PLANNING CONCEPTS

SUBMITTED BY- DHAIRYA, ITIKA, KARTIK, SIDDHARTH

CONTENT
I. GARDEN CITY CONCEPT
II. CONSERVATIVE SURGERY
III. NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT CONCEPT
IV. SATELLITE CITY
V. LE CORBUSIER CONCEPTS
 GARDEN CITY

SIR EBENEZER HOWARD

A well-known sociologist, gave the concept of ‘Garden City’.
He had an idea which he set forth in little book entitled ‘To-morrow’,
published in 1898 which later republished under the title of ‘Garden City of
To-morrow.
He explained his idea of ‘Garden City’ by an impressive diagram of The
Three Magnets
● The town magnet,
● Country magnet with their advantages and disadvantages and
● The third magnet namely Garden City
Created to solve urban and rural problems
Source of many key planning ideas during 20th century
 ● Town – The pull of ‘Town Magnet’
are the opportunities for work and
high wages, social opportunities,
amusements and well – lit streets.
● Country – It offered natural beauty,
low rents, fresh air, meadow but had
low wages and lack of drainage.
● Town- Country – With aim of
providing benefits of both and
offered beauty of nature, social
opportunity. Thus, the solution was
found in a combination of the
advantages of Town and Country –
the ‘Town – Country Magnet’

https://youtu.be/6-s21HJEQPo
 Main Principles of
Garden City

•Planned Dispersal
•Limit of Town – size
•Amenities
•Town and Country
Relationship
•Planning Control
•Neighbourhoods
EXAMPLES

1.Letchworth
❖35 miles from London
❖Land of 3822 acres
❖Reserved Green belt – 1300 acres
❖Designed for a maximum of 35000 population
❖In 30 years – developed with 15000 population
& 150 shops, industries
❖It had an agricultural strip at its periphery to
check the invasion of urban areas i.e. the
sprawling
❖Communities ranged from 12000 – 18000
people, small enough which required no
vehicular transportation
❖Industries were connected to the central city
by rapid transportation.
Letchworth
Failures
●B. Parker and R. Unwin,the Architects
of Letchworth, disliked the original
geometric symmetry of Howard's
design and applied their own "organic
unity" to the design.
●The industrial sector was not as
Howard proposed and was separated
by a park from the community.
●Letchworth was not the ideal garden
city as Howard had imagined
●Letchworth slowly attracted more
residents
EXAMPLES

2.Welwyn
❖It was the second Garden City
founded by Sir Ebenezer Howard and
designed by Louis De Soissons in
1920
❖24 miles from London
❖ Land of 2378 acres
❖ Designed for a maximum of 40000
population
❖ In 15 years – developed developed
with 10000 population & 50 shops,
industries
❖Had a parkway, almost a mile long
central mall
❖Every road had a wide grass verge.
 FIRST PLAN OF CHANDIGARH

Albert Mayer Drew The first plan

with influence from garden city
concept and Steins projects.

● Fan shaped outline between

two riverbeds
● At head was capitol
● 2 linear parklands run from
NE-SW
● Curving network of main roads
around neighborhood units

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeFF3t41png
PATRICK GEDDES

● Father of modern town

planning
● First to link sociological
concept into town
planning
● “Survey before plan” i.e.
diagnosis before
treatment
 GEDDESIAN TRIADS
The town planning primarily meant establishing organic
relationship among ‘Folk place and work’,

○ FOLK- i.e. organism

○ WORK- i.e. function
○ PLACE - i.e. environment(Social aspect)

Geddes was the originator of the idea and technique of

Regional survey and city survey. The sequence of planning is
to be:

● Regional survey
● Rural development
● Town planning
● City design (These are to be kept constantly up to-date)
 CONSERVATIVE SURGERY- by Patrick Geddes

● The philosophy behind conservative surgery was take

into account the existing physical, social, symbolic
landscape of a place in order to allow its most
favourable future development.
● Originally trained as a biologist, Geddes came to think
the process of city growth as an evolving organism –
one in which every generation makes its own
contribution to the physical space.
 ● Diagnostic Survey: In all his reports
Geddes expressed a human approach.
He starts to investigate and consider the
entirety of the existing conditions,
seeking out how the place has grown to
be what it is, and recognizing its
advantages and its difficulties in striving
to meet the ideas and ideals of the
people concerned. Using allegories
drawn from nature, he saw the processes
of repair, renewal, and rebirth as natural
phenomena of development, which
should be sustained by voluntary
cooperation and civic responsibility.

One of Geddes complex maps of a participatory holistic view of life

 PATRICK GEDDES INFLUENCE IN INDIA
● In the case of Madras, present day Chennai, the Municipal Plan suggested extensive house demolition and street widening
in an effort to relieve congestion.
● As an alternative, Geddes advocated his method of ’conservative surgery’ which implied a modest and less costly selective
demolition of individual derelict houses in favour of creating new open space planted with shade trees to improve the local
living condition and create more civic concern by the local residents to the betterment of the immediate neighbourhood .
Geddes admired Srirangam (now called
Thiruvarangam, an island in Tamil Nadu
Tiruchirappalli city) where, over time, the
increasing population had been accommodated
by building concentric walls.

Srirangam was known for its “atmosphere of

idealism and learning”. Geddes saw no need to
build a new university campus there at great
expense. Use the uncompleted gopurams
(traditional temple structures).
 NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT CONCEPT -BY C.A. PERRY

● Clarence Arthur Perry (1872 – Sept 6, 1944) was an American

planner, sociologist, author,
● a strong advocate of the Neighbourhood unit.
● early promoter of neighbourhood and recreation centres.

● “the area within which residents may all share the common
services, social activities and facilities required in the
vicinity of dwellings”
● The concept of the neighbourhood unit, crystallised from the
prevailing social and intellectual attitudes of the early 1900s, is
an early diagrammatic planning model for residential
development in metropolitan areas.
 PRINCIPLES
1. all sides were fairly equidistant from
the centre, and its size was to be
fixed.
2. a central neighbourhood or
community centre was to contain
various institutional sites, including a
school, grouped round a central
green space.
3. local shops or shops and apartments
were to be located at the outer
corners
4. scattered small parks and open
spaces, located in each quadrant (10
percent of the total area.)
5. arterial streets were to bound each
side
6. the layout of the internal street was to
be a combination of curvilinear and
diagonal roads to discourage through
traffic.
7. Vehicular and pedestrian traffic was
to be segregated.
1. A child need not cross traffic streets on the way to
school.
2. A centrally located elementary school which will
be within easy walking distance, no more than one
and a half mile from the farthest dwelling.
3. A housewife can walk to a shopping centre to
obtain daily household gifts.
4. Convenient transportation to and from the
workplace.
5. Scattered neighbourhood parks and playgrounds
to comprise about 10% of the whole area.
6. A residential environment with harmonious
architecture, careful planting, centrally located
community buildings, and special internal street
system with deflection of all through traffic
preferably on thoroughfares which bound and
clearly set off neighbourhood.
● The Neighbourhood unit
plan in in brief is the effort
to create a residential
neighbourhood to meet
the needs of family life in
a unit related to the larger
whole but possessing a
distinct entity
characterised by six
factors :
● To create a safely healthy
physical environment in
which
 MAGARPATTA CITY (PUNE)
● Project Name: Magarpatta city -
Integrated Township
● Total Developed Area : 400 acres
● Project Cost : 1800 crores
● Planners : Hafeez Contractor
● Incorporated Residential Buildings :
1,2,3,4 BHK flats, 4 BHK bunglows, Row
houses.
● Incorporated Commercial Spaces :
Cyber-city IT Park, Megacity Mall, Other
Office Spaces.
● Total Dwelling Units : 7,500
● Expected Population : 60,000
● Planning Philosophy : Walk to Work,
School, Shop
 RADBURN NEIGHBOURHOOD MODEL by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright

The design of the Radburn neighbourhood model was in essence a hierarchical one comprising
four levels –
●Enclave
●Block
●Superblock
●Neighbourhood.
 ENCLAVE
● Twenty or so houses.
● U - formation about a short
vehicular street called a
lane,really a cul de-sac court with
access to individual garages.
● While the back of each house
faced this court the front of the
house had a garden.
BLOCK
● Three or more
enclaves
● Enclaves within the
block were
separated from one
another by a
pedestrian pathway
that ran between
the front gardens
of all the houses.
SUPER-BLOCK
The clustered 5 blocks together with the central parkway
NEIGHBOURHOOD
● Four to six superblocks - bounded by
major roads
● At one end of the parkway there
could be a small school with
community rooms.
● Traffic roads to border each
neighbourhood
● Distributor roads to surround each
superblock
● Culs-de-sac to provide access to
individual property lots.
OVERLAPPING NEIGHBOURHOOD
● In an overlapping manner to
support joint use of facilities
such as hospitals, high schools,
and theatres.

● They visualized the

neighbourhood as forming the
building block of the city.
 COMPARISON OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES

NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT CONCEPT RADBURN MODEL

SIMILARITIES SIMILARITIES
Neighbourhood limited or fixed size Neighbourhood limited or fixed
population needed to support an size population needed to support
elementary school. an elementary school.

DIFFERENCE
● Walking Distance - 0.4km
● Neighbourhood Boundary - Arterial
Roads
● Neighbourhood is a seperate urban
unit and a number of units
overlapped will form a city.
DIFFERENCE
● Walking Distance - 0.8km
● Neighbourhood Boundary - Natural
Forms
● Neighbourhoods as overlapping
one another and grouped into
districts to support large-scale
facilities.
 SATELLITE CITY
The idea of satellite town was derived from the concept of garden
city by Ebenezer Howard.

Satellite cities are entirely standout standalone cities, planned and

developed outside metros they are set self-containing independent
cities.
Purpose of satellite towns

● To provide affordable housing to LIG/EWS, working in the parent

city.
● To develop new areas of economic growth.
● To achieve a quality of life in new satellite town as compared
degraded environment of the parent city.
● To utilize the potential of the region overcome polarization/primacy
in the region.
LE CORBUSIER CONCEPTS
 RADIANT CITY DESIGN
●The concept of Radiant City or Ville Radieuse was an urban design project for the center of Paris, which the architect Le
Corbusier, first presented in 1922.
●A strict division of the city into segregated commercial, business, entertainment an residential area
●The business district was located in the centre and contained monolithic mega skyscrapers each reaching a height of
200 m
●At the centre of the planned city was a transportation hub which housed depots for buses and train as well as
highway intersections and at the top an airport
●The scale of the apartment houses was fifty meters high, which would accommodate, according to Corbusier 2,700
inhabitants.
●The building would be placed upon pilotis, five meters off the ground, so that more land could be given over to nature

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZ9CG2xsAng
 ADVANTAGES
● Living, working, circulation as well
as care of the body and spirit",
were placed the order and
hierarchy
● Mixed skyscrapers as a solution
to urban density were part of this
masterplan
● Its concept was associated with
the walkable city: the division of
spaces between vehicles and
pedestrians and the importance
of well connected public transport
system.
FAILURES
● This concept was proposed for Paris
and calculations regarding the
natural light did not coincide with the
light conditions offered by the center
of Paris. This would particularly
affect the entry of daylight into the
skyscrapers.
● Its construction would have
involved demolishing practically
the whole part of central Paris,
wiping out the architectural history of
the city of light.
 THE CHANDIGARH PLAN

● Was planned as an Administrative Town for a population of 5 lakhs.

● Built in two phases: Sectors 1 to 30 which formed the First Phase, and Sectors 31 to 47
constituting the Second Phase

● Self-supporting neighbourhood unit known as SECTORS

● Grid - planning is done
● Le Corbusier conceived the Master Plan of Chandigarh as analogous to Human Body

Head - (the Capitol Complex, Sector 1)

Heart - (the City Centre, Sector 17)
Lungs - (the Leisure Valley, innumerable open spaces, and sector-greens)
The Intellect - (the cultural and educational institutions)
The Circulatory System - (the network of roads, the 7Vs) and the Industrial Area.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeFF3t41png
 The principles of CIAM (Congress
Internationaux d’ Architecture
Moderne) Theories
Defining four major city-functions i.e.

Living - the sectors

Working - The Capitol Complex Sector 17,

commercial belts

Care of Body & Spirit - Leisure Valley,

Sukhna Lake, parks, green belts, cultural
belts and the educational belts

Circulation - the 7v network of roads on a

modular grid iron pattern
Living

Working
Mind - body and spirit
Concept of 7vs

Designed to lead traffic into the city

and to distribute it right up till the
dwelling unit -

V1- Fast roads connecting

Chandigarh to other towns
V2- Arterial roads
V3- Fast vehicular roads around the
sectors
V4- Meandering shopping streets
V5- Sector circulation roads
V6- Access roads to houses
V7- Footpaths, cycle tracks
Buses will ply only on V1, V2, V3 and
V4 roads.
A wall shall seal the V3 roads from
the sectors.
FAN SHAPED MASTER
PLAN PROPOSED BY
ALBERT MAYER AND
MATTHEW NOWICKI
GRID-IRON
MASTER PLAN
PROPOSED
BY
LE CORBUSIER
Each sector has its own
green belt running in the
middle.
With a school locating in the
centre of the sector making
it easy for the children to
walk.
BASED ON THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT CONCEPT

● Sector size - 800m x 1200 m (determined by

maximum 10 minute walking distance)
● Introvert planning - with sealing walls along main
roads so as not to be disturbed by the fast vehicular
traffic outside
● Emphasis on family life and community living
● Parks within 300m
● Schools along green belts safe for children,
dispensaries, shopping, community centres,
centrally located in 10 minutes walk and bus stops
on main road within walking distance.
● Comfortable vehicular and pedestrian access right to
the doorstep of the house
GREEN CITY CONCEPT

1. City Level Public Green

Space with Artificial
Water Body.
2. Free- Flowing Green
Space, connecting the
entire site.
3. Semi-Private Green
Areas for neighborhood
pockets.
4. Private Green Areas for
Residential Units.
 ADVANTAGES
● New system for Urban Planning
● Introducing the system of development
controls to promote Urban Design and
zoning.
● Introducing the concept of Master Plan
for planned developments.
● Sectoral planning for the city.
● The connectivity is well defined and each
road has separate pedestrian, bicycle
and vehicular lanes which ensures
safety.
● Proving good urbanism increases
economy.
● Promoting the concept of Garden city in
Planning.
DISADVANTAGES
● The roads and the buildings look similar
due to the strict façade guidelines, this
creates confusion for people as all the
streets look alike.
● The city does not accommodate the
lower income group.
● Chandigarh planning and development
has been seen in isolation compared to
the development of its periphery and
region.
● Leaving low scope for further
development of the city, as the
population increases usually
development and expansion is seen but
in Chandigarh it becomes a problem.
● Development of slums inside the city.
● The Brutal concrete gives a Rough
look.
QUIZ
QUESTIONS

Q1 The concept of Garden city was based on how many magnets?

A. Four magnets
B. Three magnets
C. Six magnets
D. Two magnets
QUESTIONS

Q2 What are the dimensions of Grand Avenue that divided concentric rings ?

A. 420 feet, 3 mile long

B. 500 feet , 5 mile long
C. 420 feet, 5 mile long
D. 500 feet , 3 mile long
QUESTIONS

Q3 What were placed on the peripheral ring in Garden city ?

A. Grand Avenue
B. Residential area
C. Agricultural lands
D. Industries
QUESTIONS

Q4 What is the walking distance of a single unit in neighbourhood model and

radburn model -

A. 0.5km and 0.9km

B. 0.8km and 1.2km
C. 0.4km and 1km
D. 0.4km and 0.8km
QUESTIONS

Q5 Each side of a neighbourhood unit is bounded by -

A. Natural forms
B. Residential area
C. Arterial roads
D. Agricultural lands
QUESTIONS

Q6 The cluster of 5 blocks in stein and wright’s model is known as?

A. Enclave
B. Superblock
C. Neighbourhood
D. Overlapping neighbourhood
QUESTIONS

Q7 What is the size of the sectors in chandigarh master plan?

A. 500m x 1000m
B. 800m x 1200m
C. 600m x 1200m
D. 700m x 1400m
QUESTIONS

Q8 Which of these is not a planning concept used in Chandigarh

A. Grid Iron
B. Garden city
C. 7vs
D. Ribbon pattern
QUESTIONS

Q9 Which one of these is not an area of focus emphasized by Patrick Geddes

A. Organism
B. Function
C. Environment
D. Senses
THANKYOU