Professional Documents
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Jean-Louis Martine
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I Know Nouns!
Nouns are names given to any object in the real world Concrete nouns or any state of mind e.g. Love hate etc Abstract nouns The word Noun comes from the Latin word numen meaning name. We can work out if a word is a noun by asking are selves is it a name. When learning a foreign language one of the first and most useful question we can learn to ask is.. What is it called? What do you call that?
You are asking for the name of something, a place, a person, an object or a thing even an emotion is a noun. Examples of Common Nouns (Common Names) What is it called?
Its called a frog. Frog is the name we give to this kind of animal.
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* Be careful when deciding if you think a word is a noun or not. Emotions like Love, Hate and Happiness are all nouns. Activities like play, work and leisure are also nouns. All the colours are also nouns.
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Irregular Nouns
Singular Chid Man Woman Person Mouse Sheep Series Kiss Tooth > > > > > > > > > Plural Children Men Women People Mice Sheep Series Kisses Teeth
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Nouns
Regular Countable Nouns
Singular Cat > Pen > Television > Hammer > School > Plural Cats Pens Televisions Hammers Schools
Uncountable Nouns
Singular only Milk Love Money Furniture
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ice-cream timetable
Everyone is happy The Staff are happy The Army is moving into position. The Army are moving into position.
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I know Pronouns
Pronouns are used to replace nouns or noun phrases when the noun is known
to avoid repetition of the noun in a sentence group of sentences. e.g. Bob was very happy Bob had just won the lottery. Bob was very happy he had just won the lottery. Bob = Noun he = Pronoun = Bob
Personal Pronouns have two types Subject and Object they are used to
stand in place of a noun.
I, You, He, She, It, We, They, Who, Whoever, Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them, Whom, Whomever,
They are also divided to express The Plural and The Singular of
Singular I, me,
Plural
we, us you
The Second Person: Singular and Plural The Third Person: Singular he, him, she, her, it, Plural
they, them
This determines whether am / is / or are, is used and whether or not s or es, is added to end of the verb in the formation of past tenses.
Reflexive Pronouns have one type and are used to refer backwards or
inwards on the subject or object. Think of the word refection.
Possessive pronouns have two types Possessive pronouns and Possessive determiners the difference being Possessive pronouns stand alone in a sentence e.g. Think of the word possession.
It is mine. And Possessive determiners always come before a noun e.g. It is my book.
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PRONOUN CHART
Personal
Subject I you he she it we you they Object me you him her it us you them
Possessive determiner
my your his her its our your their
who, whom, whose, what, which, He said What is it your name? (direct question) He asked the mans name. (indirect question)
Relative Pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses that come after a
noun or noun phrase. e.g. He is the man that came in yesterday. Look at the boy with the blue hat.
Relative pronouns act rather like conjunctions and join two parts of a sentence together to give more information about the noun subject or object i.e. The clause is related to the noun.
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I Know Determiners
Determiners are a class of word that are used to help define or identify a
noun and are placed before it. You may have noticed that some of them can act as Pronouns this is when they are used instead of the noun and replace it completely. The two most commonly used determiners are: A, An, which are known as The indefinite article as they signify a noun which is non-specific e.g. A cat Referring to no cat in particular
The definite article The which is used to signify a specific noun. e.g.
The cat Referring to one cat in particular.
Possessive determiners
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, indicate who or what the noun belongs to. e.g. My cat. Your cat. His cat. etc. This reflects ownership or possession.
Demonstrative determiners help us to demonstrate something or point it out in exactly the same way as demonstrative pronouns except the do not replace the noun but precede it adding the information. e.g.
This cat, or that cat.
When these words stand alone they are considered to be pronouns. However when they are used before a noun they are considered to be determiners.
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I Know Quantifiers
Quantifiers are very specific class of determiner and they are used to signify number or quantity. Like all determiners quantifiers are place before a noun or noun phrase.
The most easy to remember and use are the Cardinal numbers 1 2 3 4 5 .etc and the Ordinal numbers First Second Third Forth Fifth.. Etc They can precede any concrete noun.
However with other Quantifiers there use is limited to either countable or uncountable nouns and or to refer to only to two items e.g. both
uncountable
X X
Singular
X X X X
Plural
X X X
two
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X
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I Know Adjectives
Adjectives are words that give more information about a noun or pronoun. They are often known as describing words. Adjectives are often related to Nouns or Verbs i.e. they have a Noun or a Verb as their root. Many of these are followed by suffixes (word endings): -able -al -ate -an -ant -ent -ful -ist -ive -ory -ous -some -wise -y Sometimes the adjective has long out lived the usage of its verb or noun root, as in the case of impeccable that originate from the Latin impeccabilis meaning not liable to sin. Suffixes are not always used when a Noun acts as an Adjective e.g. The cat The black cat
What makes a word an adjective is the way it is used i.e. the job it is doing. Adjectives give more information about a noun and tell us what kind of a thing it is, that is they describe it. Look at the sentence part The cat Adding Adjectives tells us more about the particular cat we are talking about. What kind of cat is it? Its a big black cat. Its a funny cat. Its a big black and friendly cat.
Noun
beauty truth courage danger obligation street parent lone lone
>
> > > > > > > > >
Adjective
beautiful truthful courageous dangerous obligatory streetwise parental lonesome lonely
Verb
drink work like talk communicate hurt
>
> > > > > >
Adjective
drinkable workable likeable talkative communicative hurtful
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I Know Verbs
Verbs are typically referred to as Action (dynamic) words however this is only one of their many functions Verbs are also used to express a state of
mind, condition or a relationship between one thing and another. One of the chief differences that can be drawn between verb types is Lexical that is, one based upon the words meaning. Verbs that refer to States tend not to be used with Continuous forms, (ing) because states of mind and relationships are not processes that move but are rather static by nature. A second and equally important distinction that can be made between Verb types is that between Main Verbs, verbs that function by themselves and convey the key meaning in any group of verbs e.g. to love to hit, to sing, and Auxiliary (meaning to help) verbs that add or help to give extra meaning to the main verb. Auxiliary verbs cannot be used by them selves and must accompany a main verb e.g. had (had breakfast), can (can swim), is (is sick) etc.
State verbs express a state of mind, to love, to hate, to know or a relationship, to be, to belong, to have, to resemble because state are not actions we
tend not uses them with continuous from e.g. I love you. I know him. I like ice-cream. Not Not Not I am loving you. I am knowing him. I am liking ice-cream.
Dynamic Verbs describe actions acts activities and processes: to hit, to run, to jump, to change, to flow, to walk, to crawl,
By the very nature of the kinds of things Dynamic Verbs describe continuous can be used. I run. (Present simple) I hit him. (Present simple) I am running. (Present continuous) I am hitting him. (Present continuous)
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Relationships
to be to own to have to resemble to belong
Past simple
Cast Cost Cut Fit/Fitted Hit Let Put Read (short) Set Shut Spread
Past principle
Cast Cost Cut Fit Hit Let Put Read (short) Set Shut Spread
For words ending in a single consonant with a short vowel sound it is necessary to double the last consonant to keep the vowel sound short. e.g.
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Irregular Verbs
There are approximately 300 irregular verbs in the English language, and there are no rules or easy way to tell whether or not a verb is regular or irregular. However irregular verbs can be grouped in accordance with the pattern in which they change form to make learning easier.
Past simple
bound fed found got had heard Held laid lit made met paid said Sold shot sat stood told
Past Participle
bound fed found got had heard held laid lit made met paid said sold shot sat stood told
Past simple
drank sank
Past Participle
drunk sunk
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I Know Adverbs
What is an Adverb? Add Verb! Simply it is a word which adds additional information to a verb. For example: Run quickly
Adverbs can come both before and after the verb. For example: The boy ran happily down the road. The boy happily ran down the road. Adverbs answer the question: How? About the verb How did the boy run? He ran quickly.
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Verb Tenses
Form
Subject Pronoun 1st 2nd and 3rd person plural Verb
do
Verb
he/she/it/ Jack*
does
s or es to the verb.
Note. It refers to animals, machines and inanimate object therefore many verbs do not always make sense with it.
Meaning The Present Simple is used to convey a general state of affairs. That
I work in a bank I am not implying that I am working their now at this very minute but that it is My Job. I work in a bank
is to say when I say everyday. We can look at the meaning of The Present Simple pictorially.
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do for Subject
does for 3
rd
person singular.
and
Example
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I am
Im
+
3rd person singular
Verb + ing
he/she/it/Jack
Hes/Shes/Its/Jacks
is
Verb + ing
we/you/they
Were/Youre/Theyre
are
Verb + ing
a) I am reading the book. Now b) I started reading it recently. C) I wont be reading it shortly.
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I/ he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they
Verb + ed
ed for regular verbs past participle form for irregular verbs varry
I /he/she/it/Jack
was
Verb + ing
We/you/they
were
Verb + ing
I /he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they
will
Verb
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I /he/she/it/Jack /we/you/they
will be +
Verb + ing
I / you/we/they
+ have
Verb + ed
he/she/it/Jack
+ has
Verb + ed
Verb + ing
he/she/it/Jack
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Verb + ing
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Verb + ed
Verb + ed
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The Past Continuous I was doing I was working in a bank. He was working in a bank.
The Future Continuous I will be doing I will be working in a bank. He will be working in a bank.
The Present Perfect I have done I have worked in a bank. He has worked in a bank.
The Past Perfect I had done I had worked in a bank. He had worked in a bank.
The Future Perfect I will have done I will have worked in a bank. He will have worked in a bank.
The Present Perfect Continuous I have been doing I have been working in a bank. He has been working in a bank.
The Past Perfect Continuous I had been doing I had been working in a bank. He had been working in a bank.
The Future Perfect Continuous I will have been doing I will have been working in a bank. He will have been working in a bank.
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if
that may or may not happen or might or might not be true. In such sentences, the represents a clauses.
if
condition
All conditional clauses are separated into two halves the main if clause or condition that must happen first and the second clause or result which happens afterwards. Conditionals can understood in terms of cause and effect where
If =
the cause.
If you drop that glass, it will brake. If you heat water to 100.c, it will boil.
Conditional clauses can be used with special tenses to indicate how likely the statement we are making is.
ZERO Conditional General truths 100% certainty FIRST conditional Possible situation & likely outcomes SECOND conditional Hypothetical situations or improbable outcomes THIRD conditional Impossible situations and hypothetical outcomes
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I know
Gerunds and participles
Gerund and participle are terms given to when we use ing forms of the verb Not as Verbs but as adjectives, adverbs or nouns. Gerund is the term given to the use of an ing form of the verb used as a noun e.g. The man was laughing. (laughing as a verb) Laughing is good for you. (laughing acting as a noun) It is easy to check if an ing is being used as a noun if you can replace it with a noun then its a gerund. Chocolate is good for you. (Chocolate is a noun)
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I know
Indirect and Reported Speech
In indirect speech we do not use speech marks and often we do not repeat word for word what someone has said but rather retransmit or convey the mean of what they have said. This can be very useful for example if I have just had a conversation and someone asked what we were talking about I might very well find it very hard to repeat word for word what was said. However I could quite easily explain what was talked about and what was and wasnt said in my own words. Other examples were indirect or reported speech are common are in news reports. For example a politician gives a long speech that covers many topics. However the news report needs to sum this up in many less words e.g. Tony Blair said that Gordon Brown was making a hash of the economy and wouldnt it be great if he was back in power. He said that.. It has been reported. It is assumed that..
Back forming
Very often when we use reported speech we make a tense shift into a past tense e.g. from the present simple to the past simple.
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