TCN 18 79 Quy trnh thit k cu cng theo trng thi gii hn.
5) Cng trnh hm
TCVN 4527 - 88 Hm ng st v hm ng t - Tiu chun thit k
6) Cng trnh cng, ng thu
22 TCN 219 - 94 Cng trnh bn cng sng - Tiu chun thit k
22 TCN 207 - 92 Cng trnh bn cng bin - Tiu chun thit k
22 TCN 86 - 86 Quy trnh thit k bn ph, bn cu phao ng b
Sp ban hnh Cng trnh chnh tr lung tu chy sng. Tiu chun thit k
15.2.2. Cng trnh thu li (m s theo ICS: 93)
1) Tiu chun chung v cng trnh thy li, thy cng
TCVN 5060 - 90 Cng trnh thy li. Cc quy nh ch yu v thit k
TCVN 4116 - 85 Kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp thu cng. Tiu chun
thit k
TCVN 4253 - 86 Nn cc cng trnh thu cng. Tiu chun thit k
14 TCN 011 - 85 Tng lc ngc, cng trnh thu cng. Quy phm thit k
2) p
14 TCN 056 - 88 Thit k p b tng v b tng ct thp. Tiu chun thit k
14 TCN 058 - 88 Thit k ng vin di t ca p trn nn khng phi
14 TCN 007 - 85 p trn. Quy phm tnh ton thu lc.
3) ng hm, cng
14 TCN 032 - 85 ng hm thu li. Hng dn thit k
14 TCN 008 - 85 Cng di su. Quy phm tnh ton thu lc.
4) Knh di
TCVN 4118 - 91 h thng knh ti. Tiu chun thit k
5) Cng trnh bo v b sng
14 TCN 084 - 91 Cng trnh bo v b sng chng l.
15.2.3. Cng trnh nng, lm nghip (m s theo ICS: 65)
1) Tiu chun chung
TCVN 3096 - 84 Nh nng nghip. Thng s hnh hc
2) Tri chn nui
TCVN 3772 - 83: Tri nui ln. yu cu thit k
TCVN 3773 - 83: Tri nui g. yu cu thit k
TCVN 3997 - 85: Tri nui tru, b. yu cu thit k
3) Trm nng nghip
TCVN 3744 - 83: Tri ging la cp 1. yu cu thit k
TCVN 4518 - 88: Trm c kh nng nghip huyn. Xng sa cha. Tiu
chun thit k
TCVN 4089 - 85: Trm th y huyn. yu cu thit k
4) Kho nng nghip, trm ch bin nng sn
TCVN 3996 - 85: Kho ging la. yu cu thit k
TCVN 3995 - 85: Kho phn khong kho. yu cu thit k
TCVN 3775 - 83: Nh phn chung. yu cu thit k
TCVN 5452 - 91: C s git m. yu cu v sinh.
5) Cng trnh lm nghip
QPVN 0025 - 83: Quy phm thit k ng t lm nghip
15.2.4. Cng trnh in nng (m s ICS: 29)
TCVN 3715 - 82: Trm bin p trn b cng sut n 1.000KVA, in p n 20KV. yu cu k
thut
TCVN 46756 - 89: Quy phm ni t v ni khng cc thit b in. K hiu bng hnh v trn s
TCVN 1620 - 75: Nh my in v trm in trn s cung cp in
15.2.5. Cng trnh thng tin (m s theo ICS: 33)
TCVN 1629 - 75: K hiu bng hnh v trn s in. My, tng i v trm in thoi.
TCVN 1628 - 87: K hiu bng hnh v trn s in. Anten.
15.2.6. Cng trnh du kh (m s theo ICS: 75)
1) Khai thc v ch bin du kh
TCVN 5654 - 92: Quy phm bo v mi trng cc bn giao nhn du th trn bin.
TCVN 5655 - 92: Quy phm bo v mi trng ti cc gin khoan tm kim thm d v khai thc du
kh trn bin.
2) Thit b thm d khai thc
t TCVN 5309 - 91 Dn khoan bin. Quy phm phn cp v ch to ti TCVN 5319 - 91
TCVN 6171 - 96 Cng trnh bin c nh. Quy nh v gim st k thut v phn cp.
3) Vn chuyn du kh
TCVN 4090 - 85: ng ng chnh dn du v sn phm du. Tiu chun thit k
TCVN 5066 - 90: ng ng chnh dn kh t, du m v cc sn phm du m t ngm di t.
Yu cu chung v thit k v chng n mn.
4) Kho, trm xng du
TCVN 5307 - 91: Kho du m v sn phm du m. Tiu chun thit k.
TCVN 4530 - 88: Trm cp pht xng du cho t. Tiu chun thit k.
TCVN 5684 - 92: An ton cc cng trnh xng du. yu cu chung.
15.2.7. Cng trnh bo v sc kho, mi trng (m s theo ICS: 13 v 91)
1) Cng trnh cp nc
20 TCN 33 - 85: Cp nc. Mng li bn ngoi v cng trnh. Tiu chun thit k
2) Cng trnh thot nc
20 TCN 51 84: Thot nc. Mng li bn ngoi v cng trnh. Tiu chun thit k.
Chng 16
cng trng xy dng
Mc tiu
Cc quy nh trong chng ny nhm m bo qu trnh thi cng xy lp phi:
1) bo v c mi trng v m bo an ton, v sinh cho c dn xung quanh cng trng xy dng.
2) Bo m an ton v iu kin s dng bnh thng cho cng trnh, h thng k thut h tng, bo v
cy xanh, di tch lch s, vn ha v danh lam thng cnh xung quanh cng trng xy dng.
iu 16.1. yu cu chung i vi cng trng xy dng
Trong sut qu trnh xy lp, cc n v thi cng trn cng trng phi m bo:
1) Khng gy nhim qu gii hn cho php ti mi trng xung quanh cng trng do:
a) X ra cc yu t c hi nh bi, hi kh c, ting n,...
b) Thi nc, bn, vt liu ph thi, t, ct ra khu vc dn c, ng s, ao h, ng rung xung
quanh cng trng gy nh hng xu n sinh hot v sn xut ca dn c xung quanh.
2) Khng gy nguy him cho c dn xung quanh cng trng.
3) Khng gy ln, st, nt, cho nh ca, cng trnh v h thng k thut h tng (h thng cp, ng
ng ngm, cng rnh,...) xung quanh.
4) Khng gy cn tr giao thng do vi phm lng ng, va h.
5) Khng xy ra s c chy, n xy ra.
iu 16.2. iu kin k thut m cng trng xy dng
Cng trng ch c m sau khi thc hin cc quy nh v an ton di y
16.2.1. thit k mt bng thi cng
Mi cng trng, trc khi tin hnh tiu chun u phi thit k mt bng thi cng.
Trn mt bng thi cng phi th hin y , r rng:
1) Cc bin php m bo an ton, v sinh mi trng, phng chng chy.
2) V tr cc cng trnh c thi cng, cng trnh phc v thi cng, kho bi, ng s;
3) Khu vc sp xp nguyn vt liu, cu kin;
4) Khu vc thu gom vt liu ph thi, t d tha;
5) Tuyn ng i li, vn chuyn, h thng in, nc phc v thi cng v sinh hot.
6) h thng thot nc ma, nc thi trn cng trng v bin php x l trc khi a vo h thng
cng cng cng.
Ghi ch:
i vi cng trng nh ch lp s mt bng thi cng vi mc n gin, tu thuc quy m cng vic
v hon cnh thc t ca khu vc.
16.2.2. Hon thnh vic che, chn v bin bo
1) Cng trng ch c m sau khi thc hin cc quy nh an ton v bin bo, ro chn, bao che...
2) nhng ni khng an ton v nhng ni cn thit, phi c bin bo, tn hiu. Cc bin bo, tn hiu ny
phi t ch d nhn bit mi ngi thc hin ng ni dung ch dn.
3) Bao quanh nhng khu vc quan trng hoc nguy him phi c hng ro vng chc, cao trn 2 mt.
4) B tr s cng ra vo c cc trm gc nu cn thit cnh gii v m bo an ton cho ngi v ti
iu 16.3. Bo m v sinh, an ton cho mi trng xung quanh cng trng xy dng
16.3.1. Gi gn v sinh v an ton giao thng
1) i vi nhng cng trng nm trong th, vic vn chuyn cu kin, nguyn vt liu,.v.v...phc v
cng trnh thi cng phi tun theo cc quy nh ca chnh quyn a phng.
(nh vn chuyn vo ban m, ra sch bnh xe trc khi ra ng ph, thng xuyn lm v sinh ng
ph xung quanh cng trng...)
2) Cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, vt liu ph thi, t ,...phi c thng xe c che kn v
ging buc vng, trnh ri vt c vn chuyn xung ng.
16.3.2. Chng bi, vt ri t trn cao
1) Khi thi cng nhng cng trnh gn ng giao thng hoc khu dn c phi c che, chn chng bi
hoc ri vt liu xung ng, hoc nh.
2) Vic chuyn vt liu thi t cao trn 3 mt xung t phi m bo an ton, v sinh nh: dng ng
mng hoc thit b nng h, ming ra ca mng phi cch mt t khng qu 1 mt.
iu 16.3.3. Chng n rung ng qu mc
1) Khi s dng cc bin php thi cng c gii phi la chn gii php thi cng thch hp vi c im, tnh
hnh, v tr ca cng trng.
2) i vi cng trng, xung quanh c nhiu nh dn v h thng cng trnh k thut h tng, phi u tin
chn gii php thi cng no gy ra ting n v rung ng nh nht.
16.3.4. Phng chng chy, n trong qu trnh thi cng
1) Cc n v thi cng phi thc hin y cc bin php phng chng chy, n trn phm vi ton cng
2) Nhng khu vc trn cng trng c cha vt liu d chy, xng du, bnh hi hoc thit b c p lc
v.v...phi m bo khong cch ti khu vc dn c theo quy nh v phng chng chy n, c hng ro
cch ly v cc bin bo cm la, cm ngi khng phn s n gn, ng thi phi b tr v bo qun tt
cc thit b dng c, phng tin chng chy thch hp.
iu 16.4. bo v cng trnh k thut h tng, cy xanh
16.4.1. bo v cng trnh k thut h tng
1) Trong sut qu trnh thi cng, n v thi cng khng c gy nh hng xu ti h thng cng trnh k
thut h tng hin c.
2) Nhng cng trng c h thng cng trnh k thut h tng i qua, n v thi cng phi c bin php
bo v h thng ny hot ng bnh thng. Ch c php thay i, di chuyn h thng cng trnh k
thut h tng sau khi c vn bn ca c quan qun l h thng cng trnh ny cho php thay i, di
chuyn, cung cp s ch dn cn thit ca ton h thng v tho thun v bin php tm thi duy tr
cc iu kin bnh thng cho sinh hot v sn xut ca dn c trong vng.
16.4.2. bo v cy xanh
n v thi cng c trch nhim bo v tt c cc cy xanh c trong v xung quanh cng trng. Vic
cht h cy xanh phi c php ca c quan qun l cy xanh.
iu 16.5. Kt thc cng trng xy dng.
Trc khi kt thc cng trng, cc n v thi cng phi thu dn mt bng cng trng gn gng, sch s,
chuyn ht cc vt liu tha, d b cc cng trnh tm, sa cha nhng ch h hng ca ng s, va h,
cng rnh, h thng cng trnh k thut h tng, nh v cng trnh xung quanh...do qu trnh thi cng gy
nn, theo ng tho thun ban u hoc theo quy nh ca Nh nc.
-------------oOo-------------
H ni, ngy 25 thng 9 nm 1997
Quyt dnh ca b trng b xy dng
V vic ban hnh quy chun xy dng tp II v tp III
B trng b xy dng
- Cn c Ngh nh 15/CP ngy 4/2/1994 ca Chnh ph quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c
cu t chc ca B xy dng:
- Cn c Ngh nh s 42/CP ngy 16/7/1996 ca Chnh ph ban hnh iu l qun l u t v xy dng
v Ngh nh ca iu s 92/CP ngy 23/8/1997 ca Chnh ph v vic sa i b sung mt s iu ca
iu l qun l u t v xy dng ban hnh km theo Ngh nh s 42/CP ngy 16/7/1996 ca Chnh ph.
- Xt nhu cu v qun l Quy hoch v Xy dng, theo ngh ca V trng V Chnh sch Xy dng,
V trng V khoa hc Cng ngh, Cc trng Cc Gim nh Nh nc v cht lng cng tnh xy
dng, V trng V qun l Kin trc v Quy hoch, Vin trng Vin nghin cu Kin trc.
Quyt nh
iu 1: Ban hnh km theo quyt nh ny Quy chun xy dng tp II v tp III.
iu 2: Quyt nh ny c hiu lc t ngy 1/11/1997 v p dng trong phm vi c nc.
iu 3: Cc b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph, y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh thuc Trung
ng c trch nhim t chc thi hnh quyt nh ny.
B trng B Xy dng
Ng Xun Lc
( k)
Li ni u
Trong Quy chun xy dng Vit nam (1997), chng 2, iu 2.1 "S liu t nhin ca khu vc xy dng"
quy nh nh sau: "Cc s liu t nhin ca khu vc xy dng c s dng lp d n quy hoch v
thit k cng trnh phi l cc s liu chnh thc, bao gm:
1. Cc s liu nu trong tiu chun VN hin hnh;
2. Hoc cc s liu do cc c quan chc nng Nh nc cung cp, trong trng hp cha c tiu
chun VN tng ng".
Quy chun Xy dng Vit Nam tp III v tp Ph lc, tp hp cc t liu v iu kin t nhin lin quan
n xy dng ca Vit Nam. Cc Ph lc ch bin son da trn ti liu chnh thc ca Nh nc: Tiu
chun Nh nc (TCVN) v tlt. y l nhng ti liu bt buc p dng.
Nhng ti liu ny hin c:
- Tiu chun TCVN 4088 - 85" S liu kh hu dng trong thit k xy dng"
- Tiu chun TCVN 2737 - 95 "Ti trng v tc ng".
- "Tp Atlt kh tng thy vn - Chng trnh tin b khoa hc k thut do tng cc kh tng thy
vn - chng trnh tin b khoa hc k thut Nh nc 42A v cc chng trnh thy vn quc t - y
ban quc gia VN xut bn nm 1994.
Nh vy, tr lnh vc kh tng thy vn, trong nhng lnh vc khc, mc d c nhiu ti liu nghin cu
c gi tr nhng n nay vn cha c Tiu chun hoc Atlt c ban hnh. Mt s ph lc trong
QCXDVN tp III ny c bin son da trn nhng ti liu ny v ch s dng lm ti liu tham
kho trong khi ch i vic ban hnh cc ti liu chnh thc ca Nh nc. Do hon cnh thc t, vic cp
nht ha, b sung cc s liu nghin cu mi nht cn b hn ch. Hi vng trong thi gian ti, sm c thm
nhiu ti liu v iu kin t nhin VN c chnh thc ha vic b sung sau ny ca QCXDVN (tp
III, Ph lc) c thun li.
Do khun kh cun sch, cc bn phn vng u phi thu nh. Khi cn nghin cu chi tit, xin tham
kho bn gc (c lu tr ti vin nghin cu Kin trc, B Xy dng). Cui cng, v a danh, trong
nhng nm qua, mt s tnh c chia tch v mang tn mi. Tn mi ca cc tnh c nu trong Bn
hnh chnh CHXHCNVN. Ring i vi mt s bng s liu, d tra cu, trong cc ph lc ca tp II
ny vn gi nguyn tn tnh c cho thng nht vi Tiu chun (hin hnh) v ti liu gc. Km theo Bn
hnh chnh CHXHCNVN c bng i chiu tn mi v tn c ca cc tnh.
Hnh 1:Bn hnh chnh CHXHCNVN
Bng danh sch Tn Tnh, Thnh ph
Ph lc 2.1
Kh hu xy dng
Cc s liu v kh hu xy dng ti cc a phng trn ton quc c quy nh trong tiu chun TCVN
4088 - 85 "S liu kh hu dng trong thit k xy dng" v "Tp Atlas kh tng thy vn Vit nam"
(1994). Ph lc 2.1 ny c bin son theo cc ti liu trn bt buc p dng trong xy dng.
2.1.1. c im kh hu Vit nam
1) c im chung
Vit nam thuc vng kh hu nhit i m, gi ma, c 2 min kh hu khc bit vi ranh gii l 16 v
bc, ngang vi o Hi Vn:
a) Min kh hu pha bc: kh hu nhit i m, c mu ng lnh vi nhit trung bnh hng nm
di 24OC.
b) Min kh hu pha nam: kh hu nhit i m, gi ma, khng c ma ng lnh. Nhit trung
bnh nm 24 - 28OC. Vng ng bng quanh nm nng v chia ra 2 ma r rt: Ma ma t thng 5
ti thng 10, ma kh t thng 11 ti thng 4.
2) Nng, nhit , m ca khng kh
Trn ton lnh th, thi gian ban ngy, thi gian nng di, lng bc x di do: tng x trung bnh hng
nm 86 - 169 Kcal/cm2. S gi nng trung bnh nm: 1.400 - 2.800 gi.
Nhit ma h min Bc v nhit quanh nm min Nam tng i cao. m tng i ca
khng kh quanh nm cao: 77 - 87%.
3) Cc ma thi tit
a) Thi k ma phn, lnh m
min Bc vo thi k gi ma ng thng c ma phn m t, m tng i ca khng kh rt
cao, c lc bo ha.
b) Thi tit nm m
Ti vng pha ng min Bc v ven bin min Trung, vo khong thi gian cui ma ng, u ma
xun thng c thi tit nm m: khng kh c nhit 20 - 25OC v m tng i rt ln, trn
95%, c lc bo ha. Lc ny, hi nc t khng kh ng li trn b mt cng trnh, thit b v y
mnh qu trnh n mn kh quyn.
c) Thi tit kh, nng
Ti cc vng trng khut pha ng dy ni Trng sn v cc thung lng vng Ty bc v ma h c
gi kh nng thi theo hng ty, ty bc, ty nam vi thi gian hot ng 10 - 30ngy trong nm.
Thi tit tr nn kh nng: nhit trn 35OC v m tng i di 55%.
4) Ma, tuyt
a) Lng ma v thi gian ma hng nm tng i ln: trung bnh 1.100 - 4.800mm v 67 - 223
ngy. Ma phn b khng u trn lnh th v tp trung vo cc thng ma. Nhiu trn ma c cng
ln, nhiu t ma lin tc, ko di, gy l lt.
b) Trn ton lnh th khng c tuyt tr mt i ln trong nhiu nm mt vi ngn ni cao pha Bc
c th c tuyt. Ti trng gi l ti trng kh tng duy nht tc ng ln cng trnh xy dng.
5) Bo, ging, lc
a) V ma h, min ven bin t pha bc ti Khnh ha (ngang v tuyn 12 bc) chu nh hng
tc tip ca nhiu cn bo mnh km ma to, gy nc dng. Ven bin thng c sng thn.
(nh hng ca gi bo ti cc cng trnh xy dng c trnh by ph lc 2.3). Ven bin thng
c sng thn
b) Ging, lc, vi rng c kh nng xy ra mi ni, nht l v ma h
2.1.2. Phn vng kh hu theo iu kin chung v kh tng
Trong "Tp Atlas kh tng thy vn Vit nam" do tng cc kh tng thy vn v Chng trnh thy vn
quc t - y ban qucgia VN xut bn nm 1994 c "s phn vng kh hu" (hnh 2.1.1) l phn trch
lc bn phn vng kh hu Vit nam.
Trn s ny th hin 2 min - min kh hu pha Bc v min kh hu pha Nam - gm 7 vng kh hu
chnh vi mt s c trng ch th nh sau:
Bng 2.1.1 - c trng ca 2 min kh hu
Bng 2.1.2 - c trng ca cc vng kh hu
Vng kh hu BI BII BIII BIV NI NII NIII
Ma ma (thng) IV-IX IV-X V-X VII-XI VII-XII V-X V-X
3 thng ma ln nht VI-VIII VI-VIII VII-IX VII-IX IX-XI VII-IX VIII-X
2.1.3. Phn vng kh hu xy dng
V kh hu lin quan n xy dng, theo TCVN 4088 - 85, lnh th VN c chia lm 2 min: pha Bc v
pha Nam vi cc vng nh sau (hnh 2.1.2):
1) Min kh hu ph Bc
Min kh hu pha bc, t o Hi vn tr ra, c c im kh hu nhit i, gi ma, c ma ng lnh v
c phn lm 3 vng kh hu A1, A2 v A3.
a) Vng A1: vng kh hu ni ng bc v Vit Bc
- Bao gm cc tnh Cao Bng, Lng Sn, H Giang, Tuyn Quang, Bc Cn, Thi Nguyn, H
Ty, Ph Th, phn pha ng dy ni Hong lin sn thuc cc tnh La Cai, Yn Bi, Ha
Bnh, phn bc Vnh Phc, Bc Giang v hu ht tnh Qung Ninh.
- y l vng c ma ng lnh nht nc ta.
Nhi thp c th xung di 0OC, c kh nng xut hin bng gi, ni cao c th c ma
tuyt. Ma h, nng t hn so vi ng bng, nhng cc thung lng thp nhit cao hn
chng nng. Thi k cn si c th ko di trn 120 ngy, nht l v ban m v trn cc vng
ni cao.
- Tr mt thi gian ngn kh hanh, kh hu ni chung m t, ma nhiu. Phn b ma khng
u, hnh thnh ma ma v ma t ma, trung tm ma v khu va t ma. C thi k nm m,
ma phn.
- Tr khu vc ven bin Qung Ninh, cc ni khc t hopc khng chu nh hng ca gi bo.
Ging lc pht trin mnh, nht l vo ma h.
b) Vng A2: vng kh hu ni Ty bc v bc Trng Sn
- Bao gm cc tnh Li chu, Sn la, pha ty dy Hong lin sn thuc cc tnh Yn Bi, Ha
Bnh, Vnh Phc, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Tnh, Qung Bnh, Tha Thin Hu v Qung Tr.
- Tuy t lnh hn hai vng A1 v vng A3 nhng i b phn vng ny vn c ma ng lnh.
Nhit thp nht c th xung di 0OC pha bc v di 5OC pha nam. Ti khu vc ni
cao pha bc c kh nng xut hin bng gi, ma tuyt.
Chu nh hng ca thi tit kh nng, cc thung lng thp, nhit cao nht c th trn
40OC. Vng Ty bc khng chu nh hng ca bin, kh hu mang nhiu tnh cht luc a, bin
nhit ngy ln. Tr mt s khu vc thp pha bc v phn ui pha nam, ti vng ny
phi ch chng lnh ngang chng nng. Thi k cn si: 60 - 90 ngy.
- Trn phn ln vng ny, hng nm c mt ma kh ko di gn trng vi thi k lnh. Khng
c thi k ma phn, lnh m hoc nm m.
- Ma c cng ln v phn b khng u.
- Vng ny t chu nh hng ca gi bo nhng vn tc gi mnh c th trn 40m/s, vi thi
gian tn ti ngn (do nh hng ca cc trn lc v vi rng).
c) Vng A3: vng kh hu ng bng Bc b v bc Trung b.
- Bao gm ton b ng bng v trung du na phn pha Bc, thuc cc tnh Bc Giang, Bc
Ninh, Vnh Phc, H Ty, Qung Ninh, H Ni, Hi phng, Hi Dng, Hng Yn, H Nam,
Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, H Tnh, Qung Bnh, Tha Thn Hu v Qung
- Vng ny gn bin nn c ma ng lnh va v t lnh hn vng A1.
Bin nhit , m thp hn so vi hai vng A1, A2. Nhit thp nht t c kh nng
xung di 0OC pha bc v 5OC pha nam.
Nhit cao nht c th t ti 40OC. Ring pha nam, t Thanh Ha tr vo c th t ti 42 -
43OC do nh hng trc tip ca thi tit kh nng. Trong vng, chng nng l quan trng
nhng cng cn che chn gi lnh ma ng.
- Ma nhiu, cng ma kh ln. Ma m, ma kh khng ng nht trong vng.
- Bo c nh hng trc tip ti ton vng. Mnh nht l ven bin, vn tc gi mnh c th trn
2) Min kh hu pha nam
- Bao gm ton b phn lnh th pha nam o Hi Vn.
- Kh hu c bn l nhit i, gi ma, khng c ma ng lnh.
Ring pha bc ca min cn chu nh hng mt phn ca cc t gi ma ng Bc mnh. ng bng
quanh nm ch c mt ma nng. Nhit trung bnh nm ln hn 24OC. Tr vng ni, min ny khng
c yu cu chng lnh, ch cn chng nng.
- Min kh hu pha Nam c cha lm hai vng kh hu: B4 v B5.
a) Vng B4: vng kh hu ni Ty Nguyn
- Bao gm ton b phn ni cao trn 100m ca na phn pha Nam, thuc cc tnh Gia Li,
Cng Tum, c Lc, Lm ng, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, Bnh nh, Ph yn, Khnh Ha,
Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, ng Nai, Bnh Dng v Bnh Phc.
- Kh hu vng ni, nhit i.
Ma ng chu nh hng cht t ca gi ma ng bc phn bc. Mc lnh ph thuc
cao a hnh. Trn vng cao, td lnh, nhit cc thng ng cao hn vng A1 t 4 n 5OC.
Nhit thp nht trn vnh ai nuo cao t 0 n 5OC, vng khc trn 5OC.
Di vnh ai ni thp, ma h nng, cc khu thung lng nhit cao nht c th ti 40OC.
cao trn 1500m khng c ma nng. Phn pha ty c mt s nt ca kh hu lc a, bin
ngy ca nhit ln tng t vng Ty bc. Tr vng ni cao, yu cu ch yu y l chng
- Ma ma v ma kh tng phn nhau r rt. Cng ma kh ln. Ma kh nhiu bi v
thiu nc.
- t hoc khng hu nh hng ca gi bo.
b) Vng B5: vng kh hu ng bng Nam b v nam Trung b
- Bao gm ton b vng ng bng v i ni thp di 100m, thuc cc tnh Qung Nam,
Qung Ngi, Bnh nh, Ph Yn, Khnh Ha, Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, ng Nai, Bnh
Dng, Bnh Phc, Ty Ninh, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vnh Long, Tr,Vinh, ng Thp,Bn
Tre, Long An, Tin Giang, Cn Th, Sc Trng, Kin Giang, Bc Liu v C Mau.
- Kh hu c bn l nhit i, gi ma, khng c ma ng lnh (tr phn pha bc cn c ma
ng hi lnh).
Nhit thp nht ni chung khng di 100C. Nhit cao nht vt 400C pha bc v t
35 - 400C pha nam. Do nh hng ca bin, bn nhit ngy cng nh nm u nh.
Trong vng khng cn chng lnh.
- Hng nm ch c hai ma kh v m, tng phn nhau r rt, ph hp vi hai ma gi khng
ng nht trong vng. Cng ma kh ln Nam b v kh nh Nam Trung b.
- Phn ven bin t Nng n ng Nam b chu nh hng trc tip ca bo.
2.1.4. S liu v bn kh tng
1) Tiu chun TCVN 4088- 85 "S liu kh hu dng trong thit k xy dng"
Trong TCVN 4088 - 85 "S liu kh hu dng trong thit k xy dng" c cc s liu kh hu di y ca
cc a phng trn ton quc:
a) Nhit khng kh: nhit khng kh trung bnh, cc i trung bnh, cc tiu trung bnh, cc i
tuyt i, cc tiu tuyt i
b) m tng i ca khng kh: m tng i trung bnh, cc i trung bnh, cc tiu trung
c) Gi: vn tc gi trung bnh, tn sut v vn tc gi trung bnh 8 hng, vn tc gi cc i
d) Gi v trong bo
e) Ma: Lng ma trung bnh thng, trung bnh ngy, cc i gi
f) Nng: Tng s gi nng, tng trc x mt tri trn mt bng
g) S ngy ca cc thi tit:
- S ngy quang my, nhiu my.
- S ngy c ging gn, c ma phn, c sng m
Do khi lng qu ln, cc s liu trong TCVN 4088 - 85 khng c trch dn trong tp Ph lc ny.
2) Tiu chun TCVN 2737 - 95 "Ti trng v tc ng"
Trong TCVN 2737 - 95 "Ti trng v tc ng" c cc s liu v p lc gi tnh ton ti cc a phng
trn ton quc (xem chi tit ph lc 2.2).
3) "Tp Atlt kh tng thy vn Vit Nam"
"Tp Atlas kh tng thy vn Vit Nam" do Tng cc kh tng thy vn- Chng trnh tin b khoa hc
k thut Nh nc 42A (mang tn "Kh tng thy vn phc v s pht trin kinh t x hi) v Chng trnh
thy vn quc t - y ban quc gia VN xut bn nm 1994 c cc bn kh hu, gm:
Nhm 1: Bc x - Nng
a) Bc x:
- Bc x tng cng trung bnh nm;
- Cn bng bc x trung bnh nm;
b) S gi nng
- Trung bnh nm;
- Trung bnh cc thng I, IV, X v ma ng, ma h.
Nhm 2: Gi
c) Hoa gi: thng I, IV, VII, X.
Nhm3: Nhit
<CLEFT=500>
d) Nhit khng kh trung bnh:
- Trung bnh nm
- Trung bnh cc thng I, IV, VII, X v ma ng, ma h.
Nhm 4: Ma
e) Lng ma trung bnh:
- Trung bnh nm, ma ng, ma h,
- Trung bnh cc thng XI, XII, I, II, III, IV,
- Trung bnh cc thng V, VI, VII, VIIII, IX, X.
f) S ngy ma trung bnh nm, ma ng , ma h.
Nhm 5: m - Lng bc hi - Ch s m
g) m tng i trung bnh:
- Trung bnh nm
- Trung bnh cc thng I, IV, VII, X
h) Lng bc hi trung bnh nm, ma ng, ma h.
i) H s m;
H s m nm, ma ng, ma h
Nhm 6: Bo
j) ng i trung bnh ca bo
Hu ht s liu ca nhm1, nhm 2, nhm 3 c chnh l, c kt trong tp "S liu kh tng thy vn
Vit Nam, tp I - S liu kh hu".
Hnh 2.1.1. Bn Phn Vng Kh hu (theo iu kin chung v kh tng)
Hnh 2.1.2. Bn phn vng kh hu xy dng
Ph lc 2.2
p lc gi
p lc gi dng trong thit k xy dng ti cc a phng trn ton quc c quy nh trong TCVN
2737-95"ti trng v tc ng". Ph lc 2.3 ny c bin son theo TCVN 2737-95 v c dng thit
k cc cng trnh xy dng.
2.2.1. Ti trng gi
Theo tiu chun TCVN 2737-95 "Ti trng v tc ng", ti trng gi bao gm 2 thnh phn tnh v ng.
1) Thnh phn tnh
Gi tr tiu chun thnh phn tnh ca ti trng gi cao Z so vi mc chun c xc nh theo cng
thc:
W = W0 x k x c
Trong
W0 - gi tr p lc gi theo bn phn vng v bng 2.2.2
k - h s tnh n s thay i ca p lc gi theo cao v dng a hnh (theo bng 5, TCVN 2737-95);
c - h s kh ng, xc nh theo bng 6, TCVN 2737-95 vi cch xc nh mc chun theo ph lc G,
TCVN 2737 - 95.
2) Thnh phn ng
a. Khng cn tnh n thnh phn ng khi xc nh p lc mt trong ca cc cng trnh xy dng
a hnh dng A v B (a hnh trng tri v tng i trng tri, theo iu 6.5 ca TCVN 2737 - 95)
v c c im l nh nhiu tng, cao di 40m, hoc nh cng nghip 1 tng, cao di 36m, t s
cao trn nhp nh hn 1,5.
b. Cch xc nh thnh phn ng ca ti trng gi c quy nh trong cc iu t 6.11 ti 6.16 ca
tiu chun TCVN 2737 - 95 "Ti trng tc ng- Tiu chun thit k".
2.3.2. Phn vng theo p lc gi W0
Tiu chun "Ti trng v tc ng - TCVN 2737- 95" phn vng lnh th VN theo p lc gi nh sau:
1) Theo p lc gi, lnh th VN c phn thnh cc vng:
IA, IIA, IIIA, IIIB, IVB, VB
Trong :
Cc vng c k hiu A l vng t b nh hng ca bo,
Vng c k hiu B l vng chu nh hng ca bo
(xem bng 2.2.1)
Bng 2.2.1 - Phn vng p lc gi (theo TCVN 2737 - 95)
2) Phn vng lnh th theo p lc gi c trnh by theo cc phng thc sau:
a. theo bn VN: hnh 2.2.1;
b. theo a danh hnh chnh: bng 2.2.2;
c. theo danh sch trm quan trc kh tng, i vi vng ni v hi o
2.3.3. p lc gi Wo
1) p lc gi Wo ca vng (IA, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IVB, VB) c quy nh bng 2.2.1.
2) Cng trnh vng ni v hi o c cng cao, a hnh v st cc trm quan trc kh tng c trong
bng 2.2.3 th gi tr p lc gi tnh ton c ly theo tr s c lp ca trm .
3) Cng trnh xy dng vng c a hnh phc tp (hm ni, ca o,) gi tr p lc gi Wo phi ly
theo s liu quan trc ti hin trng. Khi p lc gi c tnh theo cng thc:
Wo = 0,0613 x Vo2
Trong
Vo - Vn tc gi (m/s) (vn tc trung bnh trong khong 3 giy, b vt trung bnh mt ln trong 20 nm),
cao 10m so vi mc chun, tng ng vi a hnh dng B (a hnh tng i trng tri theo iu 6.5,
TCVN 2737 - 95).
Hnh 2.2.1. Bn phn vng p lc gi
Bng 2.2.2 - Phn vng p lc gi theo a danh hnh chnh
Ghi ch:
Nhng huyn thuc 2 hoc 3 vng gi (c phn trong ngoc), khi xc nh gi tr Wo cn tham kho kin
c quan bin son tiu chun chn vng cho chnh xc.
Bng 2.2.3 - p lc gi cho trm quan trc kh tng vng ni v hi o
Ph lc 2.3
Bo, lt
Ph lc ny cung cp mt s thng tin tng qut v bo, lt Vit Nam v c dng lm ti liu tham
kho trong xy dng.
Vit Nam c ngun nc rt phong ph nhng ng thi lt, bo (thy tai) hng nm thng gy ra nhiu
thit hi ln.
2.3.1. Bo
1) Bo VN
a) T lu, VN, bo c coi l thin tai nguy him nht.
Lnh th VN nm trong vng nh hng trc tip ca trung tm bo ln nht hnh tinh hin nay: Trung
tm bo Ty Bc Thi Bnh Dng. Bin ng cng l khu vc pht sinh bo v c bo hot ng mnh.
Thng k ca 70 nm gn y cho thy hng nm trung bnh c khong 5-6 con bo nh hng ti VN.
Nm nhiu nht c ti 11 cn bo, nm t nht khng c cn bo no. Trong s , 60% l bo t Thi
Bnh Dng v 40% bt ngun ngay trn bin ng.
b) Ma bo ko di khong 6 thng: T thng 6 ti thng 11, vi xu hng chm dn t bc xung nam.
Hng b ca cc cn bo nh sau:
- Trong cc thng 6, 7, 8 hng ch yu vo ven bin Bc b,
- T thng 9 chuyn xung bc Trung b,
- Thng 10 tp trung vo Trung b (t thng ny Bc b hu nh khng cn bo na).
- T thng 11 cc cn bo b ch yu vo nam Tung b v Nam b, trong mt s ng k
tan ngay khi tm bo cha vo ti t lin.
Trn tng khu vc, ma bo ko di ch trong khong 3-4 thng
c) S cn bo gy ra gi mnh git v vt cp 122 trn t lin khng nhiu, ch khong 23% s cn bo
b vo VN. Vng b bin hng chu cc cn bo b ch yu t min nam Trung b tr ra bc. B
bin Nam b, tuy vn c bo i qua song rt t v cng thp, thng ch dng p thp nhit i.
2) Phn vng b bin VN theo nh hng bo
V nh hng bo, c th chia b bin VN thnh 4 vng chnh:
a) B bin bc b:
- Vng ny pha bc v tuyn 20k t Qung Ninh ti Ninh Bnh
- Ma bo y ko di t thng 6 ti u thng 9. Hng nm trung bnh ch c khong 1-2 cn bo
b nhng mt bo (tnh trn 100 km din hng ca mt b bin) cao nht nc, v chim ti
43% s lng cc cn bo mnh, gy ra gi git v vt cp 12 trn t lin.
- Vng ny gm 2 tiu vng:
i) Tiu vng Qung Ninh
Tiu vng Qung Ninh c mt bo ln nht nc v cng c bo ln nhng do ni ra tn
bin nn tc gi bo ccnvng thp b gim nhanh. Mt s thung lng ngay gn bin nh
Bnh Liu7, Ba Ch, nh hng gi bo khng ng k. i vi khu vc cao, thong hoc thung
lng m ng hng theo chiu gi thi, nh hng ca gi bo c th vo su hn, ti Lng
Sn, Bc Giang.
ii) Tiu vng ng bng Bc b (ng bng sng Hng)
tiu vng ny, tuy s cn bo b trc tip t hn so vi b bin Qung Ninh nhng t l s
cn bo mnh cao hn. nh hng bo ln hn v vo su hn trong t lin, thit hi trm trng
hn. Tc gi bo mnh nht , ng vi chu k 20 nm, c th vt cp 12 khi ln su vo t
lin 40-50 km v c th vt cp 10 ti ni cch b bin 100 km v pha ty. To ra gi bo trn
tiu vng ny ch yu l nhng cn bo mnh b trc tip vo vng b bin t Hi Phng ti
Ninh Bnh v c th c mt s cn bo b vo Thanh Ha v pha nam b bin Qung Ninh.
b) B bin Bc Trung b
- Vng ny nm gia cc v tuyn 20 v 16, gm cc tnh t Thanh Ha ti Tha Thin v c ti
500km din hng ca mt b bin.
- Ma bo trn vng ko di t thng 7 ti thng 10, tp trung vo hai thng 9 v 10. Hng nm c 2-3
cn bo b, ng th hai ca c nc v mt bo. S cn bo mnh khong 29% s cn bo
- y l vng b bin hp, dy ni Trng Sn nhiu ni nh ra tn bin nn bo b vo t lin
thng tan nhanh nhng cng li kh d di. B bin on ny c hng Ty bc - ng nam,
gn trng vi hng di chuyn ch o ca xoy thn nhit i trong vng. V vy c nhng cn
bo di chuyn men theo b bin, ko di khu vc b v m rng din nh hng bo.
- Trong vng, tiu vng Ngh An - H Tnh chu nh hng bo nng n v c mc nc dng cao
trong bo cao nht c nc. Gi ba vt cp 12 c th xy ra vi chu k di 20 nm.
c) B bin nam Trung B
- Vng ny nm gia cc v tuyn 16 n 12, t Qung Nam ti Khnh Ha.
- Ma bo ko di t thng 9 ti thng 11, tp trung vo thng 10 v 11. Hng nm c 1-2 cn bo
b, mt bo v t l bo mnh thp hn hai vng trn.
- Trn vng ny, tiu vng Qung Ngi - Bnh nh chu nh hng bo mnh nht vi nhiu cn bo
c tc gi vt cp 12.
d) B bin ng Nam B.
- Vng ny pha nam v tuyn 12, t Ninh Thun n C Mau, vi hn 600km b bin.
- Trung bnh 5 nm mi c mt ln bo b, tp trung vso thng 11. Mt bo ch bng 5% vng
b bin Bc B. Hn na, b vo vng ny phn ln l p thp nhit i, khi vo ti t lin gn
nh tan, ch yu gy nh hng v ma. Tc gi bo ng vi chu k 20 nm khng vt qu
17,2m/giy. i vi cc cng trnh xy dng, nh hng ca bo khng ng k.
3) Cc vng ni v Ty Nguyn
a) Ti cc vng ni ng bc (Bc B) v Ty Nguyn, i vi cc vng cao, c a hnh li, thong hoc
cc bnh nguyn, khi tm bo qua, c kh nng gy gi bo t cp 8 ti cp 10.
b) Cc vng ni Ty Bc tr mt vi im thuc Hong Lin Sn, hu nh khng c nh hng ca gi
4) nh hng ca bo ti cc cng trnh xy dng
a) Gi bo
- Gi mnh l tc ng ch yu ca bo n cng trnh xy dng.
- VN c nhiu nhn t gy ra gi mnh (V> 15m/s): bo, lc, vi rng, gi ma ng bc, gi ma
Ty nam v mt s loi gi a phng nh gi Lo, gi Than uyn, gi Quy h. Trong bo, lc
(k c vi rng) l hai nhn t gy ra nhng tc gi cc ln (trn 40m/s) v bo gy ra nhng
tc gi ln nht. Bn ng ng tr ca tc gi trung bnh 2 pht ng vi cc chu k 20 v
50 nm c trnh by cc hnh 2.3.3 v 2.3.4.
- Vng gi xoy vi tc gi ln quanh tm bo khi b vo t lin b thu hp rt nhiu. Thng
thng khi xoy bo mnh b vo VN, trn di ven bin vng c gi trn cp 10 ch rng 150 n
250km, vng c gi t cp 12 tr ln ch khong 50 n 150km. Mc ln su vo t lin ca vng
gi mnh ph thuc a hnh b bin 100 n 150km ng bng Bc b, v ch 20 n 50km ven
bin Qung Ninh, ven bin Trung B. ng ch l vng gi mnh pha bc, tm bo mnh b
vo Thanh Ha c th gy ra gi mnh cp 10, 11 i vi gi khu vc ven bin ng bng Bc B.
- Thi gian duy tr gi mnh ph thuc vo cng bo, tc di chuyn bo v a hnh khu vc.
Nhng cn bo mnh, khi b vo t lin c th duy tr ti cc khu vc ven bin gi dt cp 8 trong
vng 20-25 gi, gi t cp 10 tr ln trong 10-15 gi v t cp 12 tr ln t 2-3 ti trn 10 gi.
- i hng gi
Cc cn bo t bin ng b vo t lin ch yu theo hng gia ty v ty bc. V vy, hng
gi lc u ch yu c thnh phn bc v ty. Khi bo qua, hng gi gn nh ngc li. Gc i
hng ca gi ph thuc v tr ca a im so vi qu o ca bo, nhng chuyn ng ca hng
gi cng kh mnh. Bin dao ng ny thng di 90 nhng cng c trng hp ln hn,
nht l cc khu vc mt m c g gh ln.
- Xung git mnh trong gi bo nhuy him nht i vi cc cng trnh xy dng. H s git k trong
nhiu cn bo t 1.3 - 1.5 khu vc tng i thong 1.5 - 2.0 khu vc g gh. Bin dao ng
trong thi on 5 - 10 thng t 10 - 20m/s, ko di hng chc gi lin. Trong thi on 5' bin
giao ng c th t ti 30 - 40m/s.
b) Ma bo
- Ma bo c kh nng gy thit hi nng trn mt phm vi rng ln hn nhiu so vi gi bo.
Ma bo c th gy ra l ng. Ty theo khu vc b, din ma bo kln c th bao trm khu vc
rng t hng trm n hng nghn km2. Tng lng ma ca mt cn bo trn mt khu vc nh c
th t 100 - 200mm n 400 - 500mm, c khi ti 1000mm.
- Cng ma trong bo tuy khng phi l cng ma ln nht tng xut hin nhng u c
tr s rt ln, nht l i vi ccthi on t 30pht ti 24 gi
c) Nc dng do bo
- Mc nc dng do bo ph thuc nhiu yu t: cng v hng di chuyn ca bo, thy triu,
a hnh b bin, l trn sng (i vi vng ca sng).
- Vng ven bin, nc dng do bo c th vt qu 2m. Nu gp thy triu (khong 2 - 4m) v mt s
hin tng khc, nc dng do bo c th gy tai ha ln. Tuy nhin theo thng k, ch c 50%
trng hp bo b c th trng hp vi thy triu ln, ta mc nc gy nguy him.
- Vng c nc dng ln nm pha phi ca ni bo b, vi khong cch 5 - 30km. ng bao
nc dng khng i xng qua tm bo. V vy khi bo ln b vo pha bc Hi Phng, nc
dng c th ln nhng t nguy him do b bin khng thp. Ngc li, nhng cn bo b d gy nguy
him v c nhiu vng b bin thp.
5) Phn vng nh hng bo v p lc gi
Phn vng nh hng gi bo v p lc gi c quy nh trong tiu chun "Ti trng v tc ng - TCVN
2737 - 95" (Xem ph lc 2.2)
2.3.2. L, lt
1) L mt nn kinh t la nc, VN, i a s c dn sng v canh tc cc vng ng bng chu th v
ven bin. y l nhng vng t thp, thng xuyn c nguy c b ngp lt do nhiu nguyn nhn: l
sng, ma do bo, ma do gi ma, nc dng do bo, thy triu.
2) Cc bn :
- a hnh
- Cc vng ngp lt
- Cc lu vc sng
- H thng iu
c trnh by cc hnh t 2.3.1 ti 2.3.11
Ngun t liu:
[1] iu kin k thut xy dng nhng cng trnh coc vn u t nc ngoi c xy dng ti CHXHCN
Vit Nam (d tho)
Ph lc 8: Gi bo Vit Nam vi cng tnh xy dng
Bin son:
Vin kh tng thu vn PGS, PTS Trn Vit Lin
Nguyn cung, Trung tm qun l v kim sot mi trng
Trng Nguyn Mn, Vin thit k nh v cng trnh cng cng
[2] Chin lc, k hoch gim nh thu tai Vit Nam
Lin Hip Quc Niu-ooc, Gi nev - 1994
Bin son:
B thu li CHXHCn Vit Nam, chng trnh pht trin Lin Hip Quc (UNDP)
Hnh 2.3.1. Bn ng i trung bnh ca bo
Hnh 2.3.2. Bn ng i cc cn bo trong thng (nm 1954 - 1991)
Hnh 2.3.3. Bn ng ng tr tc gi trung bnh 2 pht, chu k 20 nm
Hnh 2.3.4. Bn ng ng tr tc gi trung bnh 2 pht chu k 50 nm
Hnh 2.3.5. Bn a hnh
Hnh 2.3.6. Bn phn vng ngp lt
Hnh 2.3.7. Bn phn vng nc dng do bo, thy triu, chiu cao sng cc i
Hnh 2.3.8. Bn lu vc sng
Hnh 2.3.9. Bn phn vng theo thi gian truyn l sau bo
Hnh 2.3.10. Bn
Hnh 2.3.11. Bn ng ng tr lng ma nm
Ph lc 2.4
Thy vn
Ph lc ny gii thiu cc bn thy vn trong "Tp Atlas kh tng thy vn Vit Nam" (1994), c p
dng trong xy dng.
2.4.1. Bn thy vn
"Tp Atlas kh tng thy vn Vit Nam" do Tng cc kh tng vn - Chng trnh tin b khoa hc k
thut Nh nc 42A (mang tn: kh tng thy vn phc v s pht trin kinh t x hi) v Chng trnh
thy vn sau:
a) Mng lu sng v mng li trm thy vn
b) Ma nm
c) Dng chy
- Dng chy nm
- Dng chy mt
- Dng chy ngm vo sng
- Dng chy ma l
- Dng chy 3 thng lin tc l ln nht, dng chy thng l ln nht
- Dng chy nh l ln nht
- Dng chy ma cn
- Dng chy 3 thng lin tc nh nht, dng chy 30 ngy lin tc nh nht
- Dng chy ngy nh nht
d) Bc hi lu vc
e) Phn vng ch nc sng
f) D c nc sng
g) M un xm thc
h) Nhit nc trung bnh:
- Trung bnh nm, trung bnh thng I,VII
- Nhit nc cao nht, thp nht trung bnh nhiu nm
i) khong ha v thnh phn ha hc nc sng, cng nc sng
j) Phn vng thy vn
T l bn chnh l 1/4.00.00. T l bn gc xy dng bn l 1/500.000 (i vi bn i lng
ma nm v dng chy nm), 1/1.00.00 hoc 1/2.000.000.
2.4.2. Phn vng thy vn
Bn phn vng thy vn Atlas nu trn c trnh by hnh 2.4.1. Theo , v thy vn, lnh th VN
c chia lm 3 min vi 13 klhu v 37 vng thy vn, c cc c trng nu ti bng 2.4.1.
Bng 2.4.1. c trng ch yu ca cc vng thy vn
Hnh 2.4.1. Bn phn vng thy vn
Ph Lc 2.5
Kh tng thy vn bin
Ph lc ny gii thiu cc bn kh tng thy vn bin trong "Tp Atlas kh tng thy vn Vit Nam"
(1994), c p dng trong xy dng
"Tp Atlas kh tng thy vn Vit Nam" do tng cc kh tng thy vn - Chng trnh tin b khoa hc
k thut Nh nc 42A (mang tn "Kh tng thy vn phc v s pht trin kinh t x hi) v chng trnh
thy vn quc t - y ban quc gia VN xut bn nm 1994 c cc bn kh tng thy vn bin nh sau:
a) Hoa gi:
- Hoa gi thng I, II, II, IV, V, VI
- Hoa gi thng VII, VIII, IX, X XI, XII
b) Nhit khng kh trung bnh:
- Nhit khng kh trung bnh thng I, II, III, IV, V, VI,
- Nhit khng kh trung bnh thng VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
c) Nhit nc bin tng mt trung bnh
- Nhit nc bin tng mt trung bnh thng I, II, III, IV, V, VI
- Nhit nc bin tng mt trung bnh thng VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
d) mui nc bin mt trung bnh
- mui nc bin mt trung bnh thng I, II, III, IV, V, VI
- mui nc bin mt trung bnh thng VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
e) Hoa sng
- Hoa sng thng I, II, III, IV, V, VI
- Hoa sng thng VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
f) Thy triu bin ng
ng bin v ng gc pha ca cc sng triu ch yu trn bin ng
g) Cc c trng triu ng bng sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu Long
h) Bn phn b cao nc nng do bo vi sut m bo 5%
i) Dng chy
Cc bn thy triu bin ng v cao nc dng trong bo c trnh by cc hnh 2.5.1 v 2.5.2.
Hnh 2.5.1. Bn thy triu bin ng
Hnh 2.5.2. Bn phn b cao nc dng do bo vi tn sut m bo 5%
Ph Lc 2.6
Ging st
Ph lc ny cung cp mt s thng tin tng qut v ging, st Vit Nam v c lm ti liu tham kho
2.6.1. Phn vng ging st
1) Ton lnh th VN trn t lin c th c chia thnh 5 vng theo c trng v cng hot ng ca
ging st l:
2) Trn lnh th ni ln cc khu vc trung tm ging l:
- Ty Ninh - Mc Ha
- Bc Ty nguyn
- Nam Ty Nguyn
- Hi Xun - Sng M
- Bc Quan
2.6.2. Cc bn phn vng v s liu v ging, st
1) Ngy v gi ging
a) Bn phn b s ngy c ging trong mt nm (ng ng tr ngy ging trong nm): hnh
b) Bn ng gi ging hng nm: hnh 2.6.2;
c) Gi v ngy ging trung bnh nm ti cc trm kh tng: bng 2.6.1.
2) Din bin ging
Biu din bin ging hng nm trn cc vng ging: hnh 2.6.3;
3) Mt st
a) Bn phn vng mt st: hnh 2.6.4.
b) D kin mt st ti cc khu vc: bng 2.6.2.
Bng 2.6.2 - D kin mt st ti cc khu vc
4) Cng hot ng st
Cng hot ng ging st ti cc vng: bng 2.6.3.
Bng 2.6.3 - Cng hot ng st ti cc vng
Ngun t liu
[1] "iu kin k thut nhng cng trnh c vn u t nc ngoi c xy dng ti CHXHCNVN" (d
Vin Tiu chun ha xy dng 1991.
Ph lc 10: Chng st
Bin son: Trung tm vt l a cu ng dng, Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in.
Ch tr: Trn Nng Bnh
[2] "c im v phn b ging trn lnh th VN"
PGSPTS Trn Vit Lin v cc cng tc vin, Vin kh tng thy vn -
Bo co ti "Hi ngh Quc t v Nghin cu st v chng st VN", t chc ti H Ni, Ngy 24-26/4/97.
[3] "Tm tt kt qu nghin cu st VN" -
TS ng ngc Tng v cc cng tc vin, Vin Nng lng -
Bo co ti "Hi ngh Quc t v Nghin cu st v chng st VN", t chc ti H Ni, Ngy 24 -
Hnh 2.6.1. Bn phn b s ngy c ging trong mt nm
Hnh 2.6.2. Bn ng gi dng hng nm
Hnh 2.6.3. Biu din bin dng hng nm trn cc vng dng
Hnh 2.6.4. Bn phn vng mt st
Bng 2.6.1. Gi v ngy ging trung bnh nm Vit Nam
(Do Trung tm Vt l cu ng dng (Vin KHVN) x l s liu,
theo s liu ca Tng cc kh tng thy vn 1976 - 1980)
Ph Lc 2.7
in tr sut ca t
Ph lc ny cung cp mt s thng tin tng qut v in tr sut ca t Vit Nam v c dng lm ti
liu tham kho.
V in tr su ca t, c:
Bn phn vng in tr sut biu kin pk, chiu di AB = 6m, t l 1/1.000.000: Hnh 2.7.1 ( thu
Bn ny nm trong kt qu nghin cu ca ti: "iu tra, o c bn in tr sut trn ton lnh
th VN vi t l 1/1.000.000 v 1/200.000" ca y ban Khoa hc K thut Nh nc, tin hnh t 1977 ti
1988 v c nghim thu. Cc s liu v in tr sut biu kin v in tr sut thc ca cc lp t,
cc su khc nhau t AB = 0,5m n AB = 500m c o theo ng quy trnh o su a in bng
phng php o su i xng.
Ngun t liu
[1] "iu kin k thut xy dng nhng cng trnh c vn u t nc ngoi c xy dng ti
CHXHCNVN" (d tho) - Vin Tiu chun ha xy dng 1991.
Ph lc 10: Chng st
Lp bn : Vin Khoa hc k thut bu in, ch tr: Trn Nng Bnh.
[2] Kt qu nghin cu ca ti: "iu kin , o c bn in tr sut trn ton lnh th VN vi t l
1/1.000.000 v 1/200.000" - y ban Khoa hc K thut Nh nc, tin hnh t 1977 ti 1988 v c
nghim thu.
Ch tr: Trn Nho Lm (Tng cc a cht) v ban ch nhim ti.
Hnh 2.7.1. Bn phn vng in tr sut biu kin pk AB x 6m
Ph lc 2.8
ng t
Ph lc ny cung cp mt s thng tin tng qut v ng t Vit Nam v c dng lm ti liu tham
2.8.1. Phn vng ng t
1) Cc bn phn vng ng t
Phn vng ng t lnh th VN c trnh by trong cc bn phn vng ng t lnh th Vit Nam,
bao gm:
a) Bn cc vng pht sinh ng t v phn vng chn ng cc i, t l: 1/1.000.000 (hnh 2.8.1,
thu nh).
b) Cc bn phn vng chn ng, t l: 1/2.000.000 vi chu k lp li T:
T = 200 nm (hnh 2.8.2, thu nh)
T = 500 nm (hnh 2.8.3, thu nh)
T = 1.000 nm (hnh 2.8.4, thu nh)
2) Nguyn tc thnh lp bn phn vng ng t
a) Cc bn ny ch ra cc vng c kh nng pht sinh ng t mnh Ms 5,1 Rch te (Richter)
trn lnh th Vn v biu din s phn b cp ng t cc i Imax, cc cp ng t vi cc chu k
lp li 200, 500, 1.000 nm do cc ngun ni trn gy ra.
b) xc nh v v cc bn phn vng chn ng, trc ht xc nh v v bn cc vng pht
sinh ng t mnh vi cc thng s c bn ca ng t trong cc vng, gm:
- Chn cp (magnitude) Gii hn Mmax
- sau chn \tiu h.
- Cng chn ng gii hn chn tm Imax.
- Tn sut lp li ng t chn cp khc nhau.
Sau xc nh chn ng lan truyn t cc vng ni trn ra xung quanh v tnh chu k lp li chn
ng cc cp mi im ca lnh th.
c) Vng pht sinh ng t mnh l vng t gy kin to sau, ang hot ng. Chiu rng ca vng
pht sinh l hnh chiu ln mt t ca i ph hy trong t gy. Cc thng s ca ng t cc i
c kh nng xy ra trong cc vng c nh gi theo cc ti liu ng t, kin to:
d) Cng chn ng lan truyn t cc vng pht sinh c xc nh theo cc cng thc:
Trong cc cng thc trn, cp ng t c nh gi cho nn t trung bnhl st pha vi mc nc ngm
su 5m. T s liu v cc vng ngun, s dng phng php thng k v cc cng thc ni trn, tnh ra
chn ng cc i Imax, chn ng vi chu k lp 200, 500, 1.000 nm mi im v lp cc bn phn
vng chn ng.
3) S dng bn phn vng ng t
a) Cp ng t c xc nh theo cc bn phn vng, sau khi hiu chnh li ranh gii ca cc vng
theo ti liu chi tit hn v a cht kin to.
b) Gia tc nn t c th c tnh theo cp ng t hoc theo cc thng s ca ngun cho trn bn ,s
dng mi quan h gia gia tc cc i amax v Ms, h, D.
c) Cp hay gia tc thit k c xc nh nh trn khi bit tn sut ng t tnh ti theo thit k.
2.8.2. Quan h gia cc thang cp ng t
Quan h gia cc thang cp ng t c trnh by hnh 2.8.5.
Ngun t liu
"C s d liu cho cc gii php gim nh hu qu ng t Vit Nam"
Bo co tng kt ti c lp cp Nh Nc KT - L - 92 - 07 do GS Nguyn nh Xuyn
Ch bin, Hi ng khoa hc cng ngh Nh nc nghim thu,1996
Hnh: 2.8.1. Bn cc vng pht sinh ng t mnh v phn vng chn ng cc i Imax
Hnh: 2.8.2. Bn phn vng chn ng vi tn sut lp li B1 0,005
(chu k T1 200 nm (Xc sut xut hin chn ng P 0,1 trong khong thi gian 20 nm)
Hnh: 2.8.5. Quan h gia cc thang cp ng t
Ph lc 2.9
a cht cng trnh
Ph lc ny cung cp mt s thng tin tng qut v a cht cng trnh Vit Nam v c dng lm ti
liu tham kho.
2.9.1. Bn a cht cng trnh
1) Bn phn vng a cht cng trnh (CCT)
Phn vng a cht cng trnh lnh th Vit Nam c th hin bng bn a cht cng trnh, t l
1/2.000.000 (hnh 2.9.1, thu nh).
2) Ni dung v phng php thnh lp bn
a) Bn a cht cng trnh (CCT) VN t l 1/2.000.000 th hin nhng nt khi qut iu kin CCT
ca ton lnh th, nhng iu kin quan trng nh gi khu vc v mt xy dng cng trnh, nhm
xc nh ni dung, khi lng v phng php nghin cu CCT t m hn.
Trn bn biu th cc yu t ch yu ca iu kin CCT nh loi t , tui v ngun gc ca chng,
c yu t kin to ln (cc t gy kin to ln), c im a hnh a mo, iu lin a cht thy vn, cc
qu trnh v hin tng a cht ng lc.
b) Phn loi t
- Cc loi t trn lnh th c phn chia theo 2 ng cp l lp v nhm.
- Da vo c im ca mi lin kt kin trc (lin kt gia cc khong vt v cc ht to t ), tt c t
c chia thnh 2 lp: lp c lin kt cng ( cng) v lp khng c lin kt cng (t mm ri).
- Cn c vo ngun gc v iu kin thnh to, t trong mt lp c phn chia thnh cc nhm khc
nhau. t trong mt nhm c thnh to trong nhng diu kin kin to v c a l ging nhau, do
chng c nhng c im CCT gn ging nhau.
- Tui v ngun gc t , t gy kin to v ranh gii a cht c biu th bng cc k hiu quc t
c) c im a hnh c th hin bng cc ct cao a hnh c tnh i din.
d) iu kin a cht thy vn c th hin trn bn vi cc ni dung ch yu l chiu su mc nc
di t v kh nng n mn ca n. nh gi tnh n mn ca nc theo tiu chun sau:
n mn axit: khi pH ca nc nh hn 5;
n mn ra la: khi hm lng HCO3- nh hn 2 mgl/l;
n mn sunfat: khi hm lng SO4 - ln hn 250 mg/l
n mn ccbon nic: khi hm lng CO2 ln hn 3 mg/l
e) cc qu trnh v hin tng a cht ng lc cng trnh c biu th bng cc k hiu. Ring ng t
trn mt theo thang 12 cp MSK -64 c ghi bng cc s la tinh.
f) Tnh cht c l ca mi nhm t c tng hp v c trnh by trong bn thuyt minh bn .
3) Cc nhm t :
Da vo cc nguyn tc phn chia t nh nu trn, tt c cc thnh to t trn lnh th Vit Nam
c chia thnh 2 lp v 15 nhm.
a) Lp c lin kt cng
Gm cc nhm sau:
- Nhm 1 : nhm xm nhp axit, trung tnh v kim.
Nhm ny gm cc phc h macma sau:
Sng Ba (R), Sng Re, Ca Vnh (PR1), Chu Lai - Ba T, P Sen, Xm Giy, Mng Hum (PR2),
Ching Khun ( ), i Lc, Sng Chy, Pia Ma (D1), Trng Sn, Mng Lt, Ngn Sn (D3), Bn
Ging, Qu Sn, in Bin (P2), Vn Canh, Sng M, Ni ing (T2), Hi Vn, Pia Biooc (T3), An
Kot - nh Qun, o C, Pu Saa Phin, Pia Oc (k2), Bn Ching, E Yen Sun, Pu Sam Cap, Ch
n (p3).
- Nhm 2: nhm xm nhp mafic, siu mafic.
Gm cc h sau:
Konkbang (AR), Bo H (PR1), Hip c, Ni Na, Bo Xunh (E1), Ba Vi (P2), Cao Bng (T1), Ni
Cha (T3) v Phc Thin (N2).
- Nhm 3: nhm phun tro, axit, trung tnh, kim.
Gm cc h tng Ngoi Phia (Kut) v h tng Pu Tra (PpT)
- Nhm 4: nhm phun tro mafic
Gm Bazan tui N2- Q1 v QII-IV.
- Nhm 5: nhm bin cht.
Gm h tng Kan Nc (AR), h tng Sui Ching, Sng Tranh (PR1), Sng Hng, Sinh Quyn, ak
Min, Khn c, Sng Chy, Sa Pa, B Khang, P K(PR1 v PR2), Nm C (PR2- 1).
- Nhm 6: nhm trn tch vn kt
Gm cc h tng v ip:
M ng, H Giang, Sng M (), Sui Nai, Thn La (3 - Q1), ng Sn (01), Tn Mi, Sng C,
Long i (0-S), Hui Ngh (S2 - D1), Sn, Bc Bun, Song Mua, Nm P, Ro Chn (D1), Dng
ng, T Khao (D1-2), Bn Ging (D2), Yn Duyn (P2 - T1), Ln Sn, Si Gn (T1), Nm Thm,
quy Lng (T2), Mu Sn, Nm Mu (T3), Lai Chu (T2-3), Hn Gai, Vn Lng, Sui Bng, ng ,
Nng Sn, Sui Bng (T3), H Ci (J1-2), Ph Quc (J3 - K1), Yn Chu (K2), M Gi (K), Ph Tin
-nh Cao, C Lao Dng (P2), Hang Mon, Khe B, ng Hi, Sng Ba, Phong Chu, Ph C, Tin
Hng, N Dng, Vnh Bo, Rinh Cha (N).
- Nhm 7: nhm trm tch vn kt - phun tro axit, trung tnh
Gm cc h tng v ip:
Long i (PZ1-2), Tn Mi, Ph Ng v Long i (0-S), Sng Hin, ng Triu, Mng Giang (TZ),
Tam Lang, Mng Hinh V o Bo Lc (J1-K), t Dng (K).
- Nhm 8: nhm trm tch vn kt - sinh ha - phun tro
Gm cc h tng v ip:
Cam ng (), Bn Kh, A Vng (- 01_, Lu Xia (10), N M (0), Ph Ng (O-S), Sinh Vinh, Pa
Ham (03-D1), Xuqn Sn, Pinh Phng (S2-D1), B Hing (S-D1), i Giang (S2-D1), Mia K, i
Th, Bn Ngun (D1), Hui Li, Tn Lm (D1-2), Bn Pap, Mc Bi (D2), Toc Tt, ng Th (D30,
La Kh (C1), T Thit, Can Lc (P2), N Khut, Hn Ngh (T2), Th Lm (J1-2), Sng C (0-S),
Nm Ci (PZ1-2), Bn Dit (C3-P1), Sng (C3-P1), Cm Thy, ng ng (P2), C Ni (T2),
Mng Trai (T2-3), Vn Chn (J3-K).
- Nhm 9: nhm trn tch sinh ha
Gm Cc ip:
Chang Pung, Hm Rng (3), L Sn, Nm Cn (D2), C Bai (D2-3), Ct B (C1), Lng K,
Mi , Bi Sn, Mng Lng (C-P), H Tin (P), ng Giao, ng Tru (T2).
b) Lp khng c lin kt cng
Gm cc nhm sau:
- Nhm 10: cc trn tch sng;
- Nhm 11: nhm cc trn tch ngun gc bin gi tui t;
- Nhm 12: nhm ccung cp trn tch m ly tui Holoxen;
- Nhm 13: nhm cc trn tch a ngun gc sng - L v sng - l - sn tch tui t;
- Nhm 14: nhm cc trn tch a ngun gc sng - bin tui t v Neogen (N2);
- Nhm 15: nhm cc trn tch a ngun gc: bin - m ly, sng - bin - m ly, sng, m ly,
sng - h tui t.
4) Tnh cht c l ca cc nhm t
Gi tr cc ch tiu tnh cht c l ch yu ca cc loi t c trnh by trong cc bng di y:
- Cc loi cng ph bin: Bng 2.9.1;
- t nm dnh, ngun gc tn - sn tch: Bng 2.9.1;
- t nm dnh ng bng Bc b: Bng 2.9.3;
- t dnh ng bng Nam b: Bng 2.9.4;
Phn vng a cht cng trnh
V a cht cng trnh, c th chia lnh th phn lc a Vit Nam thnh 7 min:
1) Min ni un np ng Bc b
- Min ny c ranh gii pha Bc l bin gii Vit - Trung, pha ty l t gy sng Chy, pha ty
nam l min vng rifto Sng Hng, pha ng l Bin ng.
- Nhn chung y l min ni thp xen i, phn ln din tch c cao trung bnh 600 - 700m, cc
dy ni sp xp theo dng ta tia v hnh cung cphn li hng v pha ng, ng nam, lh ph
hp vi ng phng ca cc cu trc un np.
Trong min phn b rng ri cc thnh to lc nguyn - cacbonat - phun tro tui Palozi b bin
cht yu v trung bnh cc trm tch cacbonat. c im ny quyt nh tnh cht c l ca t v
s pht trin ca cc qu trnh a cht. Qu trnh cact (carst) pht trin rt mnh m, to thnh cc
khi ni cact ln vi cnh quan c trng. Cc qu trnh phong ha, xi mn sn dc v trt pht
2) Min ni un np Ty Bc B
- Ranh gii pha bc ca min l bin gii Vit - Trung, pha ng l t gy sng Chy, pha ty nam
l t gy sng m.
- c im ca min l pht trin cc dy ni cao v cao trung bnh, sn dc, chy sng song vi
nhau v ko di theo phng ty bc - ng nam trng vi phng cu trc a cht. Xen vi cc dy
ni l cc thung lng su.
Cu trc kin to v thnh phn t ca min rt phc tp. Hot ng tn kin to v a chn
mnh m, cc qu trnh ccng trnh trt, ,pht trin mnh. y l min c mc hot
ng a ng lc mnh nht. Dait vi cact ha ko di theo phng ty bc - ng nam t bin
gii pha bc n b bin ng nam. Theo hng ny hnh thp dn, mc pht trin cact tng ln.
3) Min ni un Bc Trung B
- Min ny c phn cch vi min ni np Ty Bc B bi t gy Sng M v vi min a khi
Kontum, bi t gy Bnh Sn - Phc Sn.
- Cc dy ni ko di theo phng ty bc - ng nam. Cao a hnh gim nhanh t cc dy ni
cao trung bnh v thp bin gii Vit - Lo ti cc ng bng thp ven bin pha ng.
- Trong min phn b rng ri cc thnh to lc nguyn - ph tro, lc nguyn - cacbonat - ph tro
v cacbonat. Hot ng tn kin to v a cht kh mnh. Cc qu trnh trt, , bo xi, sn
dc v cact pht trin mnh, in hnh l khi ni vi cact ha K bng. Cc ng bng ven bin
hp, tng i dc, trn pht trin cc a hnh tch t do gi.
4) Min a khi Kontum
- Ranh gii pha Bc ca min l t gy Bnh Sn - Phc Sn, pha nam l t gy Tuy Ha -
- y l min ni cao trung bnh vi nhiu nh cao trn 2000m chuyn dn sang ni thp v ng
bng ven bin theo hng Ty sang ng. c im ca min l hot ng tn kin to khng ng
u. Vng quanh Ngc Linh c biu hin vn ng to ni tng i mnh.
Trong min phn b rt rng ri cc thnh to bin cht mnh v cc thnh to macma xm nhp. Lp
ph bazan kainzoi chim din tch khng ln v thng b phn ct. Qu trnh phong ha pht trin,
c mt kiu v phn ha thy phn hon ton trn bazan kainzoi. Ngoi ra cn pht trin cc qu
trnh trt , bo si sn dc,
5) Min ni un Nam Trung B
- Min ni un np Nam Trung b phn cch vi min a khi Kontum bi t gy Tuy Ha -
Kontum v vi min vng dng a o Nam B bi t gy B Ra - Lc Ninh.
- c im ca min l pht trin cc cao nguyn ni la phn trung tm v pha ty, v ni thp
xen i pha bc, ty bc, ty nam v pha ng. Cc cao nguyn c cao khc nhau t 300 -
500m n 1400 - 1600m, to thnh cc bc thang a hnh.
Cc thnh ta bazan kainzoi phn b rng ri v to thnh lp ph c chiu dy khc nhau trn mt
cc cao nguyn. Qu trnh phong ha pht trin mnh, c bit l trong cc thnh to bazan, to thnh
v phong ha dy vi mu c trng, c mt c kiu v phong ha thy phn hon ton v thy
phn cha hon ton. Cc tn tch pht trin bazan c h s rng rt cao, song bn chng ct tng
i ln.
6) Min vng dng rifto Sng Hng
- ng bng Bc B thuc min vng dng rifto Sng Hng c din tch khong 17000 Km2, l ng
bng tch t, b mt kh bng phng vi cao t 1 n 12m, trung bnh 6 - 8m, hi nghing v pha
ng nam v b phn cch bi mng sng sui dy c.
- Cu to nn ng bng l cc trm tch t mm ri. Nc di t nm cch mt t 0 - 5m,
thng l 1 - 2m. vng ven bin thnh phn nc bin i phc tp. Trong phmvi chiu su t 10 -
15m thng gp t yu gy kh khn cho vic xy dng cng trnh. Vng ven ra ng bng c iu
kin a cht cng trnh thun li hn. Trong min c nhng biu hin nt t kin to.
7) Min vng dng a ha Nam B
- ng bng Nam B thuc min vng dng a ho Nam B c din tch khong 61300 km2, l
ng bng ph sa bng phng. a hnh ng bng cao tch t - bc mn dng bc thm vi cao t
3 - 5 n 80 - 100m pht trin min ng v a hnh ng bng thp tch t vi cao mt t t
0,5 - 1m n 5 - 8m pht trin min ty.
- c im ca ng bng min ng l a hnh ln sng; cu to phn trn ca ng bng l trm
tch Pleixtoxen c tnh nng xy dng tt, mc nc di t thng cch mt t 2 - 5m v ln hn.
y pht trin mnh cc qu trnh bo xi b mt v phong ha. iu kin xy dng thun li.
- Min ty c a hnh bng phng, trm tch t rt dy. Cc thnh to holoxen hu nh ph kn b
mt. Nc di t thng cch mt t 0 - 2m. t yu c chiu dy ln v phn b rng ri. Cc
qu trnh m ly rt pht trin. Nhng iu kin trn gy kh khn cho vic xy dng cng trnh v
khai thc kinh t lnh th.
Ngun t liu:
"iu kin k thut xy dng nhng cng trnh c vn u t nc ngoi c xy dng ti
CHXHCNVN" (d tho) - Vin Tiu chun ha xy dng 1991.
Ph lc 2: a cht cng trnh.
Bin son: Hi a cht VN.
GSTS Phm Vn Ty, GSTS Nguyn Thanh, GSTS Phm Xun,
PTS Nguyn Huy Phng, PTS Nguyn c i.
Phn bin: PTS Phm Vn C, Vin khoa hc Thy li Quc Gia
TCVN ISO 900 V Cao Minh, Vin a cht, Vin Khoa hc VN.
Hnh 2.9.1. Bn a cht cng trnh
Bng 2.9.1. Tnh Cht C l ca cng trn lnh th Vit Nam
Bng 2.9.2. Gi tr trung bnh cc ch tiu c l t : loi st tn - sn tch
Bng 2.9.3. Gi tr trung bnh cc ch tiu tnh cht c l t: t dnh ng bng Bc B
Bng 2.9.4. Gi tr trung bnh cc ch tiu tnh cht c l t dnh ng bng Nam B
Ph lc 2.10
a cht thy vn
Ph lc ny cung cp mt s thng tin tng qut v a cht thy vn Vit Nam v c dng lm ti liu
tham kho.
2.10.1. c im a cht thy vn
1) iu kin a cht thy vn, c bit l chiu su mc nc v tnh n mn ca nc di t c nh
hng ti iu kin a cht cng trnh. Lin quan n a cht cng trnh, ch yu xem xt cc tng v
phc h nc di t th nht k t mt t xung.
2) Mc nc di t
a) Trn lnh th VN chiu su mc nc di t ph thuc nhiu vo a hnh hin ti nh nu di
b) Mc nc bin i theo ma, nht l cc vng i v cao nguyn. ng bng dao ng mc
nc gim dn khi i cch xa sng. cc vng ven bin mc nc di t bin i theo ng thi
ngy ( pha bc) v na ngy ( pha nam) di nh hng ca thy triu.
3) Thnh phn ha hc, khong ha v tnh n mn ca nc di t
Thnh phn ha hc, khong ha v tnh n mn ca nc di t bin i theo hng t min ni ti
ng bng:
a) Min ni
min ni ph bin cc nc loi hydrocacbonat - canxi - manh hoc nc hn hp hydrocacbonat -
Clorua v Clorua - hydrocacbonat - Natri - Canxi vi tng khong ha ph bin l M= 0,05 - 0,15
g/l. Nc thng c tnh n mn ra la.
b) Vng i
Trong vng i ph bin nc hydrocacbonat v hydrocacbonat Clorua canxxi - Natri vi tng
khong ha M = 0,05 - 0,50 g/l. Nc trong cc thnh to cacbonat thng l hydrocacbonat canxi
manh vi tng khong ha l 0,2 - 0,6g/l, c tnh n mn cacbonic.
c) Vng thp ven bin
vng thp ven bin thnh phnha hc ca nc di t bin i phc tp, tng khong ha
bin i t nh hn 1 n 10 - 20g/l, thng l 1,5g/l.
d) Vng m ly
Trong cc vng m ly thng gp nc c tnh n mn axit, sunphat.
2.10.2. Phn vng a cht thy vn
1) "Tp Atlas kh tng thy vn Vit Nam" do Tng Cc Kh Tng Thy vn - Chng trnh tin b khoa
hc k thut Nh nc 42A v Chng trnh thy vn Quc t - y ban Quc gia VN xut bn nm 1994
c bn Phn vng a cht thy vn (xem hnh 2.10.1).
Theo , v a cht thy vn, c th chia lnh th phn lc a Vit Nam thnh 6 min:
a) Vng I: ng Bc B
Gm 2 tiu vng:
Ia: Cao Bng - Lng Sn
Ib: H Giang - Tuyn Quang
b) Vng II:Ty Bc B
Gm 3 tiu vng:
IIa: Lo Cai - Ha Bnh
IIb: Phong Th - Tn Lc
IIc: Lai Chu - Thanh Ha
c) Vng III: ng bng Bc B
Gm 3 tiu vng:
IIIa: Vnh Yn - Sn
IIIb: H Ni - Thi Bnh
IIIc: Sn Ty - Ninh Bnh
d) Vng IV: Bc Trung B
Gm 3 tiu vng:
IVa: Mng T
IVb: in Bin - H Tnh
IVc: Hng Sn - Bnh Sn
e) Vng V: Trung v Nam trung B
Gm 3 tiu vng:
Va: KonTum - Ty Sn
Vb: Srepok
Vc: Lt
f) Vng VI: ng bng Nam B
Gm 3 tiu vng:
VIa: Ty Ninh - Bin Ha
VIb: Mc Ha - Tr Vinh
VIc: Long Xuyn - Bc Liu
2) Bn a cht thy vn
Bn a cht thy vn Vit Nam t l 1/2.000.000 c trnh by hnh 2.10.2 ( thu nh)
Ngun t liu:
1) "Tp Atlas kh tng thy vn Vit Nam" do Tng Cc Kh Tng Thy Vn
Chng trnh tin b khoa hc k thut Nh nc 42A (mng tn "KH tng thy vn phc v s pht
trin kinh t x hi) v Chng trnh thy vn quc t - y ban Quc gia VN xut bn nm 1994.
2) "iu kin k thut xy dng nhng cng trnh c vn u t nc ngoi c xy dng ti
CHXNCHVN" (d tho) Vin tiu chun ha xy dng 1991.
Ph lc 2: a cht cng trnh.
Bin Son: Hi a cht VN
GSTS Phm Vn Ty, GSTS Nguyn Thanh, GSTS Phm Xun,
PTS Nguyn Huy Phng, PTS Nguyn c i.
Phn bin: PTS Phm Vn C, Vin khoa hc Thy li Quc Gia
TCVN ISO 900 V Cao Minh, Vin a cht, Vin Khoa hc VN.
Hnh 2.10.1. Bn phn vng a cht thy vn
Hnh 2.10.2. Bn a cht thy vn
Ph lc 2.11
Khong ha cht
Ph lc ny cung cp mt s thng tin tng qut v khong ha t Vit Nam v c dng lm ti liu
tham kho.
2.11.1. c im khong ha t
1) Vit Nam thuc khu vc nhit i m. Ma kh rt r nt min Nam nhng min Bc hu nh khng
c ma kh.
V vy qu trnh phong ha v to hai min cng khc nhau: min Bc trong iu kin m, min Nam
trong iu kin m v kh xen k.
2) V a hnh lnh th VN c 3 loi:
a) Min trng v ng bng: l cc chu th v min trng ven bin, chim mt din tch ng k.
b) Min i trung du: ch chim mt phn nh din tch lnh th;
c) Ming ni: chim phn ln din tch lnh th l i hnh ni.
2.11.2. Phn loi t
Cng nh cc khu vc nhit i mkhc, t trn lnh th VN rt a dng, c nhiu cch phn loi khc
Di y l phan loi da trn c s tng hp cc ti liu phn vng t t l 1/1.000.000 v 1/50.000 v
cc nghin cu v qu trnh thnh to v cc tnh cht ca t.
1) t trn ni v cao nguyn
a) Cc loi t alit:
- t mn alit trn ni cao.
- t alit cha bauxit trn bazan.
b) Cc loi t feralit:
- t mn feralit vng trn ni.
- t feralit nu trn trung tnh v baz.
- t feralit vng trn bin cht.
- t feralit vng trn macma axit.
- t sialit - feralit vng nht trn ct kt.
c) Ni vi
2) t trn i v sn thoi
a) Cc loi t feralit thoi ha bc mu.
- t feralit km pht trin b bc mu.
- t feralit xm bc mu gly ha.
- t feralitbc mu trn vn th.
b) Cc loi t feralit Margalit
- t feralit - Margalit mu xm trn cc ccbonat.
- t feralit - Margalit mu en trn tuf
c) t xi mn tr si
3) t ng bng v vng trng
- Ct ven bin
- t ph sa
- t mn s, vt c
- t nhim mn
- t chua phn
- t ly
- t than bn
Phn m t cc loi t c trnh by trong ti liu [1], nu di y.
2.11.3. Bn khong ha t
Bn khong ha t t l 1/2.000.000 c trnh by hnh 2.11.1 ( thu nh, xem trang sau).
Ngun t liu:
[1] "iu kin k thut xy dng nhng cng trnh c vn u t nc ngoi c xy dng ti
CHXNCHVN" (d tho) Vin tiu chun ha xy dng 1991.
Ph lc4: Khong ha t
Bin son: Vin a cht, Vin Khoa hc Vit Nam.
GS,PTS Nguyn vit Ph, PTS Trn trng Hu, PTS Trn vn Dng
PTS L th Li, KS Lm thy Hon, kim sot Nguyn trung Minh
Phn bin: PGS, PTS Nguyn vit , Vin a cht, Vin Khoa hc Vit Nam
GSTS Nguyn nghim Minh, Vin a cht v khong sn
PTS Phm vn Trng, Trng i Hc M va a cht
Hnh 2.11.1. Bn vng khong ha t
Ph lc 2.12
mui kh qun
Ph lc ny cung cp mt s thng tin tng qut v mui kh quyn Vit Nam v c dng lm ti
liu tham kho.
2.10.1. Phn vng mui kh quyn
mui kh quyn l tng lng mui clorua trong khng kh, tnh theo s gam ionclo trong 1m3 khng
kh (gCL/ m3) hoc theo s miligam ion clo sa lng trn 1m3 b mt cng trnh trong mt ngy m (mgI/
m3. ngy).
1) V mui kh quyn, c th phn lnh th Vit Nam thnh 2 khu vc, ranh gii l o Hi Vn vi 5
cp vng khc nhau:
a) Khu vc pha Bc
- Bao gm phn lnh th pha bc o Hi Vn.
- Khu vc ny t chu nh hng ca bin nn mui tng i thp, bin d bin thin theo ma v
theo khong cch t b bin vo khng cao.
Phng trnh phn b mui kh quyn c dng:
b) Khu vc pha Nam
- Bao gm phn lnh th pha nam o Hi vn (gm c cc o v qun o Hong Sa, Trng Sa,
Ph Quc ).
- Chu nh hng ca vng bin c mui cao bao quanh, a hnh li hp, b dy Trng sn chn
ngang nn c mui kh cao, bin bin i theo ma ln v theo khong cch t b bin vo cao
hn khu vc pha Bc 3 - 4 ln.
Phng trnh phn b MKQ c dng
2) Cc cp vng
Theo gia tr trung bnh ca mui kh quyn, lnh th c chia thnh 5 cp vng nh sau (xem bn
hnh 2.12.1 v bng 2.12.1)
Bng 2.12.1 - Cc cp vng ca mui kh quyn
2.12.2. Bn phn vng mui kh quyn
Bn phn vng lnh th VN theo mui kh quyn c trnh by hnh 2.12.1.
Ngun t liu:
"iu kin k thut xy dng nhng cng trnh c vn u t nc ngoi c xy dng ti
CHXHCN Vit Nam" (d tho) - Vin tiu chun ha xy dng, 1991
Ph lc 11: Phn vng mui kh quyn
Bin son: Vin k thut nhit i, Vin Khoa hc VN
PTS L vn Cng, kim sot Nguyn quang Tr, kim sot Phm thy San, kim sot Nguyn Ngc
Phn bin: PGS PTS Ng quc Quyn, Vin Ha hc, Vin khoa hc VN PTS Phm xun Trng,
Vin a l, Vin khoa hc VN kim KS Nguyn th Nghim, Vin Khoa hc k thut xy dng
Hnh 2.12.1. Bn vng mui kh quyn

QCXDVN 1997 Qui Hoach Xay Dung

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QCXDVN 1997 Qui Hoach Xay Dung

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H Ni, ngy 14 thng 12 nm 1996

QUYT NH CA B TRNG XY DNG

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