Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Welding Metallurgy Notes 2
Welding Metallurgy Notes 2
Welding Metallurgy 2
Lesson Objectives When you finish this lesson you will understand: The various region of the weld where liquid does not form Mechanisms of structure and property changes associated with these regions
Learning Activities 1. View Slides; 2. Read Notes, 3. Listen to lecture 4. Do on-line workbook 5. Do homework
Keywords: Heat affected zone, Base metal, Solutionizing treatment, Aging, welding procedure, heat input, Hydrogen cracking, Carbon equivalent, Lamellar Tearing, Reheat Cracking, Knife-line attack,
Welding Precipitation Hardened Alloys Without Allotropic Phase Changes Welded In: Full Hard Condition Solution Annealed Condition
Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min.): Precipitation hardened austenitic stainless steel is used for high strength applications like rocket components etc. Reviewing the various procedures for welding precipitation hardened steels, what procedure would you recommend? Does it make any difference that this is austenitic stainless steel and not just plain carbon steel?
Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min.): As we saw, the cooling rate can depend upon the preheat and the heat input. Many codes actually specify the range of heat inputs that can be used to weld certain materials. We had an equation to determine the heat input before. What is it? What processes have the highest Heat Inputs? The lowest?
Cracking in Welds
Hydrogen Cracking
Hydrogen cracking, also called cold cracking, requires all three of these factors
Hydrogen Stress Susceptible microstructure (high hardness)
0.1.1.5.2.T12.95.12
Dickinson
Why Preheat?
Preheat reduces the temperature differential between the weld region and the base metal
Reduces the cooling rate, which reduces the chance of forming martensite in steels Reduces distortion and shrinkage stress Reduces the danger of weld cracking Allows hydrogen to escape
0.1.1.5.1.T9.95.12
Steel
T base
Steel
Steel
Residual stress is decreased by postweld heat treatment Rule of thumb: hold at temperature for 1 hour per inch of plate thickness; minimum hold of 30 minutes
Cracking in Welds
Lamellar Tearing
Occurs in thick plate subjected to high transverse welding stress Related to elongated non-metallic inclusions, sulfides and silicates, lying parallel to plate surface and producing regions of reduced ductility Prevention by
Low sulfur steel Specify minimum ductility levels in transverse direction Avoid designs with heavy through-thickness direction stress
0.1.1.5.2.T14.95.12
Multipass Welds
Heat from subsequent passes affects the structure and properties of previous passes
Tempering Reheating to form austenite Transformation from austenite upon cooling
Complex Microstructure
0.1.1.5.1.T11.95.12
Steel
Multipass Welds
Exhibit a range of microstructures Variation of mechanical properties across joint Postweld heat treatment tempers the structure
Reduces property variations across the joint
Cracking in Welds
Reheat Cracking
Mo-V and Mo-B steels susceptible Due to high temperature embrittlement of the heat-affected zone and the presence of residual stress Coarse-grained region near fusion line most susceptible Prevention by
Low heat input welding Intermediate stress relief of partially completed welds Design to avoid high restraint Restrict vanadium additions to 0.1% in steels
0.1.1.5.2.T15.95.12
Stainless Steel
Weld
Knife-line attack