Designing to Eurocode 2

This chapter covers the analysis and design of concrete beams to Eurocode 2
1
which is essentially the same as with BS 8110
2
lowever, the |ayout and
content o lurocode 2 may appear unusua| to des|gners am|||ar w|th bS S!!0
lurocode 2 does not conta|n the der|ved ormu|ae or spec||c gu|dance on
determ|n|ng moments and shear orces h|s has ar|sen |ecause |t has
|een luropean pract|ce to g|ve pr|nc|p|es |n the codes and or the deta||ed
app||cat|on to |e presented |n other sources such as text|oo|s
Chapter !, or|g|na||y pu|||shed as /|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe h|gh||ghted the
|ey d|erences |etween lurocode 2 and bS S!!0, |nc|ud|ng term|no|ogy
lt shou|d |e noted that va|ues rom the 0l Nat|ona| Annex (NA) have |een
used throughout, |nc|ud|ng va|ues that are em|edded |n der|ved ormu|ae
(der|vat|ons can |e ound at wwweurocode2|no) A ||st o sym|o|s re|ated
to |eam des|gn |s g|ven at the end o th|s chapter
3
Design procedure
A procedure or carry|ng out the deta||ed des|gn o |eams |s shown |n a||e !
h|s assumes that the |eam d|mens|ons have prev|ous|y |een determ|ned
dur|ng conceptua| des|gn Concept des|gns prepared assum|ng deta||ed des|gn
wou|d |e to bS S!!0 may |e cont|nued through to deta||ed des|gn us|ng
lurocode 2 More deta||ed adv|ce on determ|n|ng des|gn ||e, act|ons, mater|a|
propert|es, methods o ana|ys|s, m|n|mum concrete cover or dura||||ty and
contro| o crac| w|dths can |e ound |n Chapter 2, or|g|na||y pu|||shed as
Oe||/q |a|eJ

, and in Chapter !
Fire resistance
lurocode 2, lart !2 |ac|aa/ |/e Je/q , g|ves a cho|ce o advanced,
s|mp|||ed or ta|u|ar methods or determ|n|ng the |re res|stance 0s|ng ta||es
|s the astest method or determ|n|ng the m|n|mum d|mens|ons and cover
or |eams here are, however, some restr|ct|ons and | these app|y urther
gu|dance on the advanced and s|mp|||ed methods can |e o|ta|ned rom
spec|a||st ||terature

kather than g|v|ng a m|n|mum cover, the ta|u|ar method

|s |ased on nom|na| ax|s d|stance,

a (see l|gure !) h|s |s the d|stance rom

the centre o the ma|n re|norc|ng |ar to the top or |ottom surace o the
Co|/ae oaqe ??
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
4. Beams
R Moss BSc, PhD, DIC, CEng, MICE, MIStructE O Brooker BEng, CEng, MICE, MIStructE
specialist literature. Rather than giving a minimum cover, the tabular method
chapter
in
26
e c n a d i u g r e h t r u F k s a T p e t S
d r a d n a t S Chapter in this publication
! Leterm|ne des|gn ||e 2 Oe||/q |a|eJ NA to bS lN !990 a||e NA2!
2 Assess act|ons on the |eam 2 Oe||/q |a|eJ bS lN !99! (!0 parts) and Nat|ona| Annexes
3 Leterm|ne wh|ch com||nat|ons o act|ons app|y ! /|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe NA to bS lN !990 a||es NAA!! and NAA!2 (b)
4 Leterm|ne |oad|ng arrangements 2 Oe||/q |a|eJ NA to bS lN !992!!
S Assess dura||||ty requ|rements and determ|ne concrete strength 2 Oe||/q |a|eJ bS SS00 2002
6 Chec| cover requ|rements or appropr|ate |re res|stance per|od 2 Oe||/q |a|eJ and 'l|re res|stance' Approved Locument b bS lN !992!! Sect|on S
sect|on
/ Ca|cu|ate m|n cover or dura||||ty, |re and |ond requ|rements 2 Oe||/q |a|eJ bS lN !992!! C| 44!
S Ana|yse structure to o|ta|n cr|t|ca| moments and shear orces 2 Oe||/q |a|eJ and a||e 3 bS lN !992!! sect|on S
9 ! 6 n o | t c e s ! ! 2 9 9 ! N l S b n o | t c e s ' e r u x e | l ' e e S t n e m e c r o n | e r | a r u x e | n g | s e L
2 6 n o | t c e s ! ! 2 9 9 ! N l S b n o | t c e s ' r a e h s | a c | t r e V ' e e S y t | c a p a c r a e h s | c e h C 0 !
4 / n o | t c e s ! ! 2 9 9 ! N l S b n o | t c e s ' n o | t c e | e L ' e e S n o | t c e | e d | c e h C ! !
!2 Chec| spac|ng o |ars 2 Oe||/q |a|eJ bS lN !992!! sect|on /3
Note
NA Nat|ona| Annex
Table 1
Beam design procedure
Table 2
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for beams made with reinforced concrete for fire resistance
Figure 3
Simplified rectangular stress block for
concrete up to class C50/60 from Eurocode 2
d
h
x
Section
A
s2
A
s
Neutral axis
b
d
2
Strain

sc
0.8x
F
sc

f
cd
Stress block and forces
z
F
c
F
st
Figure 1
Section through structural member,
showing nominal axis distances a and a
sd
b
a
a
sd
h > b
Standard fire resistance Minimum dimensions (mm)
Possible combinations of a and b
min
where a is the average axis distance and b
min
is the width of the beam
Simply supported beams Continuous beams
A B C D E F G H
R60 b
min
= 120 160 200 300 120 200
a = 40 35 30 25 25 12
a
R90 b
min
= 150 200 300 400 150 250
a = 55 45 40 35 35 25
R120 b
min
= 200 240 300 500 200 300 450 500
a = 65 60 55 50 45 35 35 30
R240 b
min
= 280 350 500 700 280 500 650 700
a = 90 80 75 70 75 60 60 50
Notes
1 This table is taken from BS EN 199212 Tables 5.5 and 5.6.
2 The axis distance, a
sd
, from the side of the beam to the corner bar should be a +10 mm except where b
min
is greater than the values in columns C and F.
3 The table is valid only if the detailing requirements (see note 4) are observed and, in normal temperature design, redistribution of bending moments does not exceed 15%.
4 For fire resistance of R90 and above, for a distance of 0.3l
eff
from the centre line of each intermediate support, the area of top reinforcement should not be less than the following:
A
s,req
(x) = A
s,req
( 0)( 1 2.5( x/ l
eff
) )
where:
x is the distance of the section being considered from the centre line of the support.
A
s,req
( 0) is the area of reinforcement required for normal temperature design.
A
s,req
(x) is the minimum area of reinforcement required at the section being considered but not less than that required for normal temperature design.
l
eff
is the greater of the effective lengths of the two adjacent spans.
5 For fire resistances R120 R240, the width of the beam at the first intermediate support should be at least that in column F, if both the following conditions exist:
a there is no fixity at the end support; and
b the acting shear at normal temperature V
sd
> 0.67 V
Rd,max
.
Key
a Normally the requirements of BS EN 199211 will determine the cover.
26
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
2006
2 0 120 2
27
Outside scope of this
publication
Carry out analysis of beam to determine
design moments (M) (see Table 3)
Obtain lever arm z from Table 5 or use
Calculate tension reinforcement
required from
Check minimum reinforcement
requirements (see Table 6)
No compression reinforcement required
Check maximum reinforcement requirements A
s, max
= 0.04 A
c
for tension or compression reinforcement outside lap locations
Determine K from Table 4 or
K = 0.60d 0.18d
2
0.21
where d 1.0
Compression reinforcement
required
Calculate lever arm z from
START
Concrete class
C50/60?
Is K K ?
Yes
Yes
No
No
Determine K from K =
M
bd
2
f
ck
Calculate compression
reinforcement required from
where
Figure 2
Procedure for determining flexural reinforcement
Table 3
Bending moment and shear coefficients for beams
member. It is a nominal (not minimum) dimension, so the designer
should ensure that:
a c
nom
+ f
link
+ f
bar
/2 and a
sd
= a + 10 mm
Table 2 gives the minimum dimensions for beams to meet the
standard fire periods.
Flexure
The design procedure for flexural design is given in Figure 2; this includes
derived formulae based on the simplified rectangular stress block from
Eurocode 2. Table 3 may be used to determine bending moments and
shear forces for beams, provided the notes to the table are observed.
Table 4
Values for K
% redistribution d (redistribution ratio) K
0 !00 020S
a
!0 090 0!S2
a
!S 0SS 0!6S
20 0S0 0!S3
30 0/0 0!20
2S 0/S 0!3/
Key
a lt |s oten recomended |n the 0l that /shou|d |e ||m|ted to 0!6S to ensure duct||e a||ure
K z/d
<00S 0 9S0
a
006 0944
00/ 0934
00S 0924
009 09!3
0!0 0902
K z/d
0!! 0S9!
0!2 0SS0
0!3 0S6S
0!4 0SS6
0!S 0S43
0!6 0S30
0!/ 0S!6
0!S 0S02
0!9 0/S/
020 0//!
Key
a l|m|t|ng to 09SJ |s not a requ|rement o lurocode 2, |ut |s cons|dered to |e good pract|ce
for singly reinforced rectangular sections
Table 6
Minimum percentage of required reinforcement
f
ck
f
ctm
Minimum percentage (0.26 f
ctm
/ f
yk
a
)
2S 26 0!3%
2S 2S 0!4%
30 29 0!S%
32 30 0!6%
3S 32 0!/%
40 3S 0!S%
4S 3S 020%
S0 4! 02!%
Key
a Assum|ng |
y|
S00 Mla
Table 5
z/d
A
s2
=
(KK) f
ck
bd
2
f
sc
(dd
2
)
Calculate tension
reinforcement required from
1 + 1 3.53K z =
2
d
[ ]
1 + 1 3.53K 0.95d z =
2
d
[ ]
A
s, min
= where f
ck
25
f
yk
0.26 f
ctm
b
t
d
A
s
=
f
yd
z
M
A
s
= + A
s2
f
yd
z
Kf
ck
bd
2
f
yd
f
sc
f
sc
= 700 f
yd
x
x d
2
[ ]
Moment Shear
Outer support 25% of span moment 0.45 (G + Q)
Near m|dd|e o end span 0090 Gl + 0.100 Ql
At first interior support 0.094 (G + Q) l 0.63 (G + Q)
a
At middle of interior spans 0.066 Gl + 0.086 Ql
At interior supports 0.075 (G + Q) l 0.50 (G + Q)
Key
a 0.55 (G + Q) may be used adjacent to the interior span.
Notes
1 Redistribution of support moments by 15% has been included.
2 Applicable to 3 or more spans only and where Q
k
G
k
.
3 Minimum span 0.85 longest span.
4 l is the span, G is the total of the ULS permanent actions, Q is the total
of the ULS variable actions.
27
4. Beams
0.45 (G
d
+ Q
d
)
0.075 (G
d
+ Q
d
)l 0.50 (G
d
+ Q
d
)
0.55 (G
d
+ Q
d
) may be used adjacent to the interior span
l is the span, G
d
is the design value of permanent actions (at ULS) and Q
d
is the design
value of variable actions (at ULS).
0.066 G
d
l + 0.086 Q
d
l
0.094 (G
d
+ Q
d
)l
0.090 G
d
l + 0.100 Q
d
l
0.63 (G
d
+ Q
d
)
a
It is often recommended in the UK that K should be limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure.
28 4
Figure 5
Procedure for determining vertical shear reinforcement
Determine v
Ed
where
v
Ed
= design shear stress v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
z) = V
Ed
/(0 . 9 b
w
d)] [
Yes (cot y = 2.5)
No No
START
Determine the concrete strut capacity v
Rd, max cot y = 2.5
from Table 7
Redesign
section
Determine y from:
Calculate area of shear reinforcement:
Check maximum spacing for vertical shear reinforcement:
s
l, max
= 0.75 d
=
s
A
sw
y = 0.5 sin
-1
0.20 f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
v
Ed
| |
f
ywd
cot y
v
Ed
b
w
Is
v
Ed
< v
Rd, max coty = 2.5
?
Is
v
Ed
< v
Rd, max cot y = 1.0
?
(see Table 7)
Yes
Table 7
Minimum and maximum concrete strut capacity in terms of stress
f
ck
v
Rd,max cot y = 2.5
v
Rd,max cot y = 1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.50
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
Figure 4
Strut inclination method
Longitudinal
reinforcement in tension

Vertical shear
reinforcement
Concrete strut in compression
y
Eurocode 2 offers various methods for determining the stress-strain
relationship of concrete. For simplicity and familiarity the method
presented here is the simplified rectangular stress block, which is
similar to that found in BS 8110 (see Figure 3).
Eurocode 2 gives recommendations for the design of concrete up to
class C90/105. However, for concrete greater than class C50/60, the
stress block is modified. It is important to note that concrete strength
is based on the cylinder strength and not the cube strength (i.e. for
class C30/37 the cylinder strength ( f
ck
) is 30 MPa, whereas the cube
strength is 37 MPa).
Vertical shear
Eurocode 2 introduces the strut inclination method for shear capacity
checks. In this method the shear is resisted by concrete struts acting in
compression and shear reinforcement acting in tension.
The angle of the concrete strut varies, depending on the shear force
applied (see Figure 4). The procedure for determining the shear capacity
of a section is shown in Figure 5 (which includes UK NA values) and is
in terms of shear stress in the vertical plane rather than a vertical force
as given in Eurocode 2. Where shear reinforcement is required, then
the angle of the concrete strut should be calculated. For many typical
beams the minimum angle of strut will apply (when cot y = 2.5 or y =
21.8) i.e. for class C30/37 concrete the strut angle exceeds 21.8 only
when the shear stress is greater than 3.27 N/mm
2
(refer to Table 7).
As with BS 8110, there is a maximum permitted shear capacity, v
Rd,max
,
(when cot y =1.0 or y = 45), but this is not restricted to 5 MPa as in
BS 8110.
Deflection
lurocode 2 has two a|ternat|ve methods or chec||ng de|ect|on,
e|ther a ||m|t|ng span-to-depth rat|o may |e used or the theoret|ca|
de|ect|on can |e assessed us|ng the express|ons g|ven |n the Code
he |atter |s dea|t w|th |n deta|| |n Chapter S, or|g|na||y pu|||shed as
/e|/ec|/o ca/ca/a|/o7
he span-to-depth rat|os shou|d ensure that de|ect|on |s ||m|ted to
span/2S0 and th|s |s the procedure presented |n l|gure 6
Flanged beams
l|anged |eams can |e treated |n much the same way as |n bS S!!0
he ma|n d|erences compared w|th bS S!!0 are that the assessment
o the |ange w|dth |s more soph|st|cated (see l|gures 9 and !0) and
that lurocode 2 conta|ns a chec| to con|rm that the shear stress at
Co|/ae oaqe 3'
28
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
.
6
3.64
29
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
S
p
a
n

t
o

d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,reqd
/bd)
l
/
d
)
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
f
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
= 50
f = 45
f = 40
f = 35
f = 32
f = 30
f = 28
f = 25
f = 20
f
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
= 50
f = 45
f = 40
f = 35
f = 32
f = 30
f = 28
f = 25
f = 20
Figure 7
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios
Notes
1 This graph assumes simply supported span condition
(K = 1.0).
K = 1.5 for interior span condition
K = 1.3 for end span condition
K = 0.4 for cantilevers.
2 Compression reinforcement, r, has been taken as 0.
3 Curves based on the following expressions:
where r r
0
and
where r > r
0
.
11+ + 3.2 1 = K
r
f
ck
r
0
1.5
d
l
f
ck
r
r
0
[ ( ) ]
11+ + = K
(
r r
)
f
ck
r
0
1.5
d
l
12
f
ck
r
0
r

[ ]
1.5
5
Figure 6
Procedure for assessing deflection
Determine Factor 2 (F2)
Where the beam span exceeds 7 m and it supports
brittle partitions, F2 = 7/l
eff
1.0
Otherwise F2 = 1.0
Is basic l/d x K x F1 x F2 x F3 Actual l/d ?
Increase
A
s,prov
Determine basic l/d and K from Figure 7
Check complete
Determine Factor 1 (F1)
For ribbed or waffle slabs
F1 = 1 0.1 ((b
f
/b
w
) 1) 0.8

(b
f
is flange breadth and b
w
is rib breadth)
Otherwise F1 = 1.0
No
Yes
START

The Eurocode is ambiguous regarding linear interpolation. It is understood that

it was the intention of the drafting committee that linear interpolation be used
and this is in line with current UK practice.
Figure 8
Determination of steel stress
To determine stress in the reinforcement (s
s
), calculate the ratio
G
k
/Q
k
, read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across
to determine s
su
.
s
s
can be calculated from the expression: s
s
= s
su
A
s,req
A
s,prov
1
d
( ( ) )
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
U
n
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

s
s
u
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
c
2
= 0.8, g
G
= 1.35
c
2

= 0.6, g
G

= 1.35
c
2
= 0.3, g
G

= 1.35
c
2

= 0.2, g
G

= 1.35
c
2

= 0.6, g
G

= 1.25
c
2
= 0.3, g
G

= 1.25
c
2
= 0.2, g
G

= 1.25
Determine Factor 3 (F3)
F3 = A
s,prov
/A
s,reqd
1.5 or 310/s
s
1.5 (UK NA)
where s
s
is the stress in the reinforcement calculated
under the characteristic combination of SLS loads.
29
4. Beams
For anged sections
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (s
s
), calculate the ratio
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,req
/bd)
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

S
L
S

f
o
r

A
s
,
r
e
q
,
s
s
u
G
k
/Q
k
, read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across
to determine s
su
ss .
s
s
ss can be calculated from the expression: s
s
ss = s
su
ss
A
,p
( ( ) )
A
s,req
A
s,prov
1
d
( )
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
c
2
= 0.8, g
G
gg = 1.35
c
2
= 0.6, g
G
gg = 1.35
c
2
= 0.3, g
G
gg = 1.35
c
2
= 0.2, g
G
gg = 1.35
c
2
= 0.6, g
G
gg = 1.25
c
2
= 0.3, g
G
gg = 1.25
c
2
= 0.2, g
G
gg = 1.25
( To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (s
s
ss )), calculate the ratio
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

S
L
S

f
o
r

A
s
,
r
e
q
,
s
u
s
u
ss
Figure 8 - no longer used
Determination of quasi-permanent steel stress
30
Figure 11
Procedure for determining flexural capacity of flanged beams
Figure 9
Definition of l
o
, for calculation of effective flange width
Figure 10
Effective flange width parameters
l
0
= 0.85 l
1
l
0
= 0.15 (l
1
+ l
2
)
l
1
l
3
l
2
l
0
= 0.7 l
2
l
0
= 0.15 l
2
+ l
3
b
1
b
1
b
2
b
2
b
w

b
eff

b
eff,2
b
b
eff,1

START
Is x 1.25h
f
?
Is K
f
K ?
Carry out analysis of beam to determine design
moments, M (see Table 3)
Neutral axis in
flange. Design
as rectangular
section (Figure 2)
and then check
longitudinal shear
(Figure 14)
Redesign section
Determine l
0
(see Figure 9) and b
eff
from:
b
eff
= (b
w
+ b
eff1
+ b
eff2
) where
b
eff1
= (0.2b
1
+ 0.1 l
0
) 0.2 l
0
b
1
b
eff2
= (0.2b
2
+ 0.1 l
0
) 0.2 l
0
b
2
Note: The flange width at the support will be
different from that at mid-span.
For symbols refer to Figures 9 and 10
Determine K from Table 4 or
K = 0.60d 0.18d
2
0.21 where d 1.0
Calculate depth to neutral axis x from:
x = 2.5 (d z)
Calculate lever arm z from
Neutral axis in web
Calculate moment capacity of flange from:
M
R,f
= 0.57 f
ck
(b
eff
b
w
) h
f
(d 0.5h
f
)
Calculate area of reinforcement required from Check longitudinal
shear
(see Figure 14)
Yes
No
Yes
No
Determine K from K =
where b = b
w
at support
b = b
eff
in span
1 + 1 3.53K 0.95d z =
2
d
[ ]
bd
2
f
ck
M
A
s
= +
f
ywd
(d 0.5 h
f
)
M
R,f
f
ywd
M M
R,f
K
f
= and
f
ck
b
w
d
2
M M
R,f
Figure 12
Placing of tension reinforcement in flanged cross section
Figure 13
Notations for the connection between flange and web
A
A
F
d
F
d
S
f
b
eff
A
sf
h
f
F
d
+ F
d
D
F
d
+ F
d
D
Dx
b
w
y
f
Longitudinal bar
anchored beyond
this projected point
Compressive struts
b
eff
b
eff1
b
eff2
A
s
b
w
h
f
30
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
f
yd
(d 0.5 h
f
) f
ydz
z
31
Figure 14
Procedure for determining longitudinal shear capacity of flanged beams
Yes
No No
No
Calculate the longitudinal shear stress
from: v
Ed
= DF
d
/(h
f
Dx)
(see Figure 13)
Determine the concrete strut capacity
fromTable 8 or from:
v
Rd
= 0.160 f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
Calculate area of transverse reinforcement from:
Yes (cot y
f
= 2.0) Yes (cot y
f
= 1.25)
Is v
RD
> v
Ed
? Is v
RD
> v
Ed
?
Is length of
flange under consideration
in tension?
Determine y
f
from:
Determine the concrete
strut capacity fromTable 8
or from:
v
Rd
= 0.195 f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
=
s
A
sf
y
f
=0.5sin
-1
0.2f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
v
Ed
| |
f
yd
cot y
f
v
Ed
h
f
Table 8
Concrete strut capacity for longitudinal shear in flanged beams
f
ck
v
Rd,max
Flange in compression Flange in tension
9 S 3 4 9 2 0 2
9 3 4 0 6 3 S 2
S S 4 S 9 3 S 2
S ! S 2 2 4 0 3
4 4 S 6 4 4 2 3
/ S S 2 S 4 S 3
S S 6 S 3 S 0 4
0 2 / 0 9 S S 4
0 S / 0 4 6 0 S
Minimum area of shear reinforcement
he m|n|mum area o shear re|norcement |n |eams, /sw,m|n shou|d
|e ca|cu|ated rom
where
r
w,m|n
can |e o|ta|ned rom a||e 9
/
sw
/
w
4 r
w,m|n
the |nterace o the |ange and we| can |e res|sted |y the transverse
re|norcement |n the |ange he pos|t|on o the neutra| ax|s shou|d
|e determ|ned, and then the area o re|norcement can |e ca|cu|ated
depend|ng whether |t ||es |n the |ange or we| (see l|gure !!)
At supports the tens|on re|norcement to res|st hogg|ng moments
shou|d |e d|str||uted across the u|| w|dth o the eect|ve |ange as
shown |n l|gure !2 he span-to-depth de|ect|on chec|s us|ng rat|o o
tens|on re|norcement shou|d |e |ased on area o concrete a|ove
centre o tens|on stee|
Longitudinal shear
he shear stress |n the vert|ca| p|ane |etween the |ange and we| shou|d
|e assessed accord|ng to sect|on 624 and l|gure 6/ o the lurocode
(reproduced here as l|gure !3) he change |n orce |n the |ange can
|e assessed rom the moment and |ever arm at a part|cu|ar |ocat|on
he lurocode states that the max|mum |ength that can |e cons|dered
or the change |n orce |s ha| the d|stance |etween the max|mum
moment and the po|nt where the moment |s .ero C|ear|y, the max|mum
|ong|tud|na| orce w||| occur where the change |n moment, and
thereore orce, |s the greatest, or a un|orm|y d|str||uted |oad on a
cont|nuous |eam th|s w||| |e the |ength o |eam c|osest to the support
l|gure !4 shows a |ow chart or assess|ng the |ong|tud|na| shear
capac|ty, |n many cases the transverse re|norcement |n the s|a| w||| |e
su|c|ent to res|st the shear orce h|s chec| |s |nc|uded to ensure that
where part|cu|ar|y th|n |anges are used there |s adequate re|norcement
he |ong|tud|na| shear capac|ty |s |ased on the var|a||e strut |nc||nat|on
method, wh|ch was descr||ed |n the sect|on on vert|ca| shear
Rules for spacing and
quantity of reinforcement
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement
he m|n|mum area o re|norcement |s /
s, m|n
026 |
c tm
/
t
J/|
y |
|ut
not |ess than 000!3/
t
J, where /
t
|s the mean w|dth o the tens|on
.one (see a||e 6) lor a -|eam w|th the |ange |n compress|on, on|y
the w|dth o the we| |s ta|en |nto account |n ca|cu|at|ng the va|ue o /
Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement
he max|mum area o tens|on or compress|on re|norcement, outs|de
|ap |ocat|ons shou|d not exceed /
s, max
004 /
c
Minimum spacing of reinforcement
he m|n|mum c|ear d|stance |etween |ars shou|d |e the greater o
bar d|ameter
Aggregate s|.e p|us S mm
20 mm
Table 9
Values for r
w,min
f
ck 20 25 28 30 32 35 40 45 50
r
w,m|n
x !0
-3
0/2 0S0 0SS 0SS 09! 09S !0! !0/ !!3
31
4. Beams
32
References
1 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !992!!, lurocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae - /a| '-' Oeea/ a/e aJ a/e |o
/a//J/q bSl, 2004
2 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S!!0! I/e |ac|aa/ ae o| coce|e - /a| ' CoJe o| oac|/ce |o Je/q aJ co|ac|/o bSl, !99/
3 NAkAANAN, k S 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe he Concrete Centre, 200S
4 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? Oe||/q |a|eJ he Concrete Centre, 200S
5 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !992!2, lurocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae Oeea/ a/e - |ac|aa/ |/e Je/q bSl, 2004
7 vlbSlk, k 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /e|/ec|/o ca/ca/a|/o he Concrete Centre, 2006
6 LllAkMlN Ol COMM0NlllS ANL lOCAl COVlkNMlN /aJ/oo/ |o //-'99?-'-? LClC, due 2006
s
/
to res|st the moment due to the des|gn
|oads (or at support or cant||evers)
r' kequ|red compress|on re|norcement at /
s2
//J
m|d-span to res|st the moment due to the
des|gn |oads (or at support or cant||evers)
(rom a||e 3!, lurocode 2)
/

l|ange th|c|ness
/ lactor to ta|e account o the d|erent See ta||e NA4 |n
x e n n A | a n o | t a N l 0 s m e t s y s | a r u t c u r t s
/
e
lect|ve span o mem|er See Sect|on S322 (!)
/
o
L|stance |etween po|nts o .ero moment
//J Span-to-depth rat|o
/ Les|gn moment at the 0lS
\ ( s | x a | a r t u e n o t h t p e L J-)/04
\
max
l|m|t|ng va|ue or depth to neutra| ax|s (d 04)J where d <!0
lever arm
a
cc
Coe|c|ent ta||ng account o |ong term 0SS or |exure and
eects on compress|ve strength and o ax|a| |oads
unavoura||e eects resu|t|ng rom the !0 or other phenomena
wa ) x e n n A | a n o | t a N l 0 m o r l ( d e | | p p a s | d a o | y
d kat|o o the red|str||uted moment to the
e|ast|c |end|ng moment
g
m
lart|a| actor or mater|a| propert|es !!S or re|norcement (g
s
)
!S or concrete (g
c
)
r
0
keerence re|norcement rat|o R|
c|
/!000
r kequ|red tens|on re|norcement at m|d-span / /J (or rectangu|ar |eams)
/
c
Cross sect|ona| area o concrete
/
s
Area o tens|on stee|
/
s2
Area o compress|on stee|
/
s, prov
Area o tens|on stee| prov|ded
/
s, req'd
Area o tens|on stee| requ|red
/
e
lect|ve |ange w|dth
/
t
Mean w|dth o the tens|on .one
/
m|n
v|dth o |eam or r||
/
w
v|dth o sect|on, or w|dth o we| on |anged |eams
J lect|ve depth
J
2
lect|ve depth to compress|on re|norcement
|
cd
Les|gn va|ue o concrete compress|ve strength a
cc
|
c|
/g
c
or |
c|
< CS0/60
|
c|
Character|st|c cy||nder strength o concrete
|
ctm
Mean va|ue o ax|a| tens||e strength 030 |
c|
(2/3)
or |
c|
< CS0/60
S e u l a V n o i t i n i f e D l o b m y Sy e u l a V n o i t i n i f e D l o b m
Selected symbols
32
4. Beams
6 WEBSTER, R & BROOKER, O. How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Deection calculations. The Concrete Centre, 2006.