ASSIGNMENT - 07

BUILDING CONST. IV

TOPIC : FLOORING

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

Ar. SURJEET SINGH BRIJESH VARSHNEY

B.ARCH 3rd YR , 5th SEM
 CONTENT
SR.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1. DEFINATION 1
2. TYPES OF FLOORING 2
3. P.C.C FLOORING 3
4. CONSTRUCTION OF PCC FLOORING 4
5. P.V.C. FLOORING 5
6. INSTALLATION OF P.VC. 6
7. PRECAUTIONS 7-8
8. TILES 9
9. INSTALLATION OF TILES 10-13
10. WOODEN FLOORING 14-18
11. STONE FLOORING 19-23
12. TERRAZO FLOORING 24-26
13. BRICK FLOORING 27-28
14. CARPETS AND RUGS 29-30
15. GLASS FLOORING 31-32
16. PRE CAST PAVING 33-36
FLOORING
Floor covering is a term to
generally describe any finish
material applied over a floor
structure to provide a walking
surface.

Flooring is the general

term for a permanent covering
of a floor, or for the work of
installing such a floor
covering. Both terms are used
interchangeably but floor
covering refers more to loose-
laid materials.

Materials almost always

classified as floor covering
include carpet, area rugs,
and resilient flooring such
as linoleum or vinyl flooring.
Materials commonly called
flooring include wood
flooring, laminated wood,
ceramic tile, stone, terrazzo,
and various seamless
chemical floor coatings.
 STEPS OF FLOORING
1 BASE- Lay Base Coat Of 100 Mm Thick In The Ratio Of
Cement Concrete
1:8:16 ( 1 Part Of Cement, 8 Parts Of Fine Sand And16 Parts Of
Brick
Blast) Or 1:4:8 On Compacted Earth Under The Floor. The base
is same for all types of floors.

2. FINSHING- Then finishing of the floor is carried on, for

different flooring materials . As we will discuss here the brick
and stone finishing of terrazzo, cement concrete floor .

TYPES OF FLOORING
•PCC FLOORING
•PVC FLOORING
•WOODEN FLOORING
•STONE FLOORING
•BRICK FLOORING
•CARPETS AND RUGS
•GLASS FLOORING
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
FLOORING
 Used for residential, commercial and industrial building.

 The floor consists of two components – The two

components of the floor can be constructed either
monolithically or non-monolithically.

 Base course may be 7.5 to 10 cm thick. It may be either in

lean cement concrete (1 : 3 : 6 or 1 : 5 : 10) or lime concrete
containing 40% mortar of 1 : 2 lime-sand and 60% coarse
aggregate. The topping is then laid in square or rectangular
panels of size 1X1 or 2X2 or 1X2 m. It consists of 1 : 2 : 4
cement concrete.
CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT
CONCRETE FLOOR
First properly compact the earth in the plinth.
While compacting, care has to be taken that a
proper slope as required for the floor is
provided.
Over this compacted earth filling, uniformly
spread a layer of clean coarse sand about 10 to
15 cm thick.
A base concrete of grade M10 (1 cement : 3
sand : 6 coarse aggregate) is then laid over the
sand layer in the required slope and tamped
properly. The thickness of base concrete is
generally 100 mm.
Level the top of the base concrete and left it
to set and harden.
Thoroughly clean the surface upon hardening.
Divide the top of the floor into panels,
rectangular or square in shape, by using glass or
other strips. The area of the panels should
preferably less than 2 square meters.
After completion of the paneling, moist the
top of the base concrete and apply cement
slurry on it.
Over this cement slurry, provide a layer of
cement concrete of grade M15 (1 cement : 2
sand : 4 coarse aggregate) of required thickness
(say 40 mm).
Tamp the top surface thoroughly to compact it
and use wooden floats to obtain a smooth
surface. The surface so obtained is cured for
about 10 days before putting it to use.
 PVC OR VINYL FLOORING
 Vinyl composition tile (VCT) is a finished flooring material used
primarily in commercial and institutional applications.

Vinyl tiles are composed of colored vinyl chips formed into solid
sheets of varying thicknesses (1/8” is most common) by heat and
pressure and cut into 12” squares.

 Tiles are applied to a smooth, leveled sub-floor using a specially

formulated vinyl adhesive that remains tacky but does not completely
dry.

Tiles are typically waxed and buffed using special materials.

This flooring product is mostly used in INTERIOR Work and

also photo laborites, airport, drg. Room, bedroom, offices
water proof used in bathrooms.

Flooring in drg. room Flooring in kitchen Flooring in toilet

 INSTALLING VINYL FLOOR
Vinyl floor tiles one of the most versatile floors
available . It is quiet and warm underfoot, easy to
clean like other hard surfaces. It is great around
water easy in installing.

MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THE JOB

 Vinyl tiles

 Adhesive ,
 Trowel

 Tape measure

 Utility knife

 Self-leveling compound
 Roller
 Hammer

 INSTALLATION
Chalk line STEPS
Step 1- Measure the Floor
Step 2- Prepare the Room
Step 3- Center the Tile
Step 4- Cut to Fit
Step 5- Finish Up
PVC FLOORING BENEFITS
 One of the main benefits of vinyl flooring is that it is easy to
install and cost effective and durable as well.

 the maintenance cost as well as effort is quite low

 vinyl flooring is that it is water resistant and provides a great

support to the feet.

 It is attractive in appearance.

 This type of flooring is quick to install and replace, so you can

change it as and when you so desire, without much difficulty
Because of the wide variety available in the market today,
you can choose any products.

PRECAUTIONS
 You can indulge in regular vacuuming of
your vinyl floor, to keep it free of dirt.
 Using a polish, which has been specifically made for such
type of flooring,
 Do not use any abrasive scrubbing tools for cleaning a vinyl
floor
 Never ever use detergents.
PVC FLOORING
TILES

Tiles are often used to form wall

or floor coverings, and can range
from simple square tiles to complex
mosiacs .

 Tiles are most often made from

ceramic with a hard glaze finish ,
but other materials are also
commonly used as such glass,
marble , granite , slate and
reformed ceramic slurry.

Types of tiles:
CEREMIC TILE
VETIFIED TILES
PORCELAIN TILE
 CONSTRUCTION/INSTALLATION
 Remove any baseboards and shoe molding.
 Level the subfloor.
 Install the underlayment.
 Spread the adhesive with the smooth side
of the trowel. Make sure it covers the area
evenly and does not cover your reference
lines.
 Lightly press and twist the ceramic when
setting to make sure the adhesive sticks. Don't
push so hard that the adhesive is forced out
from under the ceramic.
 Once a row is in
place, level the tile
with a rubber
mallet and level.
 Grouting
 Finishing
Touches
 CERAMIC TILES
 High wear resistance with low
density.
 Corrosion resistance at high
temperatures.
Resistance to plastic
deformation.
 Easy to clean and
water-proof.
Harder and stiffer than steel, more heat and corrosion resistant
than meatls and polymers.
Resistant to stains and
spillages.
Their incombustibility prevents
spread of fire.

ADVANTAGES

Aesthetically far much more better

than any other flooring, as it is
available in various shades and
textures.
Easy to maintain.
Laying is easy and less time taking.
Available in various sizes thus no
cutting required.
Tiles are fire resistant
 VITRIFIED TILES
 Vitrified tiles are ceramic tiles with high percentage of
vitrification and less amount of water absorption.

Vitrification is nothing but a development

phase inside the tile during firing process. This is
mainly due to melting of constituent in the glass of
somebody.
Porcelain Rustic Tile Crystalline Double Loading
Porcelain Tile

Glazed Porcelain Tile

Porcelain polished tiles

 TYPES OF WODDEN FLOORING

This type of flooring is generally

use for special purpose floor
example auditorium, hospital
etc. There are different type of
wooden flooring:-

 STRIP FLOORING :-

this type of flooring consists of

narrow and thin strip of wood
joined to each other by tongue and
groove joint.

 PLANKED FLOORING :-

in this type of flooring , wider

planks are used and these are
also tongued and grooved.
 HEAVY WOOD BLOCK
FLOORING

 these are made up of

thicker
pieces of wood cut in short
lengths ranging from 5 to
10 cm.
So as form block which
are set
with the ends of the grains
exposed.

FABRICATED WOOD
BLOCK :-

 these consist of small

square of
rectangular block with
tongue
and groove joints all
side.
  All these style are available in solid wood
and in laminated wood, which is a thin veneer
layer laminated to layer of wood so that it can be
sanded and refined several times.
Laminated wooden flooring is better suited
to moisture – prone area such as the kitchen.
Wood being a natural material, it expands
and contracts with changes in temperature and
humidity. Therefore proper installation leaves a
margin for this movement.
We have many pre-laminated inter locking
panel flooring in smooth, matt and rough
finishing. It is a high quality interior product,
which is most effectively being used in interiors.
Hardness of wooden flooring is
comparable to marble and the former is
available in up to 45 different colours and
shades.
 PRECAUTIONS
 You should vacuum or sweep your wooden floor
since small stone and gritty dirt will scratch your
floor quickly.
Always keep mats or rugs in the door ways
leading to a room with wooden flooring. These
doormats should be cleaned regularly .
The wooden floor can be wiped with a
dampened sponge.
Immediately followed by wiping with a dry terry
towel cloth.
Another coat of surface finish should be applied
to the wooden flooring when the cleaning the
shine, or when the cleaning no longer restore the
shine or when the floor has been heavily used.
Excess water damages wood, so avoid wetting the
floor.
Exposer to the sun can cause the wooden
floor to warp, or change colour. So use
appropriate sun-blocking drapery in the room
with wooden flooring.
INSTALLATION OF WOODEN
FLOORING
STONE FLOORING
MARBLE
 Variety of marble available
is tremendous:

Albeta
Dungri
Aranga
Kumari
Chak dungri

 Costliest and best marble

is the
Makrana white: Very soft,
snow white
and high quality finishing.

 Chittor brown, Jaisalmer

Yellow, Udaipur
green, Baroda green, Teak
Grain marble,
Banswana.

 White base marble price

ranges from
Rs.30/- to Rs.400/- sq. ft.
GRANITE
 Many types and colors
of granite.

 Durable and natural with

visible
coarse grains.

 Expensive as compares
to marble.

 Slip resistant.

 Hardest type of stone-

very difficult
to cut and polish

 Once polished gives a

mirror finish

 Can resist a lot of wear

and tear.

 Available in 20 mm thick
slabs and 9
mm thick tiles.

 Places in India –
Rajasthan, Jhansi,
Black granite from
Bangalore
 SLATE
 Resistant to wearing,
discoloring or fading.
 Rugged and rustic
yet cool and charming
 Easily washable
with water and soap.
 Less expensive than good
marble.

KOTA AND
SANDSTONE
 Kota stones are fine-grained
naturally available limestone.
 Quarried at Kota district of
Rajasthan, India, it is one of the
most preferred building stone
for exteriors, driveways,
pathways, corridors, balconies,
etc.
 It also finds its application in
flooring of chemical industries
for its inertness towards a large
number of chemicals.
ADVANTAGES
Kota Stones have wide application in exterior works for
its non-porous, non-absorbent, tough and homogenous
properties and is an excellent building stones for both
humid and freezing regions.
Availability of the stones in slab and tile form makes it
convenient to achieve different pattern of flooring.

DISADVANTAGES
Unlike granite or marble Kota stone slabs are not
available in bigger sizes. This is because of its fragile
nature.
On a longer run Kota stones flakes out. However if
well maintained and polished regularly the flaking of
stones can be intercepted to a greater extent.
The finished surface is not as glossy or luminous as
that of marble and granite

KOTA STONE FLOORING

 INSTALLATION
Ensure that the tiles are of regular shape
Base mortar 1:5 or 1:6 with low water cement
ratio.
Min. thickness of base mortar is 25mm
Fix the marble tiles temporarily then press it
using wooden handle of the hammer to bring
them in a level.
After fixing them in pattern remove the tiles and
spread white cement slurry(2:1) and refix the tiles.
Press with wooden handle.
Fill up joints with white cement.
First grinding min. after 5 days of fixing.
Apply white cement slurry over marble floor
after first grinding and cure for a day.
Minimum 3 grindings required.
 TERRAZZO FLOORING
Terrazzo is a composite material,
poured in place or precast, which is
used for floor and wall treatments. It
consists of chips of marble, quartz, 
granite, glass, or other suitable
material, poured with a cementitious
 binder (for chemical binding), 
polymeric (for physical binding), or a
combination of both. Terrazzo is a
concrete surface with special aggregate
of marble chips(or other decorative
material) mixed with white or colored
cement in proportion of 3:1(three
marble chips : one cement).

CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Terrazzo is concrete containing marble chipping as an
aggregate. Terrazzo mixture is made up of cement and marble
chips in different proportions.
First of all, a concrete bed is formed as a base course which is
covered by tarred paper. Over this, a layer of rich mortar is
spread. This mortar bedding is struck off about 1 to 1.5 cm below
the finished floor level.
 After that metal dividing strips of 20 gauges in thickness are
inserted into the mortar base and the terrazzo covering.
After the mortar base has hardened the terrazzo mixture is
placed at the top level of the dividing strips.
After the terrazzo mixture has hardened the surface is ground
by hand or by a machine.
 After cutting we use waxing for glazing floor.
STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF STONES USED IN FLOORING

MARBLE KOTA STONE

MARBLE GRANITE
 BRICK FLOORING
 Brick products have been used for many centuries
throughout the world for
applications such as roads, flooring, monuments, side
walks and building structures.

 Bricks are considered to be the oldest manufactured

building material that has
been trusted throughout history because of its
durability, versatility and
practical attributes.

 Here in india standard size of brick is used in flooring

which is used in wall
construction.

SOME PATTERNS FOR BRICK FLOORING

 ADVANTAGES
There are various reasons for the benefits that brick flooring
products
provide in visual terms, their strength and ability and their
practical purposes. Here are some of the benefits of brick
flooring provide when used as paving.

•They provide elegance and

character with the old world
look rustic charm
•They are fade resistant
•They resist wear and tear
•They are slip resistant
•They are recycled products, so
you are helping the
environment
•They are very durable with
long lasting attributes
•They are fire resistant
•They are maintenance free
•They will not crack or chip
 CARPETS AND RUGS

THE TERMS “CARPET” DENOTES A LARGE FLOOR

COVERING THAT CAN BE CUT TO SUIT ANY ROOM.

THE “RUG” MEANS A LOOSE-LAID PIECE OF

SIZE AND DESIGN DETERMINED BY THE
MAKER.

FLAT WEAVE RUGS

YARNS
PILE TYPES OF
RUGS & CARPETS &FIBERS
CARPET & RUGS

MECHANICALLY
PRODUCED
CARPETS
 PILE RUGS & CARPETS
USED THREE TYPES OF THREADS
i)The wrap ii)the weft iii)the pile

EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF KNOTS PER

SQUARE CENTIMETER OF SURFACE AREA
i.e4-8 KNOT TO 36-50 KNOT.

MADE WITH TRADITIONAL PATTREN.

SIZES:-120cm OF RUGS and 300 &350cm

OF CARPETS.

PRODUCED IN:
PAKISTAN,INDIA,TURKEY,IRAN,MOROCCO
AND SPAIN.
 GLASS FLOORING
Glass floors are made with transparent
glass when it is useful to view
something from above
or below; whereas translucent glass is
used when there is no need to view
through. In either case, toughened glass i
s usually chosen, for its

durability and resistance to

breakage.
Glass as a flooring material is used in
both
residential and commercial structures.
Special hollow glass blocks known as
'"glass pavers" are
often used in combination with a metal
frame.
Glass floors are often lit from below
with natural
or artificial light, or may be treated as
ordinary floor surfaces illuminated from
above.
 INSTALLATION
• Floor panels are constructed of laminate layers of
tempered, annealed, or heat- strengthened glass.

• Laminated glass flooring requires a rigid support with a

deflection of L/500
• Minimum support depth should be 20-30mm. joints
should be more than 4mm.wide joints used of 6mm.

• Glass flooring is very expensive to replace once installed

• To maintain the aesthetic beauty of glass flooring, it is

important to keep the panel clean. A soft, clean, non-
abrasive cloth and a mild detergent, or non-abrasive glass
cleaning solution is suitable for cleaning.

• After cleaning, rinse immediately with clean water and

remove any excess water from the panel surface. Do not use
abrasive cleaners, bleach, scouring powder or pads which
can scratch and damage glass flooring.

• As a rule of thumb heat strengthened glass is

approximately twice as
“strong” as annealed or ordinary float glass, and fully
toughened glass is roughly four to five times as
strong.
PRE CAST PAVING
 PCPSs are long-term pavement repair
treatments best suited to heavily trafficked
areas that have a high cost for lane
closures during construction.
 All PCPSs include methods for precast
production, transportation and ensuring
the panel is properly bedded to the
subgrade.
 There are both jointed and unjointed
slabs along with prestressed and non-
prestressed systems.

ADVANTAGES OF PRE CAST PAVING

The greatest advantage of PCPSs is

their ability to meet municipalities’ traffic
mitigation goals.
The second-biggest advantage to using
PCPSs is precast concrete’s proven
durability.
PCPS are designed to last, with the
same criteria as new roller-compacted
concrete construction that has an
expected lifespan in excess of 50 years.
The material’s precision and quality are
derived from the plant-controlled
conditions of the precast facility.
Internal quality-control inspection and
testing assure a high-quality product
 INTRODUCTION TO
PRECAST PAVERS
Precast concrete pavers have been in
the limelight for quite a while.
These pavers are the popular choice
among architects and landscape
designers because of their flexibility and
variety.
Sand, gravel, pebbles and cement are
the basic raw materials for making
precast concrete pavers. 

ADVANTAGES OF PRE CAST PAVERS

 First, concrete is a durable material
and is said to last for over 100 years!
That’s a really long time.
Second, compared to other materials,
the strength of concrete develops over
time making it suitable to bear heavy
loads and structures.
 Third, precast concrete requires
minimum maintenance.
Precast concrete pavers are versatile,
flexible and easy to install.
They are the perfect materials to add
a dash of life to any dull living space.
CONSTRUCTION PRECAST PAVEMENT