World Housing Encyclopedia

an Encyclopedia of Housing Construction in Seismically Active Areas of the World

an initiative of Earthquake Eng ineering Research Institute (EERI) and International Association for Earthquake Eng ineering (IAEE)

HOUSING REPORT Historic, braced frame timber buildings with masonry infill ('Pombalino' buildings)
Report # Country Author(s) 92 PORTUGAL Rafaela Cardoso, Mario Lopes, Rita Bento, Dina D'Ayala Report Date 08-05-2003

Reviewer(s) Paulo B. Lourenco Important This encyclopedia contains infor mation contributed by various earthquake eng ineering professionals around the world. All opinions, finding s, conclusions & recommendations expressed herein are those of the various participants, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Earthquake Eng ineering Research Institute, the International Association for Earthquake Eng ineering , the Eng ineering Infor mation Foundation, John A. Martin & Associates, Inc. or the participants' org anizations. Summary Pombalino building s (see Fig ures 1, 2, 3 and 4) are historic masonry building s that can be identified by the presence of a three-dimensional timber str ucture (named "g aiola pombalina"), which is enclosed in internal masonry walls above the first floor. The roofs are built with timber tr usses clad with ceramic tiles and the floors are made of timber boards laid on timber joists. Ground floor walls are roug hly dressed stone masonry supporting a system of vaults made of clay tiles, with stone arches. Foundations are made of short and small-diameter timber piles connected by a timber g rid.
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These building s were built after the 1755 earthquake when fear of new earthquakes led to the enforcement of anti-seismic provisions, such as establishing a maximum number of stories and introducing an interior timber str ucture called "g aiola." The building s orig inally were mixed-use with commercial enterprises on the g round floor and residences on the upper floors. During the 20th century, most Pombalino building s underwent substantial refurbishment when they were converted and occupied entirely by banks and companies. For the building s that have maintained their orig inal uses, the main problems result from poor maintenance.The expected collapse mechanisms due to earthquake actions are the overturning of facades (out-of-plane) or shear failure at the plane of the walls at g round floor level (g lobal shear mechanism), leading to a g lobal collapse mechanism. Typical seismic streng thening of these building s includes the introduction of a concrete/steel ring beam at the level of the roof eaves. The introduction of steel elements/pre-stressed cables or of anchors connecting parallel masonry walls is also common. Steel elements are also used to connect detached timber elements from the floors and g aiola to the masonry. New techniques applying new materials like Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) are also used to increase the streng th of the connections of timber elements that compose the g aiola.

1. General Information
Building s o f this co nstructio n type can be fo und in do wnto wn Lisbo n, in the area near the Tag us River kno wn as Baixa. This type o f building can be fo und elsewhere in Lisbo n and in o ther urban areas in Po rtug al also destro yed in 1755, such as the Vila Real de Santo Ant nio in Alg arve (in the so uthern part o f Po rtug al). Because o f its histo rical relevance, the building example described in this wo rk is fro m Baixa . This type o f ho using co nstructio n is co mmo nly fo und in urban areas . Po mbalino building s were built mainly in the urban areas o f reg io ns that experienced the g reatest destructio n fo llo wing the 1755 earthquake . This co nstructio n type has been in practice fo r mo re than 200 years. Currently, this type o f co nstructio n is no t being built. As time has passed, co nstructio n practices have chang ed and timber elements have pro g ressively fallen into disuse in the three-dimensio nal structure. Experience sho ws that maso nry building s built between 1755 and 1880 included a co mplete three-dimensio nal timber structure (g aio la) abo ve the g ro und flo o r. Mo st likely during the 1880's, the practice o f g aio la co nstructio n was co mpletely abando ned. This time bo undary, ho wever, is no t very precise because it is po ssible to find many building s with inco mplete g aio la structures built befo re 1880 .

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Fig ure 1: Typical Build ing ( S anto s, 20 0 0 )

Fig ure 2: Typical build ing fro m a blo ck o f build ing s

Fig ure 3: Typical build ing fro m a blo ck o f build ing s

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Fig ure 4: Perspective d rawing sho wing key lo ad -bearing elem ents ( ad apted fro m Mascarenhas, 19 9 4)

2. Architectural Aspects
2.1 Siting
These building s are typically fo und in flat terrain . They share co mmo n walls with adjacent building s . Po mbalino building s belo ng to a blo ck o f building s (see Fig ures 2 and 3) and they have co mmo n walls with adjacent building s. Co mmo n walls are perpendicular to the facades o f bo th building s. The distance between blo cks o f building s varies fro m 10 meters to 5 meters, co rrespo nding to a street's transverse dimensio n. Street width depends o n its impo rtance (a main street is larg er than a seco ndary o ne)

2.2 Building Configuration

A Po mbalino building 's g eo metry is very reg ular because these building s were the result o f urban planning in Lisbo n after 1755. The need fo r a quick reco nstructio n o f the city and the fear o f a new earthquake led to the enfo rcement o f new co nstructio n rules. These rules included no t o nly anti-seismic pro visio ns but also facade architecture, building plan and g eo metry. A Po mbalino building 's plan is co mpact with a rectang ular o r nearly rectang ular shape with symmetrical co nfig uratio n (see fig ure 6). There are no iso lated building s as they are part o f an urban blo ck which is also symmetrical and with a rectang ular plan shape (see Fig ure 7). A typical blo ck has 7 to 8 building s, usually a building at each co rner and o ne o n each side. Each blo ck has a size o f 70x25 m while the streets have width rang ing fro m 5 to 20 m. The interio r o f each blo ck includes a very small co urtyard accessed o nly by the do o rs o f the back faade . In a typical building (see Fig ure 5), do o rs serve as the g ro und flo o r o pening s. First flo o r o pening s are all o f the same type (either do o rs with balco nies o r windo ws), depending o n the impo rtance o f the street o nto which the facade o pens. Windo ws co mprise the o pening s o f the o ther flo o rs. The eaves o f the ro o f also include o pening s and these mig ht be do o rs o r small windo ws. The o rig inal plan called fo r the same dimensio ns and ho rizo ntal spacing o f the o pening s fo r all Po mbalino building s. Main facades present a reg ular o pening g rid with clearly identified maso nry piers and spandrels. The number o f o pening s in each building o r o n each flo o r varies fro m 3 to 6 and depends o n the area o f the building plan. If the main facade o f an o rig inal building has 6 o pening s, appro ximately 26% o f the o verall area is fo r windo ws and 38% o f the o verall wall surface area is utilized fo r do o rs, measured at the flo o r abo ve g ro und level. At the g ro und flo o r level o f the same o rig inal building , the o verall do o r area is 50% o f the o verall wall surface area. To prevent fire pro pag atio n between building s, which was o ne o f the main causes o f death in the 1755 earthquake, the maso nry walls between adjo ining building s have no o pening s and extend beyo nd the ro o fs.

2.3 Functional Planning

The main functio n o f this building typo lo g y is mixed use (bo th co mmercial and residential use) . This was the main functio n at the time o f co nstructio n. Since then,

co mmerce and o ffices have taken o ver larg er areas and residential use has decreased . In a typical building o f this type, there are no elevato rs and 1-2 fire-pro tected exit

staircases. Each sho p at the g ro und flo o r has at least o ne exit, co rrespo nding to previo usly mentio ned do o rs at this level, leading o utside the building. Access to flo o rs abo ve is acco mplished by means o f o ne do o r and a sing le set o f stairs. Sho p extensio n to the upper flo o rs usually intro duces ano ther staircase to the flo o r abo ve, and so metimes elevato rs. The internal co urtyards o f the blo cks have no access fro m the o utside so they canno t be used as escape ro ute .

2.4 Modification to Building

The mo st co mmo n mo dificatio n o f Po mbalino building s is the additio n o f bathro o ms. If the flo o rs abo ve g ro und are used fo r residences, typically the kitchen has been

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The mo st co mmo n mo dificatio n o f Po mbalino building s is the additio n o f bathro o ms. If the flo o rs abo ve g ro und are used fo r residences, typically the kitchen has been altered to pro vide fo r running water. It is also co mmo n to o bserve the insertio n o f larg er sho p windo ws o n the g ro und flo o r, which so metimes demo lishes all vertical maso nry elements in the facades. Behind the building s, the area at the g ro und flo o r level, o nce used as internal co urtyards and free space, has been taken o ver by sho ps fo r their expansio n needs. The mo st co mmo n adaptatio n o f the o ld building s fo r their new functio n is the intro ductio n o f elevato rs and new stairs and the demo litio n o f interio r walls (at g ro und flo o r and at flo o rs abo ve). The intro ductio n o f at least o ne flo o r at the to p o f the building is also co mmo n .

Fig ure 5: Plan o f the facad es o f a typical blo ck o f build ing s ( S anto s, 20 0 0 )

Fig ure 6: Plan o f a typical build ing ( S anto s, 20 0 0 )

Fig ure 7: Aerial view o f Lisbo n Do wnto wn sho wing sim ilar blo cks o f 'Po m balino ' build ing s

3. Structural Details
3.1 Str uctural System
Material Type of Load-Bearing Structure # Subtypes Rubble sto ne ( field sto ne) in m ud /lim e 1 m o rtar o r witho ut m o rtar ( usually with S to ne Maso nry tim ber ro o f) Walls 2 Dressed sto ne m aso nry ( in lim e/cem ent m o rtar) 3 Ad o be/ Earthen Walls 4 5 6 7 Unreinfo rced m aso nry walls 8 9 Mud walls Mud walls with ho rizo ntal wo o d elem ents Ad o be blo ck walls Ram m ed earth/Pise co nstructio n Brick m aso nry in m ud /lim e m o rtar Brick m aso nry in m ud /lim e m o rtar with vertical po sts Brick m aso nry in lim e/cem ent m o rtar Co ncrete blo ck m aso nry in Most appropriate type

Maso nry

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Co nfined m aso nry

Reinfo rced m aso nry

10 Co ncrete blo ck m aso nry in cem ent m o rtar 11 Clay brick/tile m aso nry, with wo o d en po sts and beam s Clay brick m aso nry, with 12 co ncrete po sts/tie co lum ns and beam s 13 Co ncrete blo cks, tie co lum ns and beam s 14 S to ne m aso nry in cem ent m o rtar 15 Clay brick m aso nry in cem ent m o rtar 16 Co ncrete blo ck m aso nry in cem ent m o rtar 17 Flat slab structure 18 Desig ned fo r g ravity lo ad s o nly, with URM infill walls 19 Desig ned fo r seism ic effects, with URM infill walls 20 Desig ned fo r seism ic effects, with structural infill walls 21 Dual system Fram e with shear wall 22 Mo m ent fram e with in-situ shear walls 23 Mo m ent fram e with precast shear walls 24 Mo m ent fram e 25 Prestressed m o m ent fram e with shear walls

Mo m ent resisting fram e

S tructural co ncrete S tructural wall

Precast co ncrete

26 Larg e panel precast walls 27 S hear wall structure with walls cast-in-situ 28 S hear wall structure with precast wall panel structure 29 With brick m aso nry partitio ns

Mo m ent-resisting fram e

30 With cast in-situ co ncrete walls 31 With lig htweig ht partitio ns 32 Co ncentric co nnectio ns in all panels 33 Eccentric co nnectio ns in a few panels 34 Bo lted plate 35 Weld ed plate 36 Thatch 37 Walls with bam bo o /reed m esh and po st ( Wattle and Daub) Maso nry with ho rizo ntal 38 beam s/planks at interm ed iate levels 39 Po st and beam fram e ( no special co nnectio ns) 40 Wo o d fram e ( with special co nnectio ns) S tud -wall fram e with 41 plywo o d /g ypsum bo ard sheathing 42 Wo o d en panel walls 43 Build ing pro tected with base-iso latio n system s

S teel Braced fram e

S tructural wall

Tim ber

Lo ad -bearing tim ber fram e

O ther

S eism ic pro tectio n system s

44 Build ing pro tected with seism ic d am pers

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Hybrid system s

45 o ther ( d escribed belo w)

The structural system can be divided into the g ro und flo o r system (maso nry walls and vaults) and the g aio la system (wo o den interio r walls) o f the flo o rs abo ve the first flo o r, described as fo llo ws: The g ro und to first flo o r level is co mprised o f sto ne maso nry co lumns suppo rting sto ne arches and clay brickwo rk vaults (see Fig ure 11). Interio r walls abo ve the first flo o r are part o f the g aio la. Maso nry infill can be sto ne o r clay bricks like tho se used at the g ro und flo o r vaults. It is usual to find bo th types o f maso nry in internal walls (see Fig ure 10). Fo r the first building s built after the earthquake, there are reaso ns to believe that the maso nry used was rubble recycled fro m destro yed building s. Other internal partitio ns are the wo o den panels witho ut structural functio n. Exterio r walls (facades and walls between adjacent building s) are sto ne maso nry in lime mo rtar. Sto ne maso nry walls (g ro und flo o r)and wo o den frame with maso nry infill (flo o rs abo ve the first flo o r).

3.2 Gravity Load-Resisting System

The vertical lo ad-resisting system is sto ne maso nry walls . Sing le leaf, irreg ular blo ck, sto ne maso nry walls. Maso nry vaults at the g ro und flo o r, with ceramic reg ular blo cks and sto ne arches (see Fig ure 11). Usually, the wall thickness o f the Po mbalino building s varies fro m 1.0 to 1.2 meters and is the same fo r all flo o rs. The Po mbalino building s built to wards the end o f the nineteenth century may present two o r three different wall thicknesses. The usual chang es are o bserved between the g ro und flo o r (1.0 to 1.2m) and the first flo o r (0.8 to 1.0m), and between the upper two flo o rs. The thickness o f the to p flo o r may vary between 0.5 and 0.8m.

3.3 Lateral Load-Resisting System

The lateral lo ad-resisting system is sto ne maso nry walls . Maso nry walls and a three-dimensio nal wo o d frame structure (g aio la) abo ve the first flo o r, do uble braced with diag o nal timber elements (see Fig ures 8, 9 and 10), fo rm the lateral lo ad-resisting system. The timber elements are no tched to g ether o r co nnected by iro n o r metal ties, acco rding to histo rical info rmatio n abo ut the co nstructio n techniques. The results o f experimental tests perfo rmed o n Po mbalino panels, and o f tests perfo rmed o n maso nry panels witho ut diag o nal bracing (Alvarez, 2000 and Lo pes, 1986) sho wed that the g aio la exhibits ductile behavio r and allo ws so me energ y dissipatio n. Co nnectio ns between the timber elements, which so metimes include metallic (iro n) elements, pro bably co ntribute to the o bserved ductile behavio r. These results may be extrapo lated to the perfo rmance o f the entire structure. Acco rding to the co nstructio n pro cess (first the entire g aio la was built, then the maso nry infill and the exterio r walls), there are reaso ns to believe that interio r timber frames are co nnected to flo o r elements but these co nnectio ns must be better characterized. The co nnectio ns o f interio r timber frames between sto ries must also be better characterized .

3.4 Building Dimensions

The typical plan dimensio ns o f these building s are: leng ths between 8 and 16 meters, and widths between 10 and 12 meters. The building has 4 to 5 sto rey(s). The typical

span o f the ro o fing /flo o ring system is 3.3 meters. Typical Plan Dimensio ns: The abo ve dimensio ns were measured in a building with 6 o pening s per flo o r at the main facade. The ho rizo ntal spacing o f o pening s is appro ximately 1.5 meters and the width o f o pening s (do o rs and windo ws at a flo o r abo ve g ro und flo o r) is appro ximately 1.2 meters. Typical Number o f Sto ries: Due to the co nstructio n reg ulatio ns o f the time, the first Po mbalino building s had a maximum o f 4 sto ries including g ro und flo o r, plus an habitable attic under the ro o f. The restrictio n o n the number o f sto ries was lifted at the request o f the develo pers so o n after the reco nstructio n pro cess started, so that mo st Po mbalino building s have 5 sto ries. Typical Sto ry Heig ht: Gro und flo o r heig ht is g reater than o ther flo o rs: 4.5 meters. Typical Span: The distance amo ng lo ad bearing structures is fro m 2.88 to 3.70 meters. The typical sto rey heig ht in such building s is 3.5-4.0 meters . The typical structural wall density is mo re than 20 % . 6% - 24% Typical wall density is 24% (bo th g ro und flo o r and flo o rs abo ve). Directio n parallel to facades: 14% (g ro und flo o r) and 18% (o ther flo o rs ) Directio n perpendicular to facades: 10% (g ro und flo o r) and 6% (o ther flo o rs) All values relate to the plan area o f the flo o r. Measurements were made co nsidering o nly maso nry and g aio la walls. Wall interio r do o rs are included. The sto ne arches and maso nry vaults at g ro und flo o r level suppo rt the interio r walls o f the flo o rs abo ve and therefo re the wall density at g ro und flo o r level is smaller than at o ther flo o rs.

3.5 Floor and Roof System

Material Maso nry Description of floor/roof system Vaulted Co m po site system o f co ncrete jo ists and m aso nry panels S o lid slabs ( cast-in-place) Waffle slabs ( cast-in-place) Flat slabs ( cast-in-place) Precast jo ist system S tructural co ncrete Ho llo w co re slab ( precast) Most appropriate floor Most appropriate roof

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S o lid slabs ( precast) Beam s and planks ( precast) with co ncrete to pping ( cast-in-situ) S labs ( po st-tensio ned ) S teel Co m po site steel d eck with co ncrete slab ( cast-in-situ) Ram m ed earth with ballast and co ncrete o r plaster finishing Wo o d planks o r beam s with ballast and co ncrete o r plaster finishing Thatched ro o f suppo rted o n wo o d purlins Wo o d shing le ro o f Tim ber Wo o d planks o r beam s that suppo rt clay tiles Wo o d planks o r beam s suppo rting natural sto nes slates Wo o d planks o r beam s that suppo rt slate, m etal, asbesto s-cem ent o r plastic co rrug ated sheets o r tiles Wo o d plank, plywo o d o r m anufactured wo o d panels o n jo ists suppo rted by beam s o r walls O ther Described belo w

Wo o d flo o rs can be co nsidered as a flexible diaphrag m. The ro o f timber structure depends o n the to p flo o r o f the building because it may include windo ws o pening s within the timber frame. The number o f pitches o f the ro o f depends o n the kind o f windo w, which is asso ciated with co nstructio n practices at the time the building was built. Co nnectio ns between timber elements and maso nry walls may have metallic elements like ancho rs. In the absence o f these elements, co nnectio n fo rces are transmitted o nly by frictio n effect. The characteristics o f the co nnectio n must be analyzed case by case .

3.6 Foundation
Type Description Most appropriate type Wall o r co lum n em bed d ed in so il, witho ut fo o ting Rubble sto ne, field sto ne iso lated fo o ting Rubble sto ne, field sto ne strip fo o ting S hallo w fo und atio n Reinfo rced -co ncrete iso lated fo o ting Reinfo rced -co ncrete strip fo o ting Mat fo und atio n No fo und atio n Reinfo rced -co ncrete bearing piles Reinfo rced -co ncrete skin frictio n piles S teel bearing piles Deep fo und atio n S teel skin frictio n piles Wo o d piles Cast-in-place co ncrete piers Caisso ns O ther Described belo w

It co nsists o f wo o d piles. Maso nry placed o ver a g rid o f co nnected timber piles (see Fig ure 12). Timber piles are very sho rt (g enerally less than 5 meters), and mo bilize o nly lateral resistance because so il with g o o d streng th capacity is usually fo und at a depth o f 15 meters o r mo re. Pile diameter is small (25 cm) and piles fo rm a reg ular mesh. Piles were co mpletely under water but the current water level is beco ming lo wer and so me piles are deg raded. There is no evidence o f fo undatio n so il instability and so me autho rs

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were co mpletely under water but the current water level is beco ming lo wer and so me piles are deg raded. There is no evidence o f fo undatio n so il instability and so me autho rs maintain that pile deg radatio n is no lo ng er impo rtant to fo undatio n streng th capacity because the timber mesh acted as so il reinfo rcement at the time o f co nstructio n. Baixa was rebuilt o ver rubble fro m co llapsed building s during the 1755 earthquake and the timber g rid o f piles wo uld be a g o o d measure to pro vide co mpactio n. Ho wever, this is still an o bject o f discussio n and co ntro versy .

Fig ure 8 : Wo o d braced fram e o f 'g aio la' after the rem o val o f co ver m aso nry ( Museum o f BCP, 20 0 0 )

4. Socio-Economic Aspects
4.1 Number of Housing Units and Inhabitants
Each building typically has 5-10 ho using unit(s). 3 to 4 ho using units in each building , o r 6 to 8 ho using units in each building. There are 1 o r 2 units per flo o r o n abo ve g ro und flo o rs. The number o f units may depend o n the area o f the building plan: there is o nly o ne unit per flo o r if the number o f windo ws is less than 4; if the number o f windo ws is mo re than 4, there can be two units per flo o r. The number o f inhabitants in a building during the day o r business ho urs is mo re than 20 . The number o f inhabitants during the evening and nig ht is less than 5. So me building s belo ng to co mpanies and banks and all flo o rs have been adapted to new functio ns. In such cases, the number o f inhabitants varies fro m a hig h number during business ho urs (40 to 50 wo rkers and clients/co stumers), to a small number o f inhabitants (mainly security peo ple, less than 5) at nig ht. If building s were co nverted into co mmercial o utlets, o ccupancy mig ht be as hig h as 200 peo ple depending o n time o f day and the seaso n .

4.2 Patter ns of Occupancy One family o ccupies o ne ho using unit . 4.3 Economic Level of Inhabitants
Income class a) very lo w-inco m e class ( very po o r) b) lo w-inco m e class ( po o r) c) m id d le-inco m e class d ) hig h-inco m e class ( rich) Most appropriate type

Mo st o f the residential o ccupants are very po o r o ld peo ple who have lived in the same ho use their entire life. When the last resident dies, the building may be abando ned o r

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Mo st o f the residential o ccupants are very po o r o ld peo ple who have lived in the same ho use their entire life. When the last resident dies, the building may be abando ned o r so ld. The ho using units are rented at lo w prices due to ho using rent leg islatio n that has no t been revised fo r mo re than 40 years. Because o f lo w rent rates, these building s have been very po o rly maintained and are o ften in need o f rehabilitatio n wo rk. Lisbo n's City Co uncil has specific pro g rams to finance rehabilitatio n wo rk and these are being g radually applied thro ug ho ut the city. The rehabilitatio n o f recently purchased building s depends o f the new o wners. Building functio ns may chang e but, where residential use is maintained, ho using units are adapted to pro vide g o o d co nditio ns and then rented o r so ld to wealthy tenants o r o wners.
Ratio of housing unit price to annual income Most appropriate type 5:1 o r wo rse 4:1 3:1 1:1 o r better

What is a typical source of financing for buildings of this type? O wner financed Perso nal saving s Info rm al netwo rk: friend s and relatives S m all lend ing institutio ns / m icro finance institutio ns Co m m ercial banks/m o rtg ag es Em plo yers Investm ent po o ls Go vernm ent-o wned ho using Co m binatio n ( explain belo w) o ther ( explain belo w)

Most appropriate type

Orig inally, mainly financed by private develo pers, perhaps with so me g o vernmental co ntributio n. Presently, mo st o f the wo rk fo r rehabilitatio n and reuse are financed by banks o r by the o wners. The nature and co st o f the wo rk depends o f the intended use o f the building. Small lending institutio ns and micro finance institutio ns finance the wo rk o f small o ffices and the rehabilitatio n o f residential rented units. If the building is g o ing to be adapted fo r co mpanies o r fo r co mpletely new apartments, refurbishment is mo re expensive and financed by co mmercial banks and mo rtg ag e lenders. There is a larg e variatio n in the co sts depending o n the deg ree o f interventio n: they can vary fro m 75euro s/m2 fo r small interventio ns (wall painting and repair, waterpro o fing ), to 400euro s/m2 fo r o ther kind o f interventio ns (flo o rs replacement, bathro o ms and o ther refurbishment). These prices do no t include structural interventio ns, which are mo re expensive . In each ho using unit, there are 1 bathro o m(s) witho ut to ilet(s), 1 to ilet(s) o nly and 1 bathro o m(s) including to ilet(s).

Banks and co mpanies may have mo re than o ne latrine per flo o r/ho using unit. Co mmercial g ro und flo o rs may also have mo re than o ne latrine per sho p.

4.4 Ownership
The type o f o wnership o r o ccupancy is renting , o wnership with debt (mo rtg ag e o r o ther) , individual o wnership , o wnership by a g ro up o r po o l o f perso ns and lo ng -term lease .
Type of ownership or occupancy? Renting o utrig ht o wnership O wnership with d ebt ( m o rtg ag e o r o ther) Ind ivid ual o wnership O wnership by a g ro up o r po o l o f perso ns Most appropriate type

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perso ns

Building s adapted fo r banks and fo r o ther o rg anizatio ns that o ccupy entire building s are o wned by a g ro up o r po o l. Gro und flo o r sho ps are usually held by lo ng -term lease. Co mmercial functio ns at the g ro und flo o r so metimes o ccupy the first flo o r. The flo o rs abo ve are residential units o r small service o ffices (do cto rs, lawyers, specialized sho ps, etc), rented o r o wned individually .
Lo ng -term lease o ther ( explain belo w)

5. Seismic Vulnerability
5.1 Str uctural and Architectural Features
Structural/ Architectural Feature Statement Most appropriate type Yes No N/A The structure co ntains a co m plete lo ad path fo r seism ic Lateral lo ad fo rce effects fro m any ho rizo ntal d irectio n that serves path to transfer inertial fo rces fro m the build ing to the fo und atio n. Build ing The build ing is reg ular with reg ard s to bo th the plan Co nfig uratio n and the elevatio n. Ro o f co nstructio n The ro o f d iaphrag m is co nsid ered to be rig id and it is expected that the ro o f structure will m aintain its integ rity, i.e. shape and fo rm , d uring an earthq uake o f intensity expected in this area. The flo o r d iaphrag m ( s) are co nsid ered to be rig id and it is expected that the flo o r structure( s) will m aintain its integ rity d uring an earthq uake o f intensity expected in this area. There is no evid ence o f excessive fo und atio n m o vem ent ( e.g . settlem ent) that wo uld affect the integ rity o r perfo rm ance o f the structure in an earthq uake. The num ber o f lines o f walls o r fram es in each principal d irectio n is g reater than o r eq ual to 2. Heig ht-to -thickness ratio o f the shear walls at each flo o r level is: Wall pro po rtio ns Less than 25 ( co ncrete walls) ; Less than 30 ( reinfo rced m aso nry walls) ; Less than 13 ( unreinfo rced m aso nry walls) ; Fo und atio nwall co nnectio n Wall-ro o f co nnectio ns Vertical lo ad -bearing elem ents ( co lum ns, walls) are attached to the fo und atio ns; co ncrete co lum ns and walls are d o weled into the fo und atio n. Exterio r walls are ancho red fo r o ut-o f-plane seism ic effects at each d iaphrag m level with m etal ancho rs o r straps The to tal wid th o f d o o r and wind o w o pening s in a wall is: Fo r brick m aso nry co nstructio n in cem ent m o rtar : less than o f the d istance between the ad jacent cro ss walls; Wall o pening s Fo r ad o be m aso nry, sto ne m aso nry and brick m aso nry in m ud m o rtar: less than 1/3 o f the d istance between the ad jacent cro ss walls; Fo r precast co ncrete wall structures: less than 3/4 o f the leng th o f a perim eter wall. Q uality o f build ing m aterials Q uality o f build ing m aterials is co nsid ered to be ad eq uate per the req uirem ents o f natio nal co d es and stand ard s ( an estim ate) .

Flo o r co nstructio n Fo und atio n perfo rm ance Wall and fram e structuresred und ancy

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Q uality o f wo rkm anship ( based o n visual inspectio n o f Q uality o f wo rkm anship few typical build ing s) is co nsid ered to be g o o d ( per lo cal co nstructio n stand ard s) . Maintenance

Ad d itio nal Co m m ents

Build ing s o f this type are g enerally well m aintained and there are no visible sig ns o f d eterio ratio n o f build ing elem ents ( co ncrete, steel, tim ber) The o rig inal co nceptio n o f the g aio la was to resist seism ic actio ns and this suppo rts the pred ictio n o f a g o o d respo nse fo r this type o f build ing . Vertical transitio n fro m the g ro und flo o r ( m aso nry walls) to the first flo o r ( g aio la wo o d fram e walls) m ay be a specific d eficiency fo r the seism ic behavio r o f these build ing s d ue to a step chang e in stiffness and the unilateral behavio r o f co nnectio ns. The presence and perfo rm ance o f m etallic ( iro n) elem ents at the co nnectio ns between tim ber elem ents and m aso nry walls in the ro o f and flo o rs are no t entirely clear. In fact, so m e cases were fo und where the co nnectio n between tim ber elem ents and m aso nry d epend ed o nly o n the leng th o f the jo ist seat insid e the m aso nry. In that case, the streng th o f the co nnectio n d epend s o nly o n the frictio n between the m aterials and wo uld be sm aller if there was a m etallic elem ent. The uneven q uality o f the o rig inal m aso nry o r the co nstructio n o f d ifferent walls at vario us tim es also led to po o r streng th and stiffness pro perties. Co nstructio n practices were no t the sam e fo r build ing s built in the sam e perio d , which m ig ht ind icate that the q uality o f wo rkm anship was no t the sam e. As an exam ple, it is po ssible to find d ifferent g eo m etries o f g aio la in the sam e build ing and there are several g aps in the co nnectio ns between tim ber elem ents, which m ay o r m ay no t have nails. The q uality o f wo rkm anship also d ecreased o ver tim e, as the first Po m balino build ing s sho w better q uality then tho se built in the nineteenth century. Like all m aso nry build ing s, the presence o f larg e o pening s red uces the lateral stiffness and lo ad capacity o f facad es. Ano ther sig nificant uncertainty is ho w im po rtant a ro le the structural interventio ns had o n build ing s because the exterio r m ay lo o k o rig inal but the interio r can be co m pletely m o d ified . Rem o val o f internal g aio la walls g reatly increases the seism ic vulnerability o f Po m balino build ing s.

5.2 Seismic Features

Structural Element Wall Seismic Deficiency Lo w resistance to o ut-o f-plane seism ic effects ( o verturning o f facad es) and co llapse o f the ro o f; Lo w resistance o f co nnectio ns between facad es and perpend icular m aso nry walls d ue to bad q uality o f m aso nry at co rners, that can be asso ciated to co nstructio n o f co nnected walls at d ifferent tim es; po ssibility o f fo rm atio n o f a g lo bal co llapse m echanism d ue to m aso nry lo w shear streng th; Larg e o pening s red uce lateral capacity o f facad es. Co nnectio ns between 'g aio la' walls and m aso nry walls m ay have lo w streng th co nnectio ns if there are no m etallic elem ents; tim ber d ecay d ue to water ing ress. Fram e ( Co lum ns, beam s) Ro o f and flo o rs Earthquake Resilient Features Three-d im ensio nal braced structure that red uces o ut-o f-plane ho rizo ntal d isplacem ents o f facad es, co ntributing to red uced seism ic vulnerability o f Po m balino build ing s; it d isplays d uctile behavio r. Earthquake Damage Patterns S o m e crack o pening s and fall o f external plaster. No d etailed info rm atio n available. In po o rly co nnected facad es, o ut-o fplane m echanism expected .

Lo w streng th co nnectio ns between tim ber elem ents o f ro o f and flo o r and m aso nry walls; tim ber d ecay d ue to water ing ress.

A g o o d co nnectio n between ro o f/flo o r tim ber elem ents and m aso nry walls m ay red uce seism ic vulnerability because they can co ntribute to red uced o ut o f plane ho rizo ntal d isplacem ents.

Mainly fall o f chim neys. No d etailed info rm atio n available.

Fo und atio ns Tim ber pile d am ag e d ue to water level chang es m ay cause build ing settlem ents.

No info rm atio n available.

So me building s may have metallic elements co nnecting timber elements (ro o f, flo o r and 'g aio la') to the facades that are no t visible fro m the o utside because the wall thickness co vers them. Each building must be evaluated individually o r integ rated in a blo ck o f building s. It is impo rtant to co nsider blo ck behavio r in case o f relevant stiffness differences between the building s o f the same blo ck (see Ramo s and Lo ureno, 2003 and Silva et al., 2001). Past earthquakes (see Sectio n 6) caused o nly lig ht damag e to building s in Baixa. The damag e levels were so small (Baixa was far fro m epicentre) that the info rmatio n was no t wo rth reco rding .

5.3 Overall Seismic Vulnerability Rating

seismic performance) .
Vulnerability

The o verall rating o f the seismic vulnerability o f the ho using type is B: MEDIUM-HIGH VULNERABILITY (i.e., poor seismic performance) , the lo wer bo und (i.e., the wo rst

po ssible) is A: HIGH VULNERABILITY (i.e., very po o r seismic perfo rmance), and the upper bo und (i.e., the best po ssible) is C: MEDIUM VULNERABILITY (i.e., moderate

high

medium-high medium medium-low po o r B m o d erate C good D

low

very low

very po o r A Vulnerability Class

very g o o d excellent E F

5.4 Histor y of Past Ear thquakes

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Date 18 56 19 0 9 19 69

Epicenter, region 37.10 -10 .50 ( Atlantic O cean, S o uthwest o f Po rtug al) 38 .9 5 -8 .8 2 ( Benavente ( Centre o f Po rtug al) 35.9 9 -10 .8 1 ( Atlantic O cean, S o uthwest o f Po rtug al)

Magnitude Max. Intensity 6 7 7.5 MMI IX ( at epicenter)

The 1909 earthquake was felt in Lisbo n and caused lig ht damag e to building s in Baixa, mainly crack o pening s and the fall o f chimneys and external plaster. The intensity sho wn in the table fo r this earthquake is the epicentral o ne, in Benavente, so me 40 km fro m Lisbo n. On the basis o f damag e o bserved in Po mbalino building s and in o rdinary maso nry structures, it is no t po ssible to co nclude whether the Po mbalino building s perfo rmed better because all the o bservable damag e was lig ht. Fo r the o ther earthquakes sho wn in the table, with epicentres either in co ntinental Po rtug al o r in the Azo res Islands, there is no reco rd o f sig nificant damag e to building s in Lisbo n, due to the lo ng distance fro m the epicentre .

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Fig ure 9 : Tim ber structure enclo sed in interio r m aso nry wall

Fig ure 10 : Tim ber structure enclo sed in interio r m aso nry wall ( d etail)

Fig ure 11: Maso nry vaults at g ro und flo o r

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Fig ure 12: Wo o d pile fo und atio ns ( S anto s, 20 0 0 )

Fig ure 13: Reinfo rcem ent o f the co nnectio ns between ro o f and m aso nry walls by a co ncrete beam ( Co sta et al, 20 0 1)

6. Construction
6.1 Building Materials
Structural element Walls Fo und atio n Fram es ( beam s & co lum ns) Ro o f and flo o r( s) Building material Irreg ular blo cks o f calcareo us m aso nry set in lim e m o rtar S ho rt and sm all d iam eter tim ber piles ( pine) Tim ber-braced fram e ( pine and o ak) g aio la Tim ber elem ents ( pine and o ak) Characteristic strength Lo w tensile and shear streng th characteristics, values no t kno wn precisely S treng th values no t kno wn S treng th values no t kno wn precisely S treng th values no t kno wn Mix proportions/dimensions No t kno wn Comments ( see Card o so et al., 20 0 1) ( see Alvarez, 20 0 0 ) ( see Card o so et al., 20 0 1)

No t kno wn

6.2 Builder

Orig inally built by develo pers. No ne self built .

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6.3 Constr uction Process, Problems and Phasing

Due to time co nstraints, the co nstructio n pro cess was hig hly o rg anized. The g aio la and the entire wo o d structure were built first, then the maso nry infill was placed at the same time as the exterio r maso nry walls were co nstructed. Finally, windo ws and do o rs sto nes were placed with the finishing wo rk. This sequence allo wed different specialists (carpenters and maso nry wo rkers) to do their jo bs witho ut interference . The co nstructio n o f this type o f ho using takes place incrementally o ver time . Typically, the

building is o rig inally no t desig ned fo r its final co nstructed size . The reco nstructio n o f Lisbo n after the 1755 earthquake was slo w due to financial and eco no mic co nstraints, and it is likely that building s in the same urban blo ck mig ht have been built in different years. The time g ap in the co nstructio n o f individual building s may explain so me o f the o bserved architecto nic variances, as seen in the ro o f structure and lig hting fo r the stair wells, fo r example. Very o ften an extra flo o r was built at the same time as the rest o f the building .

6.4 Design and Constr uction Exper tise

The idea o f using timber frames fo r the g aio la and fo r the co nnectio ns between timber elements was inspired by ship co nstructio n, in which the Po rtug uese had g reat expertise . Eng ineers and architects had a very impo rtant ro le in planning the reco nstructio n o f the city. The plans included no t o nly the new urban layo ut but also functio nal and architectural aspects. Structural features were also examined and seismic co nsideratio ns were a main co ncern as the intro ductio n o f the g aio la in these building s sho ws.

6.5 Building Codes and Standards

This co nstructio n type is addressed by the co des/standards o f the co untry . A written do cument has never been fo und but co nstructio n rules were practiced and transmitted

between carpenters and maso nry wo rkers so it is assumed that there was a co de o f practice . The year the first co de/standard addressing this type o f co nstructio n issued was 1755-1758 . N/A. The mo st recent co de/standard addressing this co nstructio n type issued was There is no mentio n o f reg ulatio ns fo r this type o f co nstructio n in mo dern building co des o r seismic co des. Title o f the co de o r standard: A written do cument has never been fo und but co nstructio n rules were practiced and transmitted between carpenters and maso nry wo rkers so it is assumed that there was a co de o f practice. Year the first co de/standard addressing this type o f co nstructio n issued: 1755-1758 Natio nal building co de, material co des and seismic co des/standards: N/A When was the mo st recent co de/standard addressing this co nstructio n type issued? There is no mentio n o f reg ulatio ns fo r this type o f co nstructio n in mo dern building co des o r seismic co des.

Beg inning in 1758 and during the Marqus de Po mbal's g o vernance, the penalty fo r failing to fo llo w co nstructio n rules was the demo litio n o f the building by o rder o f the king .

6.6 Building Per mits and Development Control Rules

This type o f co nstructio n is an eng ineered, and autho rized as per develo pment co ntro l rules . Histo rical info rmatio n indicates that the o wners o f the building s which co llapsed during the 1755 earthquake co ntracted builders, who supervised the co nstructio n. They had to respect all rules impo sed by the Marqus de Po mbal. Eng ineers and architects established these rules, as mentio ned in sectio n 7.6 . Building permits are required to build this ho using type .

6.7 Building Maintenance

Typically, the building o f this ho using type is maintained by Owner(s), Tenant(s) , No o ne and o thers. When building o wners canno t affo rd the maintenance o f the building (lo w rents, etc.), they may require financial suppo rt fro m the City Co uncil. The City Co uncil has a special spending pro g ram that was develo ped to allo w impro vements in o ld maso nry building s. In mo st cases, these impro vements do no t include streng thening building s.

6.8 Constr uction Economics

Since this is a co nstructio n metho d that is no lo ng er practiced, values fo r co nstructio n co sts are no t available. The actual co mmercial value o f Po mbalino building s varies and depends o n whether they have been abando ned o r upo n ho w difficult it wo uld be to g et autho rizatio n to perfo rm structural/functio nal chang es: if the building still maintains its o rig inal structure and use, the appro ximate co st may be fro m 400 to 450 euro /m2 depending o n the level o f deterio ratio n. If the building has been refurbished, the value depends o n its current use. Fo r residential use, values rang ing fro m 1000 to 2500 euro /m2 are usually quo ted. Co mmercial values are no t related to co nstructio n values. In fact, Baixa is lo cated in the mo st central part o f Lisbo n and this justifies the hig h prices quo ted . This info rmatio n is no t available .

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7. Insurance
Earthquake insurance fo r this co nstructio n type is typically unavailable . Fo r seismically streng thened existing building s o r new building s inco rpo rating seismically resilient features, an insurance premium disco unt o r mo re co mplete co verag e is unavailable . Until 2001, earthquake insurance was available. No w co mpanies avo id this type o f co ver damag e caused by earthquakes. Insurance co st depends o n seismic zo ne, ag e, and the number o f sto ries in a building . insurance, but this may be a tempo rary situatio n caused by the redefinitio n o f po licy in this secto r . It is part o f a g ro up o f risks related to ho using that o ptio nally may

8. Strengthening
8.1 Description of Seismic Strengthening Provisions
Strengthening of Existing Construction :
Seismic Deficiency Lo w resistance to o ut-o f-plane seism ic effects ( o verturning o f facad es) and ro o f co llapse; lo w resistance o f co nnectio ns between facad es and perpend icular m aso nry walls d ue to the bad q uality o f the m aso nry at the co nnectio ns. Maso nry lo w shear streng th m ay be critical to shear failure o f the build ing d ue to the fo rm atio n o f a g lo bal co llapse m echanism . S ettlem ent d ue to fo und atio n failure Lo w streng th co nnectio n between tim ber elem ents Lo w streng th co nnectio n between tim ber elem ents and m aso nry walls Tim ber d am ag e d ue to water ing ress, creating favo rable co nd itio ns fo r fung i and insect attack. Description of Seismic Strengthening provisions used Intro d uctio n o f a co ncrete o r steel beam at the to p o f the build ing , co nnecting the ro o f to walls ( see Fig ures 13 and 14) and co nfining m aso nry. The beam is executed alo ng the who le perim eter o f the build ing . S o m etim es, these beam s are executed at the skirting bo ard level o f all flo o rs abo ve g ro und flo o r. Intro d uctio n o f steel elem ents o r ties ( pre-stressed o r no t) , cables, o r ancho rs, co nnecting parallel m aso nry walls. Intro d uctio n o f steel m esh, co nfining m aso nry structural elem ents o f facad es ( see Fig ure 15) . Micro piles Use o f steel ro d s and trad itio nal techniq ues fo r streng thening tim ber elem ent co nnectio ns, such as the nails and bo lts. Use o f FRP in the streng thening o f tim ber reinfo rced m aso nry lo ad -bearing walls ( see [Cruz et al., 20 0 1]) . Intro d uctio n o f steel elem ents, such as ties, which co nnect tim ber elem ents to m aso nry ( see Fig ure 16) . S ubstitutio n o r repair o f bro ken tiles and m easures to waterpro o f the ro o f. S o m etim es, co nnectio ns between ro o f and facad es are also reinfo rced d uring repair. Dam ag ed tim ber elem ents are rem o ved and replaced with new tim ber elem ents o f the sam e g eo m etry.

The mo st co mmo n co nstructio n materials are steel, co ncrete and pine. Mo rtar mixes and pro po rtio ns must be co mpatible with o rig inal materials. Besides the co st, efficiency, and durability o f the streng thening so lutio n, the feasibility o f remo ving it fro m the structure witho ut destructio n must also be co nsidered. The co mplexity level o f any interventio n is hig h because demo litio n is no t desirable due to the histo rical impo rtance o f these building s. Mo st interventio ns must be perfo rmed in o ccupied building s, thus increasing the executio n time and co mplexity. There is little info rmatio n available abo ut the expected effectiveness o f the seismic streng thening pro visio ns listed abo ve .

8.2 Seismic Strengthening Adopted

Has seismic streng thening described in the abo ve table been perfo rmed in desig n and co nstructio n practice, and if so, to what extent? The usual seismic streng thening technique utilized in desig n practice is to impro ve the co nnectio ns between the timber elements and the maso nry walls because this is easier to perfo rm and is cheaper than the o ther interventio ns mentio ned. Ano ther co mmo n streng thening technique is the intro ductio n o f ties which co nnect the facades and prevent o ut-o f-plane displacements. Was the wo rk do ne as a mitig atio n effo rt o n an undamag ed building , o r as repair fo llo wing an earthquake? The o bjective o f mo st rehabilitatio n wo rk is to adapt o ld building s to new uses o r to repair damag e due to ag e. When interventio n is g o ing to be do ne, seismic mitig atio n sho uld be a co ncern but seismic streng thening is no t the current practice because o f the added co st and lack o f awareness o n the part o f o wners to seismic risk .

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8.3 Constr uction and Perfor mance of Seismic Strengthening

Was the co nstructio n inspected in the same manner as the new co nstructio n? Inspectio n techniques fo r o ld maso nry building s are different fro m the techniques used in new building s because the materials and co nstructio n techniques are no t the same. Inspectio n o f new co nstructio n to evaluate seismic vulnerability fo llo ws co de pro visio ns, whereas inspectio n o f o lder building s relies much mo re o n the expertise o f individuals and o n pro fessio nal advice . Who perfo rmed the co nstructio n seismic retro fit measures: a co ntracto r, o r o wner/user? Was an architect o r eng ineer invo lved? At the time o f the co nstructio n o f Po mbalino building s, co ntracto rs perfo rmed co nstructio n acco rding to current earthquake technical pro visio ns. At the present time, co ntracto rs, fo llo wing eng ineering advice, usually include so me seismic streng thening in the co nstructio n. Generally, architects are invo lved when co nstructio n includes no t o nly repair but also mo dificatio n, which happens in mo st cases. What was the perfo rmance o f retro fitted building s o f this type in subsequent earthquakes? There is no info rmatio n available abo ut seismic perfo rmance o f retro fitted building s o f this type since stro ng earthquakes have no t hit Lisbo n since 1755. So me retro fit so lutio ns are being submitted to a ho mo lo g atio n pro cess so perfo rmance evaluatio n thro ug h labo rato ry testing is being do ne. These techniques are recent and there has been no o ppo rtunity to co nfirm their effectiveness. Mo st o f them were develo ped after o bservatio n o f damag e due to recent earthquakes, such as the 1998 earthquake in Azo res, Po rtug al, and the 1997 earthquake in Umbria, Italy. The results o f numerical mo dels o f maso nry building s also pro vided info rmatio n related to their expected co llapse mechanism and they inspired the desig n o f so me reinfo rcement so lutio ns (see Cro ci, 1988).

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Fig ure 14: Reinfo rcem ent o f the co nnectio ns between ro o f and m aso nry walls by a co ncrete beam ( Appleto n and Em

Fig ure 15: S hear reinfo rcem ent o f m aso nry structural elem ents using steel elem ents ( S ilva, 20 0 2)

Fig ure 16: Reinfo rcem ent o f the co nnectio ns o f wo o d flo o rs to m aso nry walls by steel elem ents ( S ilva, 20 0 2)

Reference(s)
1. Po mbaline Do wnto wn, Synthesis o f a investig atio n wo rk o n several disciplines, since g eo physical pro specting to so cio lo g ic pro spective, with urban planning as o bjective, Lisbo n City Hall, Lisbo a, 2000 (in Po rtug uese)
Alvarez,M.L.

2. Structural Reinfo rcement o f a Ho using Building o f XVII Century, Ing enium (in Po rtug uese)
Appleto n,J., and Em

3. Seismic Evaluatio n o f Old Maso nry Building s

Card o so ,R., Lo pes,M., and Bento ,R. Pro ceed ing s o f 12th Euro pean Co nference o n Earthq uake Eng ineering , Art n 20 0 2

4. Anti-Seismic Co nstructio n - Small Building s (in Po rtug uese)

Carvalho ,E.C., and O liveira,C.S . ICT, Technical Info rm atio n - S tructures LNEC, DIT 13, Lisbo n 19 9 7

5. The co nservatio n and Structural Resto ratio n o f Architectural Heritag e

Cro ci,G. Co m putatio nal Mechanics Publicatio ns 19 8 8

6. Reinfo rcement Techniques o f traditio nal co nstructio ns damag ed by 9/7/98 earthquake at Faial Island, Azo res (in Po rtug uese)
Co sta,A., Ar Pro ceed ing s o f S 20 0 1

7. The Use o f FRP in the Streng thening o f Timber Reinfo rced Maso nry Lo ad-bearing Walls
Cruz,H., Mo ura,J.P., and Machad o ,J.S . Pro ceed ing s o f Histo rical Co nstructio ns, Po ssibilities o f Num erical and Experim ental Techniq ues, Guim ar 20 0 1

8. Po mbaline Lisbo n and Illuminism (in Po rtug uese)

Fran Bertrand Bo o ksho p 19 8 7

9. Po mbaline Do wnto wn, So me Technical Inno vatio ns, 2

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Mascarenhas,J. LNEC, Lisbo n 19 9 4

10. Pro mo tio nal bulletin o f Museum Building at Archaeo lo g ical Nuclei o f Co rreeiro s Street # BCP Fo undatio n
Museum BCP

11. Evaluatio n o f Seismic Perfo rmance o f an Old Maso nry Building in Lisbo n
Lo pes,M. Pro ceed ing s o f the 11th Wo rld Co nference o n Earthq uake Eng ineering , Art n 19 9 6

12. Po rtug uese Mo no g raph abo ut Inno vatio n at Building Rehabilitatio n (1987) (in Po rtug uese)
LNEC Build ing s - LNEC Technical Repo rt 123/8 8 19 8 8

13. Lisbo n Do wnto wn o f Po mbal, Past and Future

S anto s,M.H.R. Livro s Ho rizo nte 20 0 0

14. Technical Viability o f 'Natio nal Pro g ram fo r the Seismic Vulnerability Reductio n o f Building Sto ck' (in Po rtug uese)
S ilva,V.C. Publish at S eism ic Vulnerability Red uctio n o f Build ing , S PES - Po rtug uese S o ciety o f S eism ic Eng ineering and GECo RPA - Asso ciatio n fo r the Co nservatio n and Rehabilitatio n o f the Architecto nic Patrim o ny 20 0 0

15. Acco unting fo r the 'Blo ck Effect' in Structural Interventio ns in Lisbo n's Old 'Po mbaline' Do wnto wn Building s
S ilva,V.C., Lo uren Hysto rical Co nstructio ns, Ed s Lo uren 20 0 3

16. Seismic Analyses o f the Old To wn Building s in Baixa Po mbalina, Lisbo n Po rtug al
Ram o s,L.F., and Lo uren Pro c. o f the 9 th No rth Am erican Maso nry Co nference p.9 0 8 -9 19 20 0 3

Author(s)
1.
Rafaela Card o so Civil Eng ineer, Dept. o f Civil Eng ineering , Instituto S uperio r Tecnico Av Ro visco Pais 1, Lisbo a &nbsp10 49 -0 0 1, PO RTUGAL Em ail:rafaela@civil.ist.utl.pt FAX: 3.51218 E+11

2.

Mario Lo pes Pro fesso r, Dept. o f Civil Eng ineering , Instituto S uperio r T Av. Ro visco Pais 1, Lisbo a &nbsp10 49 -0 0 1, PO RTUGAL Em ail:m lo pes@civil.ist.utl.pt FAX: 3.51218 E+11

3.

Rita Bento Pro fesso r, Dept. o f Civil Eng ineering , Instituto S uperio r T Av Ro visco Pais 1, Lisbo a &nbsp10 49 -0 0 1, PO RTUGAL Em ail:rbento @civil.ist.utl.pt FAX: 3.51218 E+11

4.

Dina D'Ayala Directo r o f Po stg rad uate S tud ies, Departm ent o f Architecture & Civil Eng ineering , University o f Bath, Bath &nbspBA2 7AY, UNITED KINGDO M Em ail:D.F.D'Ayala@bath.ac.uk FAX: 0 0 44 1225 38 669 1

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1. Paulo B. Lo urenco

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Asso ciate Pro fesso r o f Structural Eng ineering Dept. o f Civil Eng ineering , University o f Minho Azurem Guimaraes 4800-058, PORTUGAL Email:pbl@civil.uminho.pt FAX: 351 253 510217
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