ROOF & FLOOR CONSTRUCTION

Roof Construction
Roof is a covering provided over the top of a
space enclosed by the walls to protect the
interior space from the Sun, rain and wind
effects.

Types of Roofs
• Flat Roof
•Pitched or Slopping Roof
Performance Requirements of Roof
• Whether Proof
• Structural strength and stability
•Durability
•Fire resistance
•Appearance
•Drainage
•Thermal Insulation
•Sound Proofing
•Lighting
•Ventilation
 Roof Covering and Roof Screeding
Roof Screeding
• Mixture of cement and aggregates.
• Applied upper surface of concrete roof.
• Provide smooth surface to the roof.
•Provide thermal insulation of buildings.
•Provide hard wearing surface finish.
• Drainage slopes can easily maintained.
•Screeds are also use for embedded
services e.g. electricity
Types of Roofs
1- Flat Roof
The roof whose surface remains
horizontal is known as flat roof. It
could be of RCC or RBC. It is widely
used in all types of buildings, to
ensure proper drainage these roofs
have a slope of ½” : 12” to 2” : 12”
Advantages and Disadvantages of Flat Roof
Advantages
• Simple in construction.
• It does not required false ceilings.
• It can be used as a floor for upper story
• It can be easily made fire resistant..
• It can be use as a terrace for domestic
purpose e.g. playing, sleeping etc.
• It provide architectural beauty to the
building
Disadvantages
• It is not suitable for long spans.
• It is not suitable in high rainfall regions
• Initial cost is comparatively high..
• It take more time in construction.
• It require carefully designed slope.
• Cracks are developed due to
temperature changes
2- Pitched or Sloping Roof
The roof which is provided with a
considerable slope usually more than
100 from the horizontal plane is
called pitched or sloping roof. It is
widely used in light weight structures
such as timber frames and support
system is construct by trusses.
Framing of Pitched Roof
The vast majority of new
construction uses trusses for the
roof framing. Each truss is
designed for the individual
characteristics of the job, and
delivered to the site ready to be
erected. It is very rare that
anyone site builds a truss today,
These trusses are made of small
dimension lumber connected by
metal plates.
 Types of Pitched Roof
1- Mono Pitch
Slope is provided only one
side of the roof, it is suitable
for sheds, verandahs,
factories and industrial
buildings. It is also called
lean to roof. it is frequently
used to attach one structure
to another.
 Types of Pitched Roof
2- Double Pitch
In this type of pitched
roof slopes are provided
in two directions. Slope
is often as flat as 4”:12”
and normally used in
residential houses, Army
barracks etc.
 Types of Pitched Roof
3- Gambrel Roofs
In this type of pitched roof
slopes are provided in two
directions but there is a
break in the slope in each
direction, it provide more
space in second floor and
used in residential houses.
 Types of Pitched Roof
4- Hip Roof
This is a roof with four
sloping sides on a
rectangular base, the ends
are triangular in shape and
the sides form a trapezoidal
shape. it provides overhang
on all four sides and used in
extreme weather.
 Types of Roof in industrial buildings
1- North Light Roof
In this type of roofs North
oriented face is pitched at 500
to m900 and covered with a
glass and other side is pitched
at 200 to 300 and covered with
asbestos sheets or similar. It is
used for maximum utilization of
day light at workplaces.
 Types of Roof in industrial buildings
2- Monitor Roof
It is a flat roof with some
raised portion glazed at
two faces which are
called monitor lights
and glazed glass are
used at both sides of
raised portion.
Construction Process of Roofs
 Floor Construction
A floor is a properly supported horizontal surface which divide
the building into different levels. A floor is consist of two basic
elements floor base and floor covering.
1- Floor Base
The primary function of floor base is to provide the required
strength, stability and support to the covering, it is also used
to make the floors waterproof or sound insulation
2- Floor Covering
The upper portion of a floor which generally consist of an
under layer and topping is called floor covering. The main
function of floor covering is to provide smooth, durable and
attractive surface to the floor.
Function of Ground Floor
• To carry the loads which may imposed on it.

• To prevent dampness entering from the ground.

• To provide suitable wearing surface.

• To provide thermal insulation.

•To have proper drainage of the floor.

• To prevent the undergrowth with in the building.

Selection of Suitable Type of Floor Construction
• Durability
•Appearance
•Initial Cost
•Noiselessness
•Dampness
•Cleanliness
•Maintenance
 Types of Floors
1- Concrete Floors
In these floors, a 15cm thick
sand cushion is laid over a
properly compacted earthen
surface at plinth level, than 10
cm thick lean concrete is placed
and finally10 to 15 cm thick
cement concrete (1:2:4) laid as
topping course
 Types of Floors
2- Brick Floors
In these floors, a 5cm thick sand
cushion is placed on rammed and
watered earthen surface, over this
a 10 to 15 cm layer of lean
concrete (1:8:16) is laid as abase
course, finally bricks are laid in
mortor as a top surface. It is
suitable in stores, pathways, etc.
 Types of Floors
3- Stone Floors
in this type of floors a 15 cm
thick sand cushion is laid at
plinth level over a properly
rammed earth surface over this
a 10cm thick lean concrete of
1:8:16 is laid as a base course
and finally square or rectangular
stone slabs of desired sizes are
placed.
 Types of Floors
4- Terrazzo Floors
Terrazzo floor topping is consist of marble
chips, in these floors a 15 cm thick sand
cushion is provided over compacted earth
surface then 10 cm thick base course of
lean concrete and then 2.5 cm thick under
layer of 1:2:4 is evenly laid. Strips of glass
is inserted into under layer with projection
of 0.25mm then finally terrazzo mix is
spared over this and surface is leveled by
screeds Then grinding & polishing is done
 Types of Floors
5- Mosaic Floors
Mosaic floor topping is consist of
mosaic tiles or square or hexagonal
marble tiles embedded into cementing
mixture. A 15 cm thick sand cushion is
laid over compacted earthen surface,
then 5cm thick base course and finally
3mm thick concrete mixture is spread
and left. After 4 hours the marble
pieces are hammered into the mortor
and light roller is pass over gently.
 Types of Floors
6-Other Floors

Wood Floor
 Construction Process of Floors

Concrete Floor Brick Floor Stone Floor

Mosaic Floor Terazzo Floor Concrete Floor