VASTU KALA ACADEMY

ADVANCED
TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY

PURU VASHISHTHA
AJAY YADAV

FOURTH YEAR SECTION B

 MERCANTILE BUILDING
ADVACED TECHNOLOGY

What is Mercantile Building ?

These shall include any building or a part of a building that is used as shops, stores,
markets, for display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail.

GROUP F MERCANTILE BUILDINGS

These shall include any building or part thereof, which is used as shops, stores, market, for
display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail. Mercantile buildings shall be
further subdivided as follows:

SUBDIVISION F-1
Shops, stores, departmental stores, markets (any with covered area up to 500 m2 )

SUBDIVISION F-2
Shops, stores, departmental stores, markets (any with covered area more than 500
m2 )

SUBDIVISION F-3
Underground shopping centres

Storage and service facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the same
building shall also be included under this group.

Shopping centers have existed in some form for more than 1,000 years as ancient
market squares, bazaars and seaport commercial districts. The modern shopping
center, which includes everything from small suburban strip centers to the million-
square-foot super-regional malls, had its gen­e sis in the 1920s.

In the later half of the 1920s, as automo­b iles began to clog the central business
districts of large cities,
Small strip centers were built on the outskirts.
The concept of developing a shopping district away from a downtown is
generally attributed to J.C. Nichols of Kansas City, Mo. His Country Club Plaza,
which opened in 1922, was constructed as the business district for a large-scale
residential development.
It featured unified architecture, paved and lighted parking lots, and was
managed and operated as a single unit.

Originally built during the period of the British Raj and reconstructed in 1985 on the
site of the original Spencer's department store, it is the oldest shopping mall in
India and was one of the biggest shopping malls in South Asia when it was built.
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
Concrete is a versatile construction material, which is obtained by hardening a
mixture of cement, sand, gravel and water in well-proportioned quantities. As
we all are aware that, concrete has a very high compressive strength but low in
tensile strength. Wherever tensile forces are involved like in slabs and beams,
it is recommended not to use plain concrete.

So, adding steel to the concrete is the solution, as we know it has high tensile
strength and also possesses good compressive strength. However, the bond
between concrete and steel works well and when these two are combined
called reinforcement. After the alliance, the material is known as Reinforced
Cement Concrete.

Joseph Monier, a 19th-century French gardener, was a pioneer in the

development of structural, prefabricated and reinforced concrete,
having been dissatisfied with the existing materials available for making
durable flowerpots.
He was granted a patent for reinforcing concrete flower pots by means of
mixing a wire mesh and a mortar shell.
In 1877, Monier was granted another patent for a more advanced technique of
reinforcing concrete columns and girders, using iron rods placed in a grid
pattern.
Though Monier undoubtedly knew that reinforcing concrete would improve its
inner cohesion, it is not clear whether he even knew how much the tensile
strength of concrete was improved by the reinforcing.

RAFT FOUNDATION
Raft foundation is actually a thick concrete slab resting on a large area of soil
reinforced with steel, supporting columns or walls and transfer loads from the
structure to the soil. Usually, mat foundation is spread over the entire area of the
structure it is supporting.

Raft foundation is generally used to support structures like residential or

commercial buildings where soil condition is poor, storage tanks, silos,
foundations for heavy industrial equipment etc.

Working Principle of Raft Foundation

Raft foundation transmits the total load from the building to the entire ground
floor area. Stress distribution mechanism of raft foundation is very simple. Total
weight of the structure and self-weight of the mat is calculated and is divided by
the total area of the foundation it is covering to calculate the stress on the soil.
As in case of raft foundation the contact area of the foundation with soil is much
more than any other type of foundation, so the load is distributed over a larger
area and thus the stress on soil is lesser and the possibility of shear failure of soil
is also reduced.
SLAB
1. One-Way Slabs on Beams
Cast in situ method is used to construct one-way slabs on beams which involves
fixing of forms followed with the installation of reinforcements, and finally the
pouring of fresh concrete.One-way slabs on beams are most suitable for spans of
3-6m, and a live load of 3 to 5KN/m2. They can also be used for larger spans with
relatively higher cost and higher slab deflection. Additional formwork for the
beams is however needed.

2. One-way joist slab (Ribbed slab)

It consists of a floor slab, usually 50 to 100mm thick, supported by reinforced
concrete ribs (or joists). The ribs are usually tapered and are uniformly spaced at
distances that do not exceed 750mm. The ribs are supported on girders that rest
on columns.A one-way joist concrete slab is suitable for spans of 6-9m and live
loads of 4-6KN/m2. Because of the deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities
are relatively low, but expensive formwork is needed.

3. Waffle Slab (Grid slab)

It is a type of reinforced concrete slab that contains square grids with deep sides.
Waffle slab construction process includes fixing forms, placement of pods on
shuttering, installation of reinforcement between pods, installation of steel mesh
on top of pods, and pouring of concrete.Grid slabs are suitable for spans of 9-15m
and live loads of 4-7KN/m2. Formwork, including the use of pans, is quite
expensive.

4. Flat Plates
Flat plates can be constructed as one-way or two-way slabs and it is directly
supported by columns or walls. It is easy to construct and requires simple
formworks.
Flat plates are most suitable for spans of 6 to 8m, and live loads between 3 and
5KN/m2. Added to that, the range of spans for prestressed flat plates is between
8-12m, and it can also be constructed as post-tensioned slabs.

5. Flat Slabs
This is typically a reinforced slab supported directly by columns or caps, without
the use of beams. This type of slab is generally easy to construct and requires
little formwork. The loads are directly transferred to the columns.
Flat slabs are most suitable for spans of 6 to 9m, and for live loads of 4-7KN/m2.
They need more formwork than flat plates, especially for column capitals. In most
cases, only drop panels without column capitals are used. It can be constructed as
a post-tensioned flat slab.

6. Two-way Slabs on Beams

The construct of this type of slab is similar to that of one-way slab on beams, but
it may need more formworks since two-way slabs are supported on all sides. Slabs
on beams are suitable for spans between 6 and 9m, and live loads of 3-6KN/m2 .
The beams increase the stiffness of the slabs, producing relatively low deflection.
Additional formwork for the beams is needed.
FLOORING
Ceramic tile may be the only flooring material that truly works in any room of the
house. It's most often used in kitchens and bathrooms as well as foyers,
mudrooms, and other high-traffic areas. But many homes, especially in warm
climates, use tile to great effect in living areas and bedrooms, too. In other words,
you really can't go wrong with tile. If there are any drawbacks to this durable,
elegant flooring, it is that it can be hard and cold, and is somewhat tricky for
DIYers to install.

PLINTH
A plinth is a base or platform that supports a plinth, column, or structure.
Structurally, the plinth distributes weight and pressure down evenly across a
column across a wider space and can also elevate structures above the ground to
protect them from water or other elements.

ROOF
The roof is a key element of the building structure, providing protection from the
elements and has a vital role in reducing heat loss from the building.

A roof is considered to be flat when it is of a slope of 1-5o to the horizontal.

Although flat roofs are cheaper to build than pitched roofs, they have a shorter life
span.
A flat roof usually consists of the following:

Waterproof membrane to prevent water from penetrating the structure and

interior of the building
Roof deck, providing the base for the waterproof membrane, and in some cases
the insulation
Thermal insulation
Load-bearing or primary structure, usually constructed in timber .

ATRIUM
In ancient Roman times, the atrium was the central open area of a house, but
today the term atrium is typically associated with commercial and public
buildings including offices, health care facilities, libraries, hotels, courthouses,
educational facilities, etc.
The atrium space type includes glazed courtyard spaces and multistoried
spaces. Atria are typically used as key architectural features in main entries,
public circulation areas or as special destinations within a building.
Atrium design often involves skylights and generous glazing areas that provide an
infusion of natural light which make them prominent building areas well suited to
serve ceremonial and social functions.
WATERPROOFING
What is Waterproofing?
Waterproofing, at its simplest definition, is treating a surface to protect it from the
damages that water could bring. The process helps certain objects become water-
resistant or water-repellant that leaves said objects unaffected by the negative
impacts and effects that water. This is most helpful in protecting a building and
structural foundations.

What can happen if the building is not waterproof?

Cracks in the foundation or joints exposing to water can lead to more serious
structural problems.
Mold growth is also a common waterproofing problem that is difficult to
correct. If the building is built of wood or has wooden furniture, moisture from
the penetration of water will lead to rotting or delamination of wood.
After studying several cases, WHO issued a report on this issue, which states
that water leakage in buildings poses a health hazard, and about 50 terrible
diseases are caused by damp stains on the wall.

APPLICATION PROCESS STEP VISE:

CONSTRUCTION WATER STOP

MEMBRANE PREPARATION

MEMBRANE TANKING

PENETRATIONS TREATMENT

PROTECTION AND DRAINAGE

MACHINERY USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

Construction equipment can be categorized in to 4 main sections based on

purpose and use, They are:

Earth Moving equipment

Construction vehicle
Construction Equipment
 DEEP BASEMENT
ADVACED TECHNOLOGY

What is Deep Basement ?

A basement is part of a building that is either partially or completely below ground level

The term ‘basement’ is sometimes used interchangeably with the term ‘cellar' and may refer to
any sort of below-ground space used to provide accommodation, storage, car parking, services
spaces, and so on.

TYPES OF BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION

Masonry Wall Basements
The basement walls are constructed with masonry block units. There are many joints where the
masonry units connect to each other so make sure your basement is properly reinforced and the
walls are waterproofed.

Precast Panel Basements

Precast sections can be fabricated to specific design requirements for just-in-time delivery,
providing rapid on-site construction, integrated water bars, low site waste and high-quality
finishes.

Poured Concrete Wall Basements

By far the most popular type of basement construction. Here are some of the benefits of poured
concrete walls:
Solid concrete is better able to resist cave-ins caused by lateral pressures of water, earth, and
wind.
More fire resistance-because solid concrete is dense and is joint free.
More resistant to water because concrete has fewer and smaller voids than concrete blocks.

HISTORY OF BASEMENT
Byzantine Basements
Beneath Istanbul, An Ancient City's Byzantine walls the 2nd century A.D and sweeping Ottoman
palaces. Condensation can be seen on the stone walls in a section of a Byzantine substructure in
Istanbul.
An archway in a section of a Byzantine substructure. Arches, at least 20 feet high, are evenly
spaced through the structure.
Water drips from the ceiling, and bricks — thin and rust-coloured, alternating with thick stripes of
mortar.
Hewn stones, cut stones were been used. It is from a palace built by Constantine the Great, the
4th century Roman emperor and founder of ancient Constantinople.
The ventilation channel was not efficient, but the temperature is warm in the winter and cool in
the summer.
Remnants of pottery and glass are seen among restored Byzantine-era ruins in a basement below
a carpet shop
HISTORY OF BASEMENT
Renaissance
In ancient times, the space in a home below ground was used for water, wine, or food storage. In
the Renaissance, the basement space provided wealthy families with a place for their kitchen,
servant’s quarters, and laundry rooms. Before basements were comfortable living spaces with
walk-out patios and windows, the space under homes was utilized in a different way. The
basement was made of stone masonry with vault structural components.. Eventually, the need for
storage was replaced by a need for living space in an industrialized nation.

Victorian and Edwardian times

During Victorian and Edwardian times, with cheap labour available, basements were commonly
constructed below buildings, but with the onset of the First World War, building rates fell
dramatically. After the war, the number of houses with servants fell so the requirement for
additional accommodation was greatly reduced. In the 1920s and 30s, with an improvement in
public transport, more building land became available and therefore the need to construct
basements below the ground almost disappeared. However, in cities, such as London, due to the
demand for housing, the price of land and the cost of moving, basements are being constructed or
converted for living space. This is causing concern in some areas where very large, multi-storey
basements are begin constructed, which can cause significant disruption to neighbours over a
long period.

PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY

PRECAST CONCRETE FOOTING
The precast foundation is a reinforced concrete element made up of a tied rebar beam cage
incorporated within a semi-precast concrete element that acts as formwork. The element can be
used in the construction of column and wall foundations of any type and is suitable for any
elevated structure.
The use of the precast foundation eliminates all those inconveniences that crop up during the
construction of foundations using traditional methods (for example, cast-in-place), aiming to halve
the costs involved in constructing a foundation structure, greater Jobsite safety for workers and a
turnaround speed without precedence.

PRECAST CONCRETE RETAINING WALL

Precast Retaining Walls are vibrated concrete structures for retaining soil. The side facing the soil
is endowed with one or more vertical stiffening ribs that go from the base to the top of the wall.

They can be placed on a Precast Foundation of varying sizes that has been laid beforehand. The
two elements are then anchored through a concrete pour.

The Precast Foundation can be both direct (shallow) and indirect (deep). If the terrain requires it,
piles or micro piles can be driven into the ground before the laying of the Precast Foundation.

PRECAST CONCRETE BEAMS AND COLUMNS

Precast concrete is a versatile structural material and can be used as the structural system of a
building, bridge or other structure. Precast structural systems are comprised of a variety of shapes
and components.
Most of these will fall into categories of beams, columns, or walls. However, since precast is a cast
material, essentially any shape can be manufactured to meet a project’s needs. The basic beams
and columns are discussed in this section..
PRECAST BASEMENT TECHNOLOGY
BEAMS
Beams are typically considered structural components and are made in one of three key shapes:
Rectangular
Inverted Tee Beams
L-Beams

Typical sizes: Practically any size needed to satisfy structural requirements

Typical depths: 16 to 40 in.
Typical widths: 12 to 24 in.
Typical span-to-depth ratios: 10 to 20

Beams are horizontal components that support deck members like double tees, hollow-core, solid
slabs, and sometimes other beams. They can be reinforced with either prestressing strand or
conventional reinforcing bars. This will depend on the spans, loading conditions, and the precast
producer’s preferred production methods.

Finishes:
Since beams are cast upright, the bottom, sides, and ledges are cast against a form and will
typically be provided with an "as cast" finish that results in a smooth, hard finish.

The top of the beam is troweled by the finishing crew and can be smooth, roughened to simulate
the finish of supported double tees (as in a parking structure), or intentionally roughened to create
a bond with cast-in-place concrete that may be poured on top.

COLUMNS
Columns are typically used to support beams and spandrels in applications such as parking
structures and precast concrete structural systems of all types. They generally are designed as
multilevel components ranging from a single story to six levels or more. Sizes and shapes can vary
to satisfy both architectural and structural requirements.

Typical shapes: Square or rectangle

Typical sizes: From 12 by 12 in. to 24 by 48 in.

Finishes:
Since columns are cast in a horizontal position, three of the four sides are created with a form.
These finishes are very smooth and most often remain "as cast" in the finished construction,
although they may have an architectural finish and be exposed to view. The fourth side is normally
troweled to match the other three sides as closely as possible.

ADVANTAGES OF THE PRECAST BUILDING SYSTEM

Eco friendliness. The precast construction method saves energy, water and building material.
Earthquake resistance.
Profitability.
Quality and precision.
Quality of living conditions.
Safety and protection.
Low-impact construction.
Esthetically appealing houses.
LEARNING FROM THE REPORT
History
Technology
Basic construction
Parameters
Bylaws
Requirements of material and tools
Process and Precautions
Details and Drawings
Advantages and Disadvantages

REFERENCE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantile_Building
https://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/guide-to-design-
of-rcc-columns/
http://www.railsystem.net/diaphragm-wall-construction/
https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/raft-foundation-design-
requirements-applicability/3212/
http://www.gordonenergy.com/blog/history-of-the-basement/
https://www.npr.org/2021/07/23/1016814868/beneath-istanbul-
archaeologists-explore-an-ancient-citys-byzantine-basements
https://www.npr.org/2021/07/23/1016814868/beneath-istanbul-
archaeologists-explore-an-ancient-citys-byzantine-basements
https://www.bobvila.com/articles/460-pre-cast-foundation-system/
https://www.monachinotechnology.com/precast-retaining-walls.html
https://www.pci.org/PCI/Design_Resources/About_Precast/Beams_and_Colu
mns.aspx
https://www.jswneosteel.in/pdf/sample-drawings/sample-drawings-g-2-
structure.pdf
https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/detail-post-flat-roof-details/
Image source : Google
https://www.constrofacilitator.com/alternate-building-materials-used-in-
construction/
https://www.dsatm.edu.in/images/Architecture/pdf/Alternative%20Low-
Cost%20Building%20Material-%20Ar.Vidya%20&%20Ar.Radha.pdf
https://www.coa.gov.in/show_img.php?fid=137
https://www.surfacesreporter.com/articles/82415/2021-construction-and-
building-material-industry-trends-in-india