KLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,HUBLI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.

TEAM MEMBERS

 PREM NAIK. 2KE20CV021
 PRAJWAL.RATHOD 2KE20CV019
 KHALID .M 2KE20CV015
 RAKSHATA 2KE20CV023
 RAKSHITA.H 2KE20CV024
 VIJAYANAND 2KE20CV036

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

PROF.MADHUMATI.S.DHADUTI
INTRODUCTION
Content:
Types of roofings :
Flat roofs
pitched roofs
curved roofs
Types of floorings :
Marble flooring
Vitrified flooring
Hardwood
Granite

Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a

floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. Floor
covering is a term to generically describe any finish material
applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Both
terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more
to loose-laid materials.

Flooring material :
The choice of materials for floor covering is affected by factors
such as cost, endurance, noise insulation, comfort, and
cleaning effort. Some types of flooring must not be installed
below grade, including laminate and hardwood due to potential
damage from moisture.
The sub-floor may be finished in a way that makes it usable
without any extra work, see:

 Earthen floor adobe or clay floors

 Solid ground floor, cementitious levelling/wearing/granolithic
screedspolymer-modified concretes and levelling/wearing
screeds

The roof is a part of a building envelop which is covering

uppermost part of a building .it is supported on the wall of
the building its provides for the protection against
rain,snow ,sunlight ,and extremes of temperature and
wind ,its protects from the weather .

Flat roof:
 A roof laid at an angle of less than 10° to the horizontal is known as flat
roof. Flat roof may be of reinforced cement concrete, reinforced brick work,
precast concrete with channel units, waffle units etc, flag stones supported
on rolled steel joists or jack arch type.

Flat Roof Advantages

By far the biggest advantage of using a flat roof is the expense. From the initial building and installation to
the materials most often used to cover the roof, flat roofs are fairly cheap. Many types of material used for
installation run about .80 a foot, which makes a flat roof extremely affordable both for the initial
installation and the maintenance and upkeep.
Another advantage to using a flat roof is the fact that you can now make use of the space once the roof is
done. Get your air conditioning units up off the ground and put them on the roof. Install solar panels on the
roof that are less obvious from the curb. Plant a roof top garden or design a living roof. The possibilities of
how you can use a flat roof are nearly endless, and this is by far one of the greatest benefits to using one.

Flat Roof Disadvantages

The biggest disadvantage to installing a flat roof is the drainage, or lack thereof. Flat roofs do drain, but
not nearly as efficiently as a roof with any kind of pitch. Therefore water has a tendency to puddle and
remain on the roof, which could lead to the roofing material breaking down or to eventual leaks,
particularly along the seams.

The second disadvantage is the lack of roofing material options. The vast majority of flat roofs use a type
of rolled roofing; rubber, EPDM, TPO, or bitumen. These are all relatively inexpensive materials and easy
to install, but most of them have a limited lifespan of 10 to 15 years. Rubber shingles are available that can
be installed in conjunction with rolled rubber roofing, and some new materials such as polycarbonate
roofing and PVC roofing are becoming available that may last longer and give some style options, but
these come at a higher price, and lack the kind of history that can help predict how long they will last.

Pitched roof:
A pitched roof is a roof that slopes downwards, typically in two parts at
an angle from a central ridge, but sometimes in one part, from one edge to
another. The ‘ pitch ‘ of a roof is its vertical rise divided by its horizontal
span and is a measure of its steepness.

Mono pitched roof :

The mono pitch roof was commonly used to form extensions in Victorian times and is
still used in a similar fashion today. In domestic construction, it typically comprises a series of
rafters fixed to walls at either end of the roof span which support battens to which the roof
covering is fixed.

Double pitched roof :

A double pitch roof has a slope in the between of 45° to 60 ° and which is sufficient
for effective drainage for houses in heavy rainfall and snowfall regions. Designing this type of
pitch roof system does not require much time s and effort.

Curved roof :
Curved roof systems can come in various designs, with the entire or partial
parts of the roof having curved elements. They can be constructed of
almost any roof materials, including shingle and tile, but in most modern
builds, curved roofs are being made from sheets of metal due to their
pliability, low cost, and ease of installation.
Curved roofs are easy to identify at a glance because they have giveaway
curved components. Traditionally a curved roof will take the shape of a
dome or a half-sphere, but in more modern builds, architects have
incorporated curved elements on flat roofs, or created unusual or Curved
roofs are easy to identify at a glance because they have giveaway curved
components. Traditionally a curved roof will take the shape of a dome or a
half-sphere, but in more modern builds, architects have incorporated
curved elements on flat roofs, or created unusual or asymmetric curves, to
give a gentle wave shape..

RCC roof :
RCC Roof Slab – In the construction industry, when they use the word
concrete, they are talking about reinforced cement concrete, also known as
RCC. The reinforced concrete features combined the strength of cement and
steel bars which are the basic components of a modern structural design.
RCC is one of the widely used building materials that can be used for creating

Benefits of RCC
Concrete features good compression strength but lacks the strength to resist
tension. Therefore reinforcement with steel is essential to attain the expected
tensile strength. Usually, 6mm to 32mm diameter of steel bars .

 The cross-sectional dimension for the column can be 9”X9” or

9”X12” with minimum 4 steel bars of 12 MM with stirrups of 8 MM
steel rings.
 Ideal beam size should not be less than 9”X9” with a minimum of4
steel bars, with 2 bars of 12 MM thickness in the bottom of the
beam, and 2 bars of 10 MM at the top of the beam.
 For slab thickness, it is advised to keep it at least 5” because at
some places the slab depth can be less due to electrical pipes and
internal wiring. The reinforcement details for RCC roof can be
categorized in two ways:
o One way slab: Main steel bars of 8MM and distribution steel
bars of 6MM
o Two-way slab: Main steel bars of 8MM and distribution steel
bars of 8MM

Marble flooring :
Marble flooring is known for its superior, royal and decorative appearance. It
is considered as style symbol. • Marble flooring is durable. • Marble is also
known for its' versatility in the art a from sculptures to monuments and
from wall tiles to floor tiles.
Marble starts out as limestone on the shores and beds of tropical seas. Limestone contains shells and shell
remnants that are made of mineral calcite, which is responsible for the softness of marble.

Properties of Marble
While marble is regarded as porous and soft, it is also seen as luxurious and is extensively used in high-end projects. One of
the most heat resistant stones (much more so than the quartz that is usually offered for white kitchens), it is loved by bakers
as countertops but can be also put around fireplaces. Other common uses are found in the bathroom, flooring or as accent
walls.

Honed and structured surfaces can handle much more kitchen day-to-day activities than polished countertops which can etch
through acidic liquids. With its beautifully soft, satin finish, people seem to prefer marble even if just for its look.
Vitrified floorings:

Vitrified flooring tiles are composed of a mixture of clay and other minerals like silica, quartz
and feldspar baked at high temperatures. Generally coated with an external glaze, these tiles
have a low water absorption rate and are durable. They come in a large variety of designs,
colours, prints and textures.

Vitrified tiles are made by fusing silica and clay. The mixture is then heated to high – fiery
temperatures, which results in a non – porous tile with glass – like texture. Unlike Ceramic
tiles, the vitrified tile doesn’t need additional glaze to be added on to it.

Hardwood:
Hardwood | Introduction Hardwood is one of the most popular and fastest
growing floor covering choices. The natural characteristics of wood add
depth and a visual appearance that many other types of floors try to
duplicate.

 solid wood floors means 3/4" thick plank that is 2 1/4" wide
 classic strip wood floors mostly -random lengths from 12" – 84"
 most common species solid strip: red oak, white oak, maple, cherry, white ash,
hickory or pecan
 3 common types of wood floors: Engineered, Solid, and Longstrip Plank

Personal Style
 designs: medallions, running on the diagonal, or creating borders
Granite:
Granite is an igneous rock, which means that it is formed when the magma of the volcano
oxidises and then begins to slowly solidify under the ground. Since magma contains a variety
of minerals and chemicals, various reactions lead to the formation of various kinds of
igneous rocks.

Granite is a hard, Granular, indigenous and crystalline rock mainly consisting the minerals
Mica, quartz and Feldspar. It is widely used for the Budding Construction.

Why is granite used for construction purposes?

The igneous property of granite makes it incredibly polishable for construction purposes as a
polished and hard surface can last relatively longer than other stones. Granite offers a
reasonable resistance to fire due to the presence of fewer minerals.