ROOF AND ROOFING

MATERIALS
 1. ROOFING MATERIALS

The term roof used here means the top covering of a building that
serves as a protective covering from the weather. Likewise, roofing
materials refers to the kind of materials used in the construction of
the roof.
There are numerous forms of roofing which are classified according to
the materials used:

1. Fiber 2. Wood 3. Metal4. Slate 5. Tiles

6. Reinforced Concrete 7. Plastics 8. Fiberglass
A. Fiber Roofing
It is a cheap kind of materials
used for roofing made out of tar
felt or other materials, available in
rolls made in several varieties.

B. Canvas Roofing
Is extensively used for deck
roofing of boats, cars, garage or
shed etc.
C. Wood Shingles
Is not popular and is not
being used in the Philippines
although wood of the best
quality are found in the entire
archipelago.

D. Slate Roofing
Is not recommended on roof
of wooden houses, because any
vibration will readily crack off
the shingles if nailed rigidly or
cemented.
 E. Metal Roofing
The materials used under this
category are classified as follows:

• Galvanized Iron
• Aluminium
• Tin (Terne Plate)
• Titanium Copper Zinc Alloy
• Copper
• Copper Bearing Steel
• Stainless Steel
• Lead with 4% to 6% antimony
2. GALVANIZED IRON SHEETS
Galvanized iron roofing is either plain or corrugated.
The thickness are measured in terms of "Gauge" from
numbers 14 to 30. The sheet becomes thinner as the
gauge number increases. For instance gauge 20 is thinner
than gauge 18. The prices of G. l. sheets varies per unit
length depending upon the thickness. The gauge number
26 is the most commonly used for roofing although No.
24 is sometimes specified by those who could afford the
cost.
Among the metal roofing enumerated, galvanized iron
sheet is the most popular and commonly specified
considering the advantages that it offers to the builders
and homeowners.
3. CORRUGATED G. I. ROOFING FASTENERS

Riveting - In the process of

riveting, what is required are plain G
.I. straps,
G .I. rivets, lead washers. The G. l.
strap is folded 3 cm at one end then
a hole is punched therein using a
nail set with one rivet and G. l.
washer inserted inside the hole of
the strap then punched to hold in
position.
Nailing- Fastening of G i.
sheets by nail is the simplest and
most economical method where
G. I. roofing's are anchored to the
purlins by the use of Roof Nails
and a pair of G. l. and lead
washer.
 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF G. l.
RIVETS
Advantage:
1. Rigidity - The entire roofing acts as one solid covering on top of the roof frame
with all parts connected by rivets and washers.
2. Flexibility - The anchorage on the purlins by G.l straps allow free movement of
the materials brought about by the thermal expansion and contraction.
Disadvantages:
1. Expensive - due to the various accessories involved aside from the high cost of
labor.
2. Difficulty of repair or replacement of defective part which include dismantling of
the ceiling underneath to give access to the tinsmithing activities.
3. Statistically, roof damage caused by typhoon are mostly of the rivetted types. Any
portion of the roof that fails and give way during typhoon is subjected to maximum
exposure to wind pressure. Other parts of the roof structure are affected that
usually results to a total destruction of the entire roof including the roof framework.
5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF G. l. NAILS

Advantages:
1. Economical because only nail and washers are involved. G. l. straps are
totally eliminated and the labor cost is substantially small.
2. Easy to repair or replace affective parts without necessarily affecting
other parts of the building. ·
3. Failure of roof in case of typhoon will not result to total damage of the
entire roof and framing structure because roofing sheets usually blows up
one at a time without being rotted entirely affecting the whole structure.
Roofing sheets blown up by wind will not be totally damaged and could be
returned to its original position immediately after the calamity.
Disadvantages:

1. Water might leak into the nails if not provided with roof
cement during the fastening operation or when not properly
driven down to attain rigid anchorage on the purlins.
2. Loose nails allow roof-play and movement which usually
invite water to penetrate into the holes. This usually happens
if nails missed the purlins and not corrected at once.
6. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
1. Corrugated G. I. sheets shall extend not less than 8 cm beyond the outer
face of the facia board.
2. Nails or Rivets shall be spaced at every other corrugation along the
gutter line, end lapping joints, ridge, hip and valley rolls. Other's at every
after two corrugations.
3. Nails shall be driven enough to hold the sheet firm to the purlins too
tight might deform the corrugation: too loose will cause movement that
might cause water to leak. Avoid mishitting the purlins in driving nails.
Always provide string across the laid roofing sheet to insure the center
fastening of nails to the purlins.
4. Always provide with string along the gutter line where to start the laying
of roofing sheets to avoid misalignment of corrugation of the succeeding
sheets.
Lapping - In laying corrugated G. I. roofing sheets, there are two kinds of
lapping involved:

1. Side Lapping which is either l l/2 or 21/z corrugations

2. End lapping which ranges from 20 cm to 30 cm depending upon the
slope of the roof and the number of sheet in a longitudinal row. As
previously mentioned, the side lapping is also affected by the above factors
but the plan and specifications shall govern.
 7. PLAIN G. l. SHEET
Plain G.l. sheet has numerous uses In roof construction aside from
the countless projects of tinsmithing work in building construction,
plain G. I. sheet could be used as:

1. Gutter 6. Anchor Strap

2. Flashing 7. Downspout
3. Ridge rolf 8. Roofing
4. Hip Roll 9. Water Proofing-sheating
5. Valley Roll
 Roof Gutter
Roof gutter using galvanized sheet usually
specify gauge No. 24. Gutter is either concealed
or exposed type in various forms and designs. It
runs level in appearance but should be sloped at
5 mm per meter run for effective drainage. G. I.
gutter as much as possible should be free from
stagnant water and shall be well maintained with
paint or rust protective coating.

 
Flashing

Flashing makes intersections and other exposed

parts of the house watertight. It provides a smooth
boarder line giving beauty to the structure
considering the unlimited variety of designs.
 Ridge and Hip Roll
Ridge and hip rolls are unlikely to leak
because of the slope that water tends to slide
down. Because of its prominency in the
structure, it is important to have it well done.

Valley Roll
It is always concealed underneath between
the intersecting angles of the roof. The design
is limited to a semi-circular. U shape or
square type. This portion of the roof needs
careful attention as the gutter to avoid
overflow or leak of water that create trouble
and embarrassment.
 Downspout
Downspout conveys the water from the gutter
down to the storm drain. Spout is either circular,
square or rectangular cross section or other
geometrical form to suit the taste of the designer.
The size and location of the downspout is
sometimes o matter of hit and miss discretion of
the builder. He would not usually waste time to
determine the accumulated rain water in the roof,
its flow inside the gutter and the required size of
the downspout that will convey the water down
the drainage system. The most common size of G.l
downspout being used is the (2’ x4") 5 x 10
cm ready made commercial standard.
8. FLAT, STANDING SEAM AND BATTEN ROOFING

The materials which are usually used for this type of roofing are:
1. Copper bearing steel Gauge 24
2. Lead with 4% to 6% antimony Gauge 19-20
3. Tin (Tierne Plate) Gauge 28
4. Titanium Copper Gauge 24-25
5. Galvanized sheet Gauge 26
6. Stainless Steel Gauge· 28-30
SLOPE OF ROOF
Flat Seam of Flat lock -The minimum slope should be 5 cm per meter run.
Standing Seam - The minimum slope should be 15 cm per meter run. A good
pitch of the roof is advisable to prevent accumulation of water and dirt in
shallow puddles.
 Flat Seam
The roofing sheets are fastened to the
sheating board by cleats providing 3
pieces for every sheet. Two pieces along
the larger side and one on the shorter
side. Fasten two pieces of 2.5 cm. barbed
wire nails to each cleat. The cross beams
are locked together and soaked well with
solder. The sheets are edged 1 cm
fastened to the roof with cleats spaced at
20 cm apart. The cleats are then locked
into the seam and fastened to the roof
with nails to each cleats.
 Standing Seam Tin Roof
The tin sheets are laid on a tongue and groove sheating or under face board, well-
seasoned dry lumber narrow widths, free from holes and should be even in thickness. A new
tin sheet should not be laid over old tin sheet, rotten shingles or tar roof.
The sheets of this type of roofing are assembled together in long length at the top. The
cross seams are locked together and are well-soldered. The sheets are laid and fastened with
cleats spaced at 30 cm apart. One edge of the sheet is turned-up to 3 cm at right angle and
the cleats are installed. The adjoining edge of the next coarse is turned up 4 cm and locked
together: then turned over and flattened to a round edge. Solder should sweat into all seams
and joints.
Roof sheets should be painted underneath before it is laid on the roof sheating board.
After laying, clean the surface then apply the first coat of paint. The second coat may be
applied after two weeks followed by a third coat after one year.
 Batten Roofing
Is made of plain sheets laid on a
tongue and groove board, well
seasoned, thoroughly over-lap and
joint to each other.
 9. CLAV TILE ROOFING
The different types of clay tile Spanish Type
roofing's art:

1. Spanish Type
2. Straight Barrel Mission Type
3. Roman Type
4. Greek Type Straight Barrel Mission Type
5. English interlocking Tiles
6. French Tiles
7. Shingle Flat Tiles
Roman Type Greek Type

English interlocking Tiles French Tiles Shingle Flat Tiles